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Liu C, Jiang X, Liu S, Liu Y, Li H, Wang Z, Kan J, Yang Q, Li X. Comprehensive Evolutionary Analysis of the SMXL Gene Family in Rosaceae: Further Insights into Its Origin, Expansion, Diversification, and Role in Regulating Pear Branching. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2971. [PMID: 38474218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
SMXL genes constitute a conserved gene family that is ubiquitous in angiosperms and involved in regulating various plant processes, including branching, leaf elongation, and anthocyanin biosynthesis, but little is known about their molecular functions in pear branching. Here, we performed genome-wide identification and investigation of the SMXL genes in 16 angiosperms and analyzed their phylogenetics, structural features, conserved motifs, and expression patterns. In total, 121 SMXLs genes were identified and were classified into four groups. The number of non-redundant SMXL genes in each species varied from 3 (Amborella trichopoda Baill.) to 18 (Glycine max Merr.) and revealed clear gene expansion events over evolutionary history. All the SMXL genes showed conserved structures, containing no more than two introns. Three-dimensional protein structure prediction revealed distinct structures between but similar structures within groups. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed different expressions of 10 SMXL genes from pear branching induced by fruit-thinning treatment. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive investigation of SMXL genes in the Rosaceae family, especially pear. The results offer a reference for understanding the evolutionary history of SMXL genes and provide excellent candidates for studying fruit tree branching regulation, and in facilitating pear pruning and planting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xianda Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Susha Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yilong Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jialiang Kan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Qingsong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Zhou H, Kang S, Génard M, Vercambre G, Chen J. Integrated model simulates bigger, sweeter tomatoes under changing climate under reduced nitrogen and water input. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad045. [PMID: 37200840 PMCID: PMC10186270 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
When simulating the response of fruit growth and quality to environmental factors and cultivation practices, the interactions between the mother plant and fruit need to be considered as a whole system. Here, we developed the integrative Tomato plant and fruit Growth and Fruit Sugar metabolism (TGFS) model by coupling equations describing the biophysical processes of leaf gas exchange, water transport, carbon allocation, organ growth and fruit sugar metabolism. The model also accounts for effects of soil nitrogen and atmospheric CO2 concentration on gaseous exchange of water and carbon by the leaf. With different nitrogen and water input values, TGFS performed well at simulating the dry mass of the tomato leaf, stem, root, and fruit, and the concentrations of soluble sugar and starch in fruit. TGFS simulations showed that increasing air temperature and CO2 concentration has positive effects on fruit growth, but not on sugar concentrations. Further model-based analyses of cultivation scenarios suggest that, in the context of climate change, decreasing N by 15%-25% and decreasing irrigation by 10%-20% relative to current levels would increase tomato fresh weight by 27.8%-36.4% while increasing soluble sugar concentration by up to 10%. TGFS provides a promising tool to optimise N and water inputs for sustainable high-quality tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Zhou
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station on Efficient Water Use of Oasis Agriculture in Wuwei of Gansu Province, Wuwei 733009, China
| | - Shaozhong Kang
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station on Efficient Water Use of Oasis Agriculture in Wuwei of Gansu Province, Wuwei 733009, China
| | - Michel Génard
- INRAE, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Avignon Cedex 9 F-84914, France
| | - Gilles Vercambre
- INRAE, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Avignon Cedex 9 F-84914, France
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