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Keller DA, Bassan A, Amberg A, Burns Naas LA, Chambers J, Cross K, Hall F, Jahnke GD, Luniwal A, Manganelli S, Mestres J, Mihalchik-Burhans AL, Woolley D, Tice RR. In silico approaches in carcinogenicity hazard assessment: case study of pregabalin, a nongenotoxic mouse carcinogen. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1234498. [PMID: 38026843 PMCID: PMC10679394 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1234498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In silico toxicology protocols are meant to support computationally-based assessments using principles that ensure that results can be generated, recorded, communicated, archived, and then evaluated in a uniform, consistent, and reproducible manner. We investigated the availability of in silico models to predict the carcinogenic potential of pregabalin using the ten key characteristics of carcinogens as a framework for organizing mechanistic studies. Pregabalin is a single-species carcinogen producing only one type of tumor, hemangiosarcomas in mice via a nongenotoxic mechanism. The overall goal of this exercise is to test the ability of in silico models to predict nongenotoxic carcinogenicity with pregabalin as a case study. The established mode of action (MOA) of pregabalin is triggered by tissue hypoxia, leading to oxidative stress (KC5), chronic inflammation (KC6), and increased cell proliferation (KC10) of endothelial cells. Of these KCs, in silico models are available only for selected endpoints in KC5, limiting the usefulness of computational tools in prediction of pregabalin carcinogenicity. KC1 (electrophilicity), KC2 (genotoxicity), and KC8 (receptor-mediated effects), for which predictive in silico models exist, do not play a role in this mode of action. Confidence in the overall assessments is considered to be medium to high for KCs 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 (immune system effects), 8, and 10 (cell proliferation), largely due to the high-quality experimental data. In order to move away from dependence on animal data, development of reliable in silico models for prediction of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, immunosuppression, and cell proliferation will be critical for the ability to predict nongenotoxic compound carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jordi Mestres
- Chemotargets SL, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Hisada S, Tsubota K, Inoue K, Yamada H, Ikeda T, Sistare FD. Survey of tumorigenic sensitivity in 6-month rasH2-Tg mice studies compared with 2-year rodent assays. J Toxicol Pathol 2022; 35:53-73. [PMID: 35221496 PMCID: PMC8828610 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic endpoint of a 25-fold increase in human exposure is one of the
specified criteria for high-dose selection for 2-year carcinogenicity studies in rodents
according to ICH S1C(R2). However, this criterion is not universally accepted for 6-month
carcinogenicity tests in rasH2-Tg mice. To evaluate an appropriate multiple for rasH2-Tg
mice, we evaluated data for 53 compounds across five categories of rasH2-Tg mouse-positive
[(1) genotoxic and (2) non-genotoxic] carcinogens and rasH2-Tg mouse-negative [(3)
non-genotoxic carcinogens with clear or uncertain human relevance; (4) non-genotoxic
rodent-specific carcinogens; and (5) non-carcinogens], and surveyed their tumorigenic
activities and high doses in rasH2-Tg mice and 2-year rodent models. Our survey indicated
that area under the curve (AUC) margins (AMs) or body surface area-adjusted dose ratios
(DRs) of tumorigenesis in rasH2-Tg mice to the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) were
0.05- to 5.2-fold in 6 category (1) compounds with small differences between models and
0.2- to 47-fold in 7 category (2) including three 2-year rat study-negative compounds.
Among all 53 compounds, including 40 compounds of the rasH2-Tg mouse-negative category
(3), (4), and (5), no histopathologic risk factors for rodent neoplasia were induced only
at doses above 50-fold AM or DR in rasH2-Tg mice except for two compounds, which induced
hyperplasia and had no relationship with the tumors observed in the rasH2-Tg mouse or
2-year rodent studies. From the results of these surveys, we confirmed that exceeding a
high dose level of 50-fold AM in rasH2-Tg mouse carcinogenicity studies does not appear to
be of value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Hisada
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Expert Committee, Drug Evaluation Committee, The Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, 2-3-11 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Tsubota
- Astellas Pharma Inc, 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Inoue
- Maruho Co., Ltd., 93 Chudoji Awatacho, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600-8815, Japan
| | - Hisaharu Yamada
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Takanori Ikeda
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Expert Committee, Drug Evaluation Committee, The Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, 2-3-11 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan
| | - Frank D. Sistare
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
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Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Obert LA, Crowell DM, Xia S, Roy MD, Coskran TM, Kreeger JM, Crabbs TA, Cohen SM, Cattley RC, Cook JC. Expression of Hematopoietic Stem and Endothelial Cell Markers in Canine Hemangiosarcoma. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:481-493. [PMID: 31918642 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319897539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several chemicals and pharmaceuticals increase the incidence of hemangiosarcomas (HSAs) in mice, but the relevance to humans is uncertain. Recently, canine HSAs were identified as a powerful tool for investigating the pathogenesis of human HSAs. To characterize the cellular phenotype of canine HSAs, we evaluated immunoreactivity and/or messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of markers for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), endothelial cells (ECs), a tumor suppressor protein, and a myeloid marker in canine HSAs. Neoplastic canine cells expressed EC markers and a myeloid marker, but expressed HSC markers less consistently. The canine tumor expression results were then compared to previously published immunoreactivity results for these markers in human and mouse HSAs. There are 2 noteworthy differences across species: (1) most human HSAs had HSC marker expression, indicating that they were comprised of tumor cells that were less differentiated than those in canine and mouse tumors; and (2) human and canine HSAs expressed a late-stage EC maturation marker, whereas mouse HSAs were negative, suggesting that human and canine tumors may retain greater differentiation potential than mouse tumors. These results indicate that HSA development is variable across species and that caution is necessary when discussing translation of carcinogenic risk from animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leslie A Obert
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | | | - Shuhua Xia
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Marc D Roy
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | | | - John M Kreeger
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Torrie A Crabbs
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA
| | - Russell C Cattley
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL, USA. Kakiuchi-Kiyota is now with Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA; Obert is now with Translational Medicine & Comparative Pathology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA; Roy is now with Nonclinical Development, Sarepta Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jon C Cook
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
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Busnelli M, Manzini S, Bonacina F, Soldati S, Barbieri SS, Amadio P, Sandrini L, Arnaboldi F, Donetti E, Laaksonen R, Paltrinieri S, Scanziani E, Chiesa G. Fenretinide treatment accelerates atherosclerosis development in apoE-deficient mice in spite of beneficial metabolic effects. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 177:328-345. [PMID: 31621898 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fenretinide, a synthetic retinoid derivative first investigated for cancer prevention and treatment, has been shown to ameliorate glucose tolerance, improve plasma lipid profile and reduce body fat mass. These effects, together with its ability to inhibit ceramide synthesis, suggest that fenretinide may have an anti-atherosclerotic action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To this aim, nine-week-old apoE-knockout (EKO) female mice were fed for twelve weeks a Western diet, without (control) or with (0.1% w/w) fenretinide. As a reference, wild-type (WT) mice were treated similarly. Growth and metabolic parameters were monitored throughout the study. Atherosclerosis development was evaluated in the aorta and at the aortic sinus. Blood and lymphoid organs were further characterized with thorough cytological/histological and immunocytofluorimetric analyses. KEY RESULTS Fenretinide treatment significantly lowered body weight, glucose levels and plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids. In the liver, fenretinide remarkably reduced hepatic glycogenosis and steatosis driven by the Western diet. Treated spleens were abnormally enlarged, with severe follicular atrophy and massive extramedullary haematopoiesis. Severe renal hemosiderin deposition was observed in treated EKO mice. Treatment resulted in a threefold increase of total leukocytes (WT and EKO) and raised the activated/resting monocyte ratio in EKO mice. Finally, atherosclerosis development was markedly increased at the aortic arch, thoracic and abdominal aorta of fenretinide-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We provide the first evidence that, despite beneficial metabolic effects, fenretinide treatment may enhance the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Busnelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Manzini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabina Soldati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Leonardo Sandrini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Arnaboldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Donetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Reijo Laaksonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), Fondazione UniMi, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Chiesa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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