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Møller HH, Krogh MA, Petersen MB, Nielsen LR, Capion N. Comparison and interobserver reliability between a visual analog scale and the Wisconsin Calf Health Scoring Chart for detection of respiratory disease in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1102-1109. [PMID: 37709013 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory disease is an ongoing challenge for calves in the dairy sector with a relatively high prevalence and impact on welfare and economics. Applying scoring protocols for detecting respiratory disease requires that they are easily implemented, consistent between observers and fast to use in daily management. This study was conducted in one Danish dairy farm from September 2020 through January 2021. The study included 126 heifer calves enrolled in the age of 17 to 24 d. All calves were observed every second day for a period of 46 d. At each visit all calves were scored with a new visual analog scale (VAS) and the Wisconsin Calf Health Scoring Chart (WCHSC). We calculated agreement between the 2 scoring systems based on conditional probability to score higher or lower than a cutoff in the VAS compared with a specified cutoff in WCHSC used as reference test. A generalized mixed effects regression model was developed to estimate the prevalence of respiratory disease and the overall agreement between the 2 scoring systems. The overall agreement between the VAS and WCHSC was 89.6%. The second part of the study assessed interobserver reliability between 2 experienced observers and between an experienced observer and veterinary students. The interobserver reliability was calculated by intraclass correlation coefficient and was 0.58 between experienced observers and was 0.34 between an experienced observer and veterinary students indicating a moderate to poor reliability between the observers. It was possible to use VAS as an alternative clinical scoring method, which primarily focuses on the general condition of the individual calf rather than specific categories of clinical signs. Our study set up lacked a comparison to other diagnostic tools i.e., thoracic ultrasound to confirm the findings which should be considered in future studies when exploring VAS as a screening tool for detection of respiratory disease in dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik H Møller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - Mogens A Krogh
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mette B Petersen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Liza R Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nynne Capion
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark
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Weeder MM, Kleinhenz MD, Reppert EJ, Fritz BR, Viscardi AV, Montgomery SR, Martin MS, Curtis AK, Leslie AA, Lou ME, Hall MG, Coetzee JF. Optimal lameness induction model development using amphotericin B in meat goats. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad105. [PMID: 37720823 PMCID: PMC10503652 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lameness continues to be a critical health and welfare concern associated with goat production. Amphotericin B (amp B) is an antimicrobial successful in inducing transient lameness for research purposes previously in livestock animals. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify which of three varying doses of amp B would be most effective in inducing lameness in meat type goats and (2) develop a facial grimace scale for goats. Lameness was produced by an intra-articular injection of amphotericin B into the left hind lateral claw distal interphalangeal joint with either a 5 mg/0.25 mL (high-low, 5 mg of amphotericin B in a volume of 0.25 mL), 5 mg/0.5 mL (high-high, 5 mg of amphotericin B in a volume of 0.5 mL), or a 2.5 mg/0.25 mL (low-low, 2.5 mg of amphotericin B in a volume of 0.25 mL). A saline treatment of 0.5 mL was used as control (0.9% sterile saline solution). Lameness response was analyzed by infrared thermography (IRT) at the induced joint, mechanical-nociception threshold (MNT), visual lameness scoring (VLS), a visual analogue scale (VAS), kinetic gait analysis (KGA), plasma cortisol (CORT), substance P (Sub P), and behavior scoring. The IRT and MNT values differed by timepoint (P ≤ 0.0001). Results from VLS showed the HL treatment was the most effective at inducing lameness (6/6 goats became lame compared to HH 4/6 and LL 2/6). At 24, 48, and 72 h, VAS scores were significantly higher when comparing HL to all other treatment groups (P = 0.0003). Both behavior observers (1 and 2) reported a significant time effect (P = 0.05), with goats exhibiting more facial grimacing at 24 h post-lameness induction. From these data, an optimal dose for a repeatable lameness induction model in goats was aquired. An effective Goat Grimace Scale (GGS) was also developed to evaluate pain responses in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela M Weeder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Emily J Reppert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Bailey R Fritz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Abbie V Viscardi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Shawnee R Montgomery
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Miriam S Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Andrew K Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Alyssa A Leslie
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Maria E Lou
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Madeline G Hall
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
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Martin M, Kleinhenz M, Schwartzkopf-Genswein K, Melendez D, Marti S, Pajor E, Janzen E, Coetzee J. Characterizing the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of pain biomarkers in cattle using receiver operating characteristic curves. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9853-9868. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Martin MS, Kleinhenz MD, Viscardi AV, Montgomery SR, Cull CA, Seagren JE, Lechtenberg KF, Coetzee JF. Comparison of lidocaine alone or in combination with a local nerve block of ethanol, bupivacaine liposome suspension, or oral meloxicam to extend analgesia after scoop dehorning in Holstein calves. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:189-194. [PMID: 36338811 PMCID: PMC9623616 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The American Veterinary Medical Association recommends the use of practices that reduce or eliminate pain and discomfort associated with dehorning. Identification of an effective, long-acting local anesthetic that is practical for producers to implement and reduces pain from dehorning would benefit animal welfare. Thirty-two Holstein bulls and heifers were enrolled. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and duration of activity of bupivacaine liposome suspension (BUP; n = 8), ethanol (ETH; n = 8), or meloxicam (LID + MEL; n = 8) co-administered with lidocaine compared with lidocaine only (LID; n = 8), and to quantify their effect on pain biomarkers and behaviors after scoop dehorning with cauterization in approximately 20-wk-old calves. Outcome variables collected included infrared thermography (IRT), mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT), visual analog scale (VAS) scoring, and blood sampling for serum cortisol and prostaglandin E2 metabolites (PGEM). There was evidence of a sex effect for MNT, with bulls demonstrating a higher threshold (13.74 kgf) compared with heifers (12.12 kgf). There was a treatment by time interaction for cortisol concentrations (ng/mL). At 2 h, the BUP group had higher cortisol values (17.32 ng/mL) than the LID + MEL group (3.10 ng/mL). Heifers also had higher mean cortisol values (13.88 ng/mL) compared with bulls (6.96 ng/mL). There was a treatment by time interaction for PGEM concentration. Calves in the LID + MEL group had lower PGEM values at 4 and 8 h (10.23 and 9.12 pg/mL) than at -24, 0, and 0.5 h (20.38, 27.27, and 22.59 pg/mL, respectively). At 4 h, the LID + MEL group had lower PGEM concentrations (10.23 pg/mL) than the ETH group (27.08 pg/mL). At 8 h, the LID + MEL group had lower PGEM concentrations (9.12 pg/mL) than both the ETH and BUP groups (24.80 and 20.52 pg/mL). Thus, LID + MEL reduced cortisol and prostaglandin metabolite concentrations more effectively than ETH + LID or BUP + LID administered as a local infiltration and cornual block, respectively, before scoop dehorning followed by cauterization. The treatments administered in the present study did not seem to extend the duration of analgesia beyond the currently recommended multimodal approach, including local anesthesia and systemic analgesia such as lidocaine and meloxicam. Evidence from the current study suggests that sex influences pain biomarkers such as nociceptive threshold and cortisol concentration, with males having a higher nociceptive threshold and lower cortisol responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S. Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan 66506
| | - Michael D. Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan 66506
| | - Abbie V. Viscardi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan 66506
| | - Shawnee R. Montgomery
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan 66506
| | | | | | | | - Johann F. Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan 66506
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Short term feeding of industrial hemp with a high cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) content increases lying behavior and reduces biomarkers of stress and inflammation in Holstein steers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3683. [PMID: 35256692 PMCID: PMC8901777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07795-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial hemp (IH) is defined as Cannabis sativa containing < 0.3% delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and was legalized in the 2018 Farm Bill. The impact of cannabinoids in IH fed to livestock, especially after repeat exposure, has not been thoroughly investigated. Sixteen male castrated Holstein cattle weighting (± SD) 447 ± 68 kg were enrolled onto the study. Cattle were allocated into two treatment groups either receiving IH (HEMP, n = 8) or a control (CNTL, n = 8). Cattle in the HEMP group were fed 25 g IH mixed in 200 g of grain once a day for 14 days to target a daily dose of 5.5 mg/kg of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). Behavior was continuously monitored with accelerometers and blood samples were collected at predetermined time points for plasma cannabinoid, serum cortisol, serum haptoglobin, liver enzymes, serum amyloid A, and prostaglandin E2 concentrations. The HEMP group spent a mean 14.1 h/d (95% CI 13.6–14.6 h/d) lying compared to the 13.4 h/d (95% CI 12.9–13.8 h/d) for the CNTL cattle (P = 0.03). Cortisol concentrations in the HEMP group were lower than the CNTL group (P = 0.001). Cattle in the HEMP group demonstrated an 8.8% reduction in prostaglandin E2 concentrations from baseline compared to a 10.2% increase from baseline observed in the CNTL group. No differences for haptoglobin or serum amyloid A were observed. These results suggest that feeding IH with a high CBDA content for 14 days increases lying behavior and decreases biomarkers of stress and inflammation in cattle.
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Cull CA, Rezac DJ, DeDonder KD, Seagren JE, Cull BJ, Singu VK, Theurer ME, Martin M, Amachawadi RG, Kleinhenz MD, Lechtenberg KF. Behavioral and performance response associated with administration of intravenous flunixin meglumine or oral meloxicam immediately prior to surgical castration in bull calves. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6530331. [PMID: 35176757 PMCID: PMC9090272 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of flunixin meglumine or meloxicam on behavioral response and performance characteristics associated with surgical castration in crossbred bulls. Intact male Bos taurus calves (n = 252; averaging 176 kg) were randomly allocated into one of three treatment groups within pen: control (CON), flunixin meglumine (FLU; 2.2 mg/kg intravenous injection), or meloxicam (MEL; 2.0 mg/kg per os). The individual animal was the experimental unit. Calves were individually weighed on days 0 and 14 of the trial to evaluate performance outcomes. On study day 0, treatments were administered, according to their random allocation, immediately prior to surgical castration using the Henderson tool method. Visual analog scale (VAS) assessment and categorical attitude score (CAS) were collected on days −1, 0 (6 h post-castration), 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the study. The VAS was assigned using a 100 mm horizontal line with “normal” labeled at one end of the line and “moribund” at the other end of the horizontal line. The masked observer assigned a mark on the horizontal line based upon the observed severity of pain exhibited by that individual animal. The CAS was assigned by the same observer using five different categories with a score of 0 being “normal”. Average daily gain tended (P = 0.09) to be associated with the treatment group, and MEL had a greater (P = 0.04) average daily gain through day 14 compared with CON. A significant (P < 0.01) treatment by day interaction was indicated for VAS score, and MEL had lower VAS scores on days 0, 1, 2, and 3 post-castration compared with CON; FLU had lower VAS scores on days 0 and 1 compared with CON. A significant treatment by day interaction was not present (P = 0.25) for CAS. The FLU had lesser percent CAS ≥1 (17.5%; P = 0.05) compared with CON (29.4%); MEL has lesser percent CAS ≥1 observations (14.9%; P = 0.01) compared with CON. The median VAS increased as CAS was more severe. Results indicated MEL and FLU calves temporally improved behavioral responses following surgical castration with positive numerical trends for a 14 d average daily gain (ADG). The VAS system appeared to be an effective method of subjective evaluation of pain in beef calves in this study. Route of administration, duration of therapy, and low relative cost make oral meloxicam a reasonable analgesic treatment in calves when administered at the time of surgical castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charley A Cull
- Veterinary and Biomedical Research Center, Inc., Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Midwest Veterinary Services, Inc., Oakland, Nebraska, USA
| | - Darrel J Rezac
- Veterinary and Biomedical Research Center, Inc., Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Keith D DeDonder
- Veterinary and Biomedical Research Center, Inc., Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jon E Seagren
- Midwest Veterinary Services, Inc., Oakland, Nebraska, USA
| | - Brooke J Cull
- Veterinary and Biomedical Research Center, Inc., Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Midwest Veterinary Services, Inc., Oakland, Nebraska, USA
| | - Vijay K Singu
- CSRC Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Oakland, Nebraska, USA
| | - Miles E Theurer
- Veterinary Research and Consulting Services, LLC, Wellington, Kansas, USA
| | - Miriam Martin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kelly F Lechtenberg
- Veterinary and Biomedical Research Center, Inc., Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Midwest Veterinary Services, Inc., Oakland, Nebraska, USA
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Röder M, Heuwieser W, Borchardt S, Plenio J, Palme R, Sutter F. The effect of transdermal flunixin meglumine on blood cortisol levels in dairy calves after cautery disbudding with local anesthesia. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3468-3476. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Martin MS, Kleinhenz MD, White BJ, Johnson BT, Montgomery SR, Curtis AK, Weeder MM, Blasi DA, Almes KM, Amachawadi RG, Salih HM, Miesner MD, Baysinger AK, Nickell JS, Coetzee JF. Assessment of pain associated with bovine respiratory disease and its mitigation with flunixin meglumine in cattle with induced bacterial pneumonia. J Anim Sci 2021; 100:6473170. [PMID: 34932121 PMCID: PMC8849227 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleuritic chest pain from bacterial pneumonia is often reported in human medicine. However, studies investigating pain associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) are lacking. The objectives of this study were to assess if bacterial pneumonia elicits a pain response in calves with experimentally induced BRD and to determine the analgesic effects of transdermally administered flunixin. Twenty-six calves, 6-7 months of age, with no history of BRD were enrolled into 1 of 3 treatment groups: (1) experimentally induced BRD + transdermal flunixin at 3.3 mg/kg twice, 24 h apart (BRD + FTD); (2) experimentally induced BRD + placebo (BRD + PLBO); and (3) sham induction + placebo (CNTL + PLBO). Calves induced with BRD were inoculated with Mannheimia haemolytica via bronchoalveolar lavage. Outcomes were collected from -48 to 192 hours post-treatment and included serum cortisol; infrared thermography; mechanical nociceptive threshold; substance P; kinematic gait analysis; visual analog scale (VAS); clinical illness score; computerized lung score; average activity and rumination level; prostaglandin E2 metabolite; plasma serum amyloid A and rectal temperature. Outcomes were evaluated using either a generalized logistic mixed model for categorical variables or a generalized linear mixed model for continuous variables. Right front force differed by treatment (P = 0.01). The BRD + PLBO had lower mean force applied to the right front limb (85.5 kg) compared to BRD + FTD (96.5 kg) (P < 0.01). Average VAS differed by a treatment by time interaction (P = 0.01). The VAS scores differed for BRD + PLBO at -48 (3.49 mm) compared to 168 and 192 h (13.49 and 13.64 mm, respectively) (P < 0.01). Activity for BRD + PLBO was higher at -48 h (27 min/h) compared to 48, 72, 120 and 168 h (≤ 22.24 min/h) (P < 0.01). Activity differed by a treatment by time interaction (P = 0.01). Activity for BRD + FTD was higher at -48 and 0 h (28.2 and 28.2 min/h, respectively) compared to 48, 72, 96 and 168 h (≤ 23.7 min/h) (P < 0.01). Results show a combination of reduced activity levels, decreased force on the right front limb, and increased visual analog scale pain scores all support that bacterial pneumonia in cattle is painful. Differences in right front force indicate that flunixin transdermal may attenuate certain pain biomarkers in cattle with BRD. These findings suggest that BRD is painful and analgesic drugs may improve the humane aspects of care for cattle with BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - M D Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - B J White
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - B T Johnson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology & Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
| | - S R Montgomery
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - A K Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - M M Weeder
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - D A Blasi
- Department of Animal Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - K M Almes
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology & Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
| | - R G Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - H M Salih
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology & Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
| | - M D Miesner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | | | - J S Nickell
- Merck Animal Health, De Soto, KS, United States
| | - J F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Martin M, Kleinhenz MD, Montgomery SR, Blasi DA, Almes KM, Baysinger AK, Coetzee JF. Assessment of diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers to assess lung consolidation in calves with induced bacterial pneumonia using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. J Anim Sci 2021; 100:6468933. [PMID: 34919697 PMCID: PMC8827016 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most economically significant disease for cattle producers in the U.S. Cattle with advanced lung lesions at harvest have reduced average daily gain, yield grades and carcass quality outcomes. The identification of biomarkers and clinical signs that accurately predict lung lesions could benefit livestock producers in determining a BRD prognosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are graphical plots that illustrate the diagnostic ability of a biomarker or clinical sign. Previously we used the area under the ROC curve (AUC) to identify cortisol, hair cortisol and infrared thermography imaging as having acceptable (AUC > 0.7) diagnostic accuracy for detecting pain in cattle. Herein, we used ROC curves to assess the sensitivity and specificity of biomarkers and clinical signs associated with lung lesions after experimentally induced bovine respiratory disease (BRD). We hypothesized pain biomarkers and clinical signs assessed at specific timepoints after induction of BRD could be used to predict lung consolidation at necropsy. Lung consolidation of >10% was retrospectively assigned at necropsy as a true positive indicator of BRD. Calves with a score of <10% were considered negative for BRD. The biomarkers and clinical signs analyzed were serum cortisol; infrared thermography (IRT); mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT); substance P; kinematic gait analysis; a visual analog scale (VAS); clinical illness score (CIS); computerized lung score (CLS); average activity levels; prostaglandin E2 metabolite (PGEM); serum amyloid A and rectal temperature. A total of 5,122 biomarkers and clinical signs were collected from 26 calves, eighteen of which were inoculated with M. haemolytica. All statistics were performed using JMP Pro 14.0. Results comparing calves with significant lung lesions to those without yielded the best diagnostic accuracy (AUC > 0.75) for right front stride length at 0 h; gait velocity at 32 h; VAS, CIS, average activity and rumination levels, step count and rectal temperature, all at 48 h; PGEM at 72 h; gait distance at 120 h; cortisol at 168 h; and IRT, right front force and serum amyloid A, all at 192 h. These results show ROC analysis can be a useful indicator of the predictive value of pain biomarkers and clinical signs in cattle with induced bacterial pneumonia. AUC values for VAS score, average activity levels, step count, and rectal temperature seemed to yield good diagnostic accuracy (AUC > 0.75) at multiple timepoints while MNT values, substance P concentrations, and CLS did not (all AUC values < 0.75).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - M D Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - S R Montgomery
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - D A Blasi
- Department of Animal Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - K M Almes
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology & Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - J F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
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