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van Zwol-Janssens C, Trasande L, Asimakopoulos AG, Martinez-Moral MP, Kannan K, Philips EM, Rivadeneira F, Jaddoe VWV, Santos S. Fetal exposure to bisphenols and phthalates and childhood bone mass: a population-based prospective cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109602. [PMID: 32668547 PMCID: PMC8336628 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to bisphenols and phthalates might influence bone health. We hypothesized that exposure to bisphenols and phthalates during fetal life has persistent effects on bone development. OBJECTIVES To analyze the associations of fetal exposure to bisphenols and phthalates with bone health in school-aged children. METHODS Among 1,362 mother-child pairs participating in a population-based cohort study, we measured maternal urinary concentrations of bisphenols and phthalates at first, second and third trimester with high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Total body bone mineral density (BMD) and bone area (BA) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at 6 and 10 years, and were both used to calculate bone mineral content (BMC) and area-adjusted BMC (aBMC, a measure of volumetric BMD). RESULTS Maternal bisphenol concentrations were not associated with childhood bone measures at 6 years. After adjustment for covariates and multiple testing correction, an interquartile range increase in maternal first trimester bisphenol S (BPS) concentrations was associated with lower BMD and aBMC at 10 years (-6.08 (95% confidence interval (CI), -9.97 to -2.19) mg/cm2 and -0.12 (95% CI, -0.20 to -0.04) g). Maternal third trimester low molecular weight (LMW) phthalate concentrations were associated with higher aBMC at 6 years whereas, maternal third trimester di-n-octylphthalate (DNOP) concentrations were associated with lower aBMC at 10 years. However, these associations did not remain statistically significant after multiple testing correction. DISCUSSION Maternal first trimester BPS concentrations are associated with lower BMD and aBMC in school-aged children. These findings should be considered as hypothesis generating and need further replication and exploration of potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charissa van Zwol-Janssens
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA; New York Wagner School of Public Service, New York City, NY, 10016, USA; New York University Global Institute of Public Health, New York City, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY12201, United States; Department of Chemistry, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maria-Pilar Martinez-Moral
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY12201, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY12201, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elise M Philips
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Susana Santos
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Mahalingaiah S, Missmer SE, Cheng JJ, Chavarro J, Laden F, Hart JE. Perimenarchal air pollution exposure and menstrual disorders. Hum Reprod 2019; 33:512-519. [PMID: 29377993 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the association between perimenarchal exposure to total suspended particulate (TSP) in air, menstrual irregularity phenotypes and time to menstrual cycle regularity? SUMMARY ANSWER Exposures to TSP during high school are associated with slightly increased odds of menstrual irregularity and longer time to regularity in high school and early adulthood. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The menstrual cycle is responsive to hormonal regulation. Particulate matter air pollution has demonstrated hormonal activity. However, it is not known if air pollution is associated with menstrual cycle regularity. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Cross sectional study of 34 832 of the original 116 430 women (29.91%) enrolled in 1989 from the Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII). The follow-up rate for this analytic sample was 97.76% at the 1991 survey. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Annual averages of TSP were available for each year of high school attendance. We created three case definitions including high school menstrual irregularity and androgen excess. The time to menstrual cycle regularity was reported by participants as <1 year, 1-2 years, 3-4 years, 5 years or longer, or never on the baseline questionnaire. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for 45 μg/m3 increases in TSP exposure, adjusted for risk factors for menstrual irregularity. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In multivariable adjusted models, we observed that for every 45 μg/m3 increase in average high school TSP there was an increased odds (95%CI) of 1.08 (1.03-1.14), 1.08 (1.02-1.15) and 1.10 (0.98-1.25) for moderate, persistent, and persistent with androgen excess irregularity phenotypes, respectively. TSP was also associated with a longer time to cycle regularity, with stronger results among women with older ages at menarche and those living in the Northeast or the West. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The outcomes of menstrual regularity and time to cycle regularity were retrospectively assessed outcomes and may be susceptible to recall bias. There is also the potential for selection bias, as women had to live until 2011 to provide addresses. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Temporal exposure to air pollution in the adolescent and early adulthood window may be especially important, given its association with phenotypes of menstrual irregularity. The data from this study agrees with existing literature regarding air pollution and reproductive tract diseases. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Shruthi Mahalingaiah: Reproductive Scientist Development Program HD000849, and a research grant from the Boston University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stacey Missmer: R01HD57210 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for Environmental Health Sciences Translational Pilot Project Program, R01CA50385 from the National Cancer Institute, Jaime Hart and Francine Laden: 5R01ES017017 from the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Jaime Hart: P30 ES00002 from the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences at the National Institute of Health, The Nurses' Health Study II is supported by infrastructure grant UM1CA176726 from the National Cancer Institute, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mahalingaiah
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University Medical Campus, 85 E Concord St. 6F, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - S E Missmer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Secchia Center, 15 Michigan St. NE, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - J J Cheng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University Medical Campus, 85 E Concord St. 6F, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - J Chavarro
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - F Laden
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Landmark Center, 401 Park Drive, 3rd F West, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Landmark Center, 401 Park Drive, 3rd F West, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J E Hart
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Landmark Center, 401 Park Drive, 3rd F West, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Landmark Center, 401 Park Drive, 3rd F West, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Cytological Evaluation of the Influence of High and Low Doses of Bisphenol a on an Erythroblastic Cell Line of Porcine Bone Marrow. J Vet Res 2018; 62:543-547. [PMID: 30729214 PMCID: PMC6364150 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bisphenol A (BPA) is a substance widely used in industry for the production of polycarbonates and epoxy resins used in packaging and containers for beverages, contact lenses, compact discs (CDs), window panes, and many other elements. This compound belongs to the group of polyphenols and xenoestrogens commonly found in the human environment. What we know about BPA is still insufficient to enable us to protect our health against its adverse effects, and current knowledge of the influence of BPA on erythroblastic cell lines in bone marrow is rather fragmentary. The aim of the experiment was to assess the effect of two doses of BPA (0.05 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg b.w. per day) on myeloid haematopoiesis. Material and Methods During this experiment, the number of all types of cells in the erythroblastic cell line was evaluated in porcine bone marrow before and after BPA administration. Results The obtained results clearly indicate changes in haematopoietic activity of the bone marrow, which was demonstrated by a decrease in erythroblastic cell line production in both experimental groups. The haematological effects of the bone marrow changes were anaemia, caused by a number of erythrocytes which was depressed due to their immaturity, and a significant decrease in mean cellular volume in both groups. Conclusion The harmful effect of high and low doses of BPA on haematopoietic processes was proved.
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Downs CA, Kramarsky-Winter E, Segal R, Fauth J, Knutson S, Bronstein O, Ciner FR, Jeger R, Lichtenfeld Y, Woodley CM, Pennington P, Cadenas K, Kushmaro A, Loya Y. Toxicopathological Effects of the Sunscreen UV Filter, Oxybenzone (Benzophenone-3), on Coral Planulae and Cultured Primary Cells and Its Environmental Contamination in Hawaii and the U.S. Virgin Islands. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 70:265-88. [PMID: 26487337 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3; oxybenzone) is an ingredient in sunscreen lotions and personal-care products that protects against the damaging effects of ultraviolet light. Oxybenzone is an emerging contaminant of concern in marine environments—produced by swimmers and municipal, residential, and boat/ship wastewater discharges. We examined the effects of oxybenzone on the larval form (planula) of the coral Stylophora pistillata, as well as its toxicity in vitro to coral cells from this and six other coral species. Oxybenzone is a photo-toxicant; adverse effects are exacerbated in the light. Whether in darkness or light, oxybenzone transformed planulae from a motile state to a deformed, sessile condition. Planulae exhibited an increasing rate of coral bleaching in response to increasing concentrations of oxybenzone. Oxybenzone is a genotoxicant to corals, exhibiting a positive relationship between DNA-AP lesions and increasing oxybenzone concentrations. Oxybenzone is a skeletal endocrine disruptor; it induced ossification of the planula, encasing the entire planula in its own skeleton. The LC50 of planulae exposed to oxybenzone in the light for an 8- and 24-h exposure was 3.1 mg/L and 139 µg/L, respectively. The LC50s for oxybenzone in darkness for the same time points were 16.8 mg/L and 779 µg/L. Deformity EC20 levels (24 h) of planulae exposed to oxybenzone were 6.5 µg/L in the light and 10 µg/L in darkness. Coral cell LC50s (4 h, in the light) for 7 different coral species ranges from 8 to 340 µg/L, whereas LC20s (4 h, in the light) for the same species ranges from 0.062 to 8 µg/L. Coral reef contamination of oxybenzone in the U.S. Virgin Islands ranged from 75 µg/L to 1.4 mg/L, whereas Hawaiian sites were contaminated between 0.8 and 19.2 µg/L. Oxybenzone poses a hazard to coral reef conservation and threatens the resiliency of coral reefs to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Downs
- Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, P.O. Box 92, Clifford, VA 24533, USA.
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Grześkowiak T, Czarczyńska-Goślińska B, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A. Current approaches in sample preparation for trace analysis of selected endocrine-disrupting compounds: Focus on polychlorinated biphenyls, alkylphenols, and parabens. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Fagnant HS, Uzumcu M, Buckendahl P, Dunn MG, Shupper P, Shapses SA. Fetal and neonatal exposure to the endocrine disruptor, methoxychlor, reduces lean body mass and bone mineral density and increases cortical porosity. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 95:521-9. [PMID: 25326143 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9916-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous estrogen has beneficial effects on mature bone and negatively affects the developing skeleton, whereas the effect of environmental estrogens is not known. Methoxychlor (MXC) is a synthetic estrogen known as a persistent organochlorine and used as a pesticide. Methoxychlor and its metabolites display estrogenic, anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity and may therefore influence bone. Fifty-eight male fetal and neonatal rats were exposed to either: a negative control (DMSO), 0.020, 100 mg/kg MXC, or 1 mg/kg β-estradiol-3-benzoate (EB; positive control). Rats were treated daily for 11 days, from embryonic day 19 to postnatal day (PND) 7 or for 4 days during the postnatal period (PND 0-7). All rats were analyzed at PND-84. Total body, femur, spine, and tibia areal bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC), lean body mass (LBM) and fat were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone geometry and volumetric (v) BMD were measured using micro-computed tomography and biomechanical properties using three-point bending were assessed. Rats exposed to EB or MXC (at either the high and/or low dose), independent of exposure interval showed lower body weight, LBM, tibia and femur BMD and length, and total body BMD and BMC than DMSO control group (p ≤ 0.05). Methoxychlor and EB exposure increased cortical porosity compared to DMSO controls. Trabecular vBMD, number and separation, and cortical polar moment of inertia and cross-sectional area were lower due to EB exposure compared to control (p < 0.05). Early MXC exposure compromises cortical porosity and bone size at maturity, and could ultimately increase the risk of fracture with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather S Fagnant
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, 96 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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Horiguchi H, Oguma E, Sakamoto T, Murata K, Kayama F. Suppression of erythropoietin induction by diethylstilbestrol in rats. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:137-44. [PMID: 23877121 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Diethylstilbestrol is an estrogenic endocrine disrupter that has diverse health effects in humans. Bisphenol A is another estrogen-like chemical with possible similar effects to diethylstilbestrol, which has been increasingly used for industry to lead to globally widespread human exposure to it. Hematopoiesis is another of their possible targets, since estrogen suppresses erythropoietin induction to induce anemia. The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of diethylstilbestrol and bisphenol A on erythropoietin induction in rats. We observed the effects of one-shot subcutaneous injection of diethylstilbestrol or bisphenol A on hypoxia-, bleeding-, and cobalt-stimulated erythropoietin induction within 24 h and the hematological outcomes after repeated subcutaneous injection of diethylstilbestrol three times a week for 1 month in rats. Diethylstilbestrol at 10-1,000 μg/kg suppressed stimulus-elevated levels of plasma erythropoietin and its renal mRNA induction. In contrast, bisphenol A at 1,000 μg/kg did not suppress plasma erythropoietin elevated by any stimuli. Repeated injection of diethylstilbestrol at 1,000 μg/kg to rats for 1 month induced an anemic trend due to decelerated erythropoiesis through the insufficient production of erythropoietin, mimicking the effects of estradiol. In conclusion, diethylstilbestrol has a suppressive effect on erythropoietin induction, leading to deceleration of erythropoiesis and the development of anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyogo Horiguchi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan,
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Abstract
Bone microenvironment is a complex dynamic equilibrium between osteoclasts and osteoblasts and is modulated by a wide variety of hormones and osteocyte mediators secreted in response to physiological and pathological conditions. The rate of remodeling involves tight coupling and regulation of both cells population and is regulated by a wide variety of hormones and mediators such as parathyroid hormone, prostaglandins, thyroid hormone, sex steroids, etc. It is also well documented that bone formation is easily influenced by the exposure of osteoblasts and osteoclasts to chemical compounds. Currently, humans and wildlife animals are exposed to various environmental xenoestrogens typically at low doses. These compounds, known as endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs), can alter the systemic hormonal regulation of the bone remodeling process and the skeletal formation. This review highlights the effects of the EDCs on mammalian bone turnover and development providing a macro and molecular view of their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Agas
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
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Casanova-Nakayama A, Wenger M, Burki R, Eppler E, Krasnov A, Segner H. Endocrine disrupting compounds: can they target the immune system of fish? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 63:412-6. [PMID: 21683417 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disruption, in particular disruption by estrogen-active compounds, has been identified as an important ecotoxicological hazard in the aquatic environment. Research on the impact of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) on wildlife has focused on disturbances of the reproductive system. However, there is increasing evidence that EDCs affect a variety of physiological systems other than the reproductive system. Here, we discuss if EDCs may be able to affect the immune system of fish, as this would have direct implications for individual fitness and population growth. Evidence suggesting an immunomodulatory role of estrogens in fish comes from the following findings: (a) estrogen receptors are expressed in piscine immune organs, (b) immune gene expression is modulated by estrogen exposure, and (c) pathogen susceptibility of fish increases under estrogen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Casanova-Nakayama
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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Romeo J, Wärnberg J, Gómez-Martínez S, Díaz LE, Moreno LA, Castillo MJ, Redondo C, Baraza JC, Sola R, Zamora S, Marcos A. Haematological reference values in Spanish adolescents: the AVENA study. Eur J Haematol 2009; 83:586-94. [PMID: 19659559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2009.01326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide reference values for haematological indices in Spanish adolescents according to age and gender. METHODS A cross sectional study conducted in five Spanish cities was performed. Blood was drawn from a representative sample of 581 adolescents with age ranging from 13 to 17-18.5 yr. Age- and gender-specific means, standard deviations and percentiles were determined for the following parameters: total red blood cell counts (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), haematocrit percentage (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, red cell distribution width and total white blood cell (WBC) counts as well as counts and percentage of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils; platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume and plateletcrit percentage. RESULTS Younger male subjects presented lower RBC, Hb, Hct and MCV means that their older counterpart. By contrast these differences were not observed in female subjects. As expected, RBC, Hb and Hct mean values in males were found significantly higher than in girls for all studied age groups. No significant differences were observed in WBC by age and gender. PLT values gradually decreased with age, except for females aged 17-18.5 yr. CONCLUSION The present study provides reference data on the distribution of haematological indices of Spanish adolescents. These data can be useful biomarkers of the nutritional status in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Romeo
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Endocrine disrupters (ED) represent a good challenge for experimental toxicology. In order to deal with several critical points relevant to risk assessment: (a) ED may induce long-term effects upon exposure in susceptible developmental phases, including postnatal life up to puberty; thus, efforts are required to refine testing strategies, for example, by supporting the two-generation rodent study with a comprehensive in vitro/in vivo screening battery; (b) due to the regulatory role of endocrine homeostasis, mechanisms of endocrine disruption may impact on immune, neurobehavioral, and reproductive development, as well as on susceptibility to cancer; (c) the potential multiple exposure to ED with common targets through diet and/or living environment calls for the development of models to understand mechanisms of interactions and effects of mixtures; and (d) last but not least, ED may interact with a number of factors related to differential vulnerability of individuals or population subgroups, including the intake of nutrients or bioactive food components. Besides reducing the chance for noxious chemicals to enter our life, toxicological research on mechanisms may also lead to the definition of possible biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility that may be further exploited in human health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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