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del Castillo-Hegyi C, Achilles J, Segrave-Daly BJ, Hafken L. Fatal Hypernatremic Dehydration in a Term Exclusively Breastfed Newborn. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9091379. [PMID: 36138688 PMCID: PMC9498092 DOI: 10.3390/children9091379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypernatremic dehydration in term newborns has steadily increased in incidence with increasing efforts to promote exclusive breastfeeding before hospital discharge, a key metric of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. The following report details a case of a term newborn infant who had evidence of poor intake while exclusively breastfeeding during his hospital stay that may not have been recognized by health care providers. The infant was discharged home and was subsequently found by the parents in cardiac arrest 12 h after discharge and was found to have hypernatremic dehydration. Although return of spontaneous circulation was achieved after fluid resuscitation, the infant sustained extensive hypoxic-ischemic brain injury due to cardiovascular collapse. Due to the infant’s extremely poor prognosis, life support was withdrawn at 19 days of age and the infant expired. This sentinel case demonstrates multiple pitfalls of current perceptions of normal vs. abnormal newborn feeding behavior, weight loss percentages, elimination patterns, and acceptable clinical thresholds believed to be safe for neonates. Newer data have shown that hypernatremia occurs commonly in healthy, term breastfed newborns at weight loss percentages previously deemed normal by most health professionals and hospital protocols. In-hospital strategies to prevent excessive weight loss and screening for hypernatremia in response to signs of inadequate feeding have the potential to prevent tens of thousands of readmissions for feeding complications a year, as well as hundreds of millions in health care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie del Castillo-Hegyi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHI St. Vincent, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Fed is Best Foundation, Little Rock, AR 72223, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Jennifer Achilles
- Fed is Best Foundation, Little Rock, AR 72223, USA
- TelePeds, Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA
| | | | - Lynnette Hafken
- Fed is Best Foundation, Little Rock, AR 72223, USA
- Holy Cross Hospital, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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Butler B, Trotman H. Hypernatremic Dehydration in Breast Fed Infants: Lessons from a Baby-Friendly Hospital. J Trop Pediatr 2021; 67:6024570. [PMID: 33277904 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmaa083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the incidence, presentation and outcome of all neonates admitted to the University Hospital of the West Indies with a diagnosis of breastfeeding associated hypernatremic dehydration during a 15-year period and make comparisons with an earlier study done at the institution. METHODS A retrospective review of the files of neonates admitted to the neonatal unit with breastfeeding associated hypernatremic dehydration between January 2002 and December 2016 was conducted. Data on maternal and neonatal demographics, presentation, laboratory results and outcome were extracted and descriptive analyses performed. Statistical significance was taken at the level p < 0.05. RESULTS Eighty neonates were entered into the study, 79 were inborn giving an incidence of 2.5 per 1000 live births. Fifty-five (71%) mothers were primiparous, with a mean ± SD age of 29.5 ± 5.6 years and mean ± SD length of hospital stay 2.6 ± 1.5 days. Fifty-six (71%) neonates were exclusively breastfed with a mean ± SD age at presentation of 5.6 ± 3.8 days, mean ± SD percentage weight loss of 16.3% ± 6.1% and a mean serum ± SD sodium of 156.1 ± 8.3 mmol/l. Fifty-four (68%) neonates were admitted from home and 22 (28%) from the postnatal ward. Complications seen included acute kidney injury 6 (8%), seizures 2 (3%), hypotonia 1 (1%) and bradycardia 1 (1%). The neonates were detected earlier, presented with a significantly lower mean serum sodium, urea and creatinine (p < 0.05), had less severe complications and no deaths compared with neonates in the previous study. CONCLUSION Early intervention can make a positive impact on the severity and complications of breastfeeding associated hypernatremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Butler
- Department of Child & Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, St. Andrew, Jamaica
| | - H Trotman
- Department of Child & Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, St. Andrew, Jamaica
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Neonatal Hypernatremic Dehydration Associated with Lactation Failure. Case Rep Crit Care 2020; 2020:8879945. [PMID: 33274081 PMCID: PMC7683124 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8879945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypernatremic dehydration secondary to lactation failure remains a potentially life-threatening condition in countries where advanced laboratory investigations are scarce. An 11-day term baby with excessive weight loss (33.6%), reduced urine output, fever, jaundice, doughy skin, opisthotonus posturing, and tachycardia with poor perfusion was presented to our neonatal care. The baby was diagnosed with shock with hypernatremic dehydration. An initial bolus of 20 ml/kg of N/S was repeated 3 times (each over 20 minutes), i.e., a total of 204 ml was given over 1 hr, until the vital signs were normalized to PR-145, RR-45, T-37.2°C, SPO2-100%, and CRT < 3 seconds, and the baby began to void urine. Free water deficit and sodium excess was managed by gradual and slow correction over 72 hours to prevent cerebral oedema and neurologic sequelae. The baby required reconstituted solutions of 5% D/W + 1/2 N/S at a rate of 27 ml/hr for 72 hrs. Sepsis and hyperbilirubinemia were treated with antibiotics and phototherapy. Management of symptomatic hypernatremic dehydration must be considered in settings with inadequate laboratory facilities.
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Boskabadi H, Zakerihamidi M, Moradi A. Predictability of prognosis of infantile hypernatremic dehydration: a prospective cohort study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 35:66-74. [PMID: 31937159 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1712698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Infantile hypernatremic dehydration (IHD) is a life-threatening disease with potential cerebral adverse effects.Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the prognosis of IHD.Methods/Search strategy: Using convenience sampling 183 term infants with IHD (Na+ > 150 mg/dl) were enrolled in a cohort study with 36 months follow-up during 2007-2017. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. Follow-up visits were performed using the Denver Developmental Screening II test after discharging from hospital. The t-test, chi-square test, regression models, and receiver-operating characteristic curve were performed for data analysis.Findings/results: 17.5% of neonates were diagnosed with abnormal outcomes. Postpartum breast growth, breastfeeding frequency and duration, convulsion, consciousness, urination frequency, urea, Cr, sodium and brain CT scan (p = .000) showed significant differences (p < .05) between the infants with normal and abnormal outcomes. Combination of the above variables had a high predictive power (98.6%) for determining the unfavorable prognosis in infants with IHD.Implications for practice: Sodium, urea and creatinine are high-sensitive/specific determinants of IHD prognosis. Combination of some risk factors is highly predictive for unfavorable prognosis of IHD.Implications for research: Combination of variables such as sodium, urea, creatinine, lethargy, state of fontanels, convulsion, loss of consciousness, state of the breast during postpartum, inverted nipple and brain CT scan has a high predictive power in the determination of unfavorable prognosis in IHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Boskabadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Zakerihamidi
- Department of Midwifery, School of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Ali Moradi
- Orthopedic Research Centre, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Weight loss thresholds to detect early hypernatremia in newborns. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Ferrández-González M, Bosch-Giménez V, López-Lozano J, Moreno-López N, Palazón-Bru A, Cortés-Castell E. Weight loss thresholds to detect early hypernatremia in newborns. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2019; 95:689-695. [PMID: 30030986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The literature indicates a single universal cut-off point for weight loss after birth for the risk of hypernatremia, without considering other factors. The aim of this study was to construct and internally validate cut-off points for the percentage weight loss associated with the risk of hypernatremia, taking into account risk factors. METHODS A prospective study with a three-day follow-up was conducted in 165 neonates with a gestational age ≥35 weeks. The main outcome variable was mild or moderate hypernatremia (serum sodium≥145mmol/L). Secondary variables (risk factors) were maternal and infant variables. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed to predict hypernatremia, obtaining its probability and the optimal discriminant cut-off point for hypernatremia (receiver operating characteristic analysis). Based on this point, threshold weight loss values were obtained according to the other variables. These values were internally validated by bootstrapping. RESULTS There were 51 cases (30.9%) of hypernatremia. The mean percentage weight loss for hypernatremic infants was 8.6% and 6.0% for the rest. Associated variables in the multivariate model included greater weight loss, male gender, higher education level, multiparity, and cesarean delivery. The model had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.84 (sensitivity=77.6%; specificity=73.2%). Similar values were obtained in the bootstrapping validation. The lowest percentage weight loss was 4.77%, for cesarean delivery in male infants of mothers with a higher education level. CONCLUSIONS The weight loss percentage values depended on the type of delivery, parity, newborn gender, and level of maternal education. External studies are required to validate these values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jose López-Lozano
- Hospital Vega Baja, Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Palazón-Bru
- Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Ernesto Cortés-Castell
- Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Departamento de Farmacología, Pediatría y Química Orgánica, Alicante, Spain
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Akech S, Rotich B, Chepkirui M, Ayieko P, Irimu G, English M. The Prevalence and Management of Dehydration amongst Neonatal Admissions to General Paediatric Wards in Kenya-A Clinical Audit. J Trop Pediatr 2018; 64:516-522. [PMID: 29329448 PMCID: PMC6276025 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmx108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An audit of randomly selected case records of 810 patients admitted to 13 hospitals between December 2015 and November 2016 was done. Prevalence of dehydration was 19.7% (2293 of 11 636) [95% CI: 17.1-22.6%], range across hospitals was 9.4% to 27.0%. Most cases with dehydration were clinically diagnosed (82 of 153; 53.6%), followed by excessive weight loss (54 of 153; 35.3%) and abnormal urea/electrolytes/creatinine (23 of 153; 15.0%). Documentation of fluids prescribed was poor but, where data were available, Ringers lactate (30 of 153; 19.6%) and 10% dextrose (18 of 153; 11.8%) were mostly used. Only 17 of 153 (11.1%) children had bolus fluid prescription, and Ringer's lactate was most commonly used for bolus at a median volume per kilogram body weight of 20 ml/kg (interquartile range, 12-30 ml/kg). Neonatal dehydration is common, but current documentation may underestimate the burden. Heterogeneity in practice likely reflects the absence of guidelines that in turn reflects a lack of research informing practical treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Akech
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya,Correspondence: Samuel Akech, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail <>
| | - Beatrice Rotich
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mercy Chepkirui
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Philip Ayieko
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Grace Irimu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676–00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mike English
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
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Boskabadi H, Akhondian J, Afarideh M, Maamouri G, Bagheri S, Parizadeh SM, Mobarhan MG, Mohammadi S, Frens GAA. Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Neonates with Hypernatremic Dehydration. Breastfeed Med 2017; 12:163-168. [PMID: 28328233 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2016.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal hypernatremic dehydration (NHD) is a dangerous condition that can lead to severe weight loss, renal impairment, and central nervous system complications. We aimed to evaluate the consequences of NHD in infants in their second year of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a prospective case-control study in Ghaem hospital, Mashhad, Iran. Sixty-five healthy breastfed neonates (serum sodium concentration <150 mmol/L) and 65 hypernatremic (serum sodium concentration ≥150 mmol/L) neonates were followed up from 2008 to 2011. Maternal and neonatal factors were compared between the two groups together with their growth parameters, and developmental milestones (using Denver II developmental assessment scores) were assessed and compared in ages 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, respectively. RESULTS The weight of infants at 6 months of age was significantly different between the two groups (7,264 ± 1,089 g vs. 7,596 ± 957 g, p = 0.009). Twenty-five percent of infants in the group who had developed NHD had a delay in development at 6 months of age, with corresponding values of 21% at 12 months, 19% at 18 months, and 12% at 24 months of age. Developmental delay was ∼0.3% for the control group at similar ages. The severity of hypernatremia was strongly correlated with poor developmental outcome at 6 months (p = 0.001). Serum sodium concentration of neonates was 153-195 mg/dL in the NHD group. Median peak serum sodium was 158 ± 16 in case group and 141 ± 9 in control group. Serious complications were cerebral edema (five cases), hemorrhage (five cases), and kidney stones (six cases). Hypernatremic dehydration has an adverse effect on child development especially in the first year of life, their prevalence decreases with advanced age. Growth problems are also present during their first year of life. The major signs and symptoms of infants with poor prognosis on admission were poor feeding (8 infants, 61.5%), seizure (3 infants, 23.1%), hyperthermia (1 infant, 7.7%), and lethargy (1 infant, 7.7%). CONCLUSIONS NHD affects growth parameters and developmental milestones of children. Occasionally the child's weight gain was normalized by the end of first year of life; although developmental delay continued, its severity was reduced, with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Boskabadi
- 1 Neonatal Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Akhondian
- 1 Neonatal Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maliheh Afarideh
- 1 Neonatal Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamali Maamouri
- 1 Neonatal Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sepideh Bagheri
- 1 Neonatal Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mostafa Parizadeh
- 2 Biochemistry and Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- 2 Biochemistry and Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shabnam Mohammadi
- 3 Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A A Frens
- 4 Division of Medical Education, Mayfield House, University of Brighton , Brighton, United Kingdom
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Bischoff AR, Dornelles AD, Carvalho CG. Treatment of Hypernatremia in Breastfeeding Neonates: A Systematic Review. Biomed Hub 2017; 2:1-10. [PMID: 31988896 PMCID: PMC6945909 DOI: 10.1159/000454980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Hypernatremic dehydration in term neonates is associated with inadequate fluid intake, usually related to insufficient lactation. The use of hypotonic fluids is appropriate to dilute serum sodium (SNa), but cerebral edema may develop when it happens abruptly. Our objective was to clarify how to correct hypernatremic dehydration properly. Methods The following databases were searched, limited to studies published until January 31st, 2016: Clinical Trials, MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, and the Cochrane Library. We included open-label trials, nonrandomized controlled trials, or prospective and retrospective case series evaluating relevant outcomes. Information regarding the way of administering the treatment, type of fluid used, rates of complications and outcomes, as well as the rate of SNa reduction were collected. Results Searches yielded 771 articles: 64 had the full text reviewed and 9 were included. No randomized clinical trials or systematic reviews focusing on treatment of hypernatremic dehydration and its outcomes were found. We found a scarcity of high quality studies and great methodology heterogeneity. Conclusions More severe hypernatremia is at greater risk of causing severe adverse effects of treatment. There is no consensus about the optimal rate of SNa drop in this population, but a slower correction appears to be safer. Questions as when parenteral fluids are indicated remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne Rahde Bischoff
- Departmental Clinical Fellowship, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Clarissa Gutierrez Carvalho
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Serviço de Pediatria, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Lavagno C, Camozzi P, Renzi S, Lava SAG, Simonetti GD, Bianchetti MG, Milani GP. Breastfeeding-Associated Hypernatremia: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Hum Lact 2016; 32:67-74. [PMID: 26530059 DOI: 10.1177/0890334415613079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There are increasing reports on hypernatremia, a potentially devastating condition, in exclusively breastfed newborn infants. Our purposes were to describe the clinical features of the condition and identify the risk factors for it. We performed a review of the existing literature in the National Library of Medicine database and in the search engine Google Scholar. A total of 115 reports were included in the final analysis. Breastfeeding-associated neonatal hypernatremia was recognized in infants who were ≤ 21 days of age and had ≥ 10% weight loss of birth weight. Cesarean delivery, primiparity, breast anomalies or breastfeeding problems, excessive prepregnancy maternal weight, delayed first breastfeeding, lack of previous breastfeeding experience, and low maternal education level were significantly associated with breastfeeding-associated hypernatremia. In addition to excessive weight loss (≥ 10%), the following clinical findings were observed: poor feeding, poor hydration state, jaundice, excessive body temperature, irritability or lethargy, decreased urine output, and epileptic seizures. In conclusion, the present survey of the literature identifies the following risk factors for breastfeeding-associated neonatal hypernatremia: cesarean delivery, primiparity, breastfeeding problems, excessive maternal body weight, delayed breastfeeding, lack of previous breastfeeding experience, and low maternal education level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Lavagno
- Pediatric Department of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Camozzi
- Pediatric Department of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Samuele Renzi
- Pediatric Department of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Sebastiano A G Lava
- Pediatric Department of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland University Children's Hospital Berne and University of Berne, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo D Simonetti
- Pediatric Department of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland University Children's Hospital Berne and University of Berne, Switzerland
| | - Mario G Bianchetti
- Pediatric Department of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Gregorio P Milani
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Emergency Department, Milan, Italy
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Mulder PJ, Gardner SE. The healthy newborn hydration model: a new model for understanding newborn hydration immediately after birth. Biol Res Nurs 2014; 17:94-9. [PMID: 25504955 DOI: 10.1177/1099800414529362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The normal small volume of breast milk produced in the first 2 days following birth may raise concerns about adequate hydration in breast-fed newborns. These concerns are further magnified when breast-fed infants lose ≥7% of their birth weight within 2 days postnatally. Weight loss following birth is presumably mostly water loss that could result in hypohydration and subsequent hypernatremic dehydration. However, excess fluid loss immediately following birth is a normal and necessary process. Furthermore, newborns exposed to excess fluid intake during labor may need to lose ≥7% of birth weight in the first 2 days following birth in order to achieve euhydration. Normal newborn fluid loss following birth confounds the use of weight loss as the sole measure of newborn hydration. We thus propose the healthy newborn hydration model that highlights the normalcy of newborn weight loss immediately following birth and the healthy newborn's compensatory mechanisms for preserving adequate hydration. We also recommend the use of serum sodium to measure intravascular osmolarity in addition to monitoring weight loss to obtain a more comprehensive newborn hydration assessment. Research is necessary in healthy newborns to identify relationships among fluids received in utero, newborn weight loss, and hydration, as evaluated with laboratory measures, in the first 2 days following birth. This information will guide clinicians in correctly identifying newborns with inadequate hydration who are in need of supplementary fluids versus newborns with adequate hydration for whom exclusive breast-feeding can be supported and encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sue E Gardner
- College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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12
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Tiwari S, Nangia S, Saili A. Exclusive Breastfeeding: All Merits and No Peril? ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2013. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v42n8p413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Tiwari
- Lady Hardinge Medical College and Kalawati Saran Hospital for Children, India
| | - Sushma Nangia
- Lady Hardinge Medical College and Kalawati Saran Hospital for Children, India
| | - Arvind Saili
- Lady Hardinge Medical College and Kalawati Saran Hospital for Children, India
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What is the safe approach for neonatal hypernatremic dehydration? A retrospective study from a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Emerg Care 2013; 29:808-13. [PMID: 23823259 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0b013e3182983bac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence, complications, and mortality of hypernatremic dehydration in neonates and to compare the effect of correction rate at 48 hours on mortality and on neurological outcome in the short term. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted between January 2007 and 2011 in the neonatal intensive care unit. Term neonates were included. The patients were grouped as follows: group 1 = 150 to 160 mmol/L, group 2 = 161 to 170 mmol/L and group 3 = 171 to 189 mmol/L. RESULTS Among 4280 neonates, 81 cases (1.8%) had hypernatremic dehydration. Groups 1, 2, and 3 consisted of 55, 23, and 3 patients, respectively. Mortality rates were as follows: 3.6%, 17.3%, and 66.6%. Mean serum sodium (Na) correction rates at 0 to 24 hours and 24 to 48 hours were 0.48 ± 0.2 versus 0.38 ± 0.31 mmol/L per hour (group 1) and 0.49 ± 0.21 versus 0.52 ± 0.28 mmol/L per hour (group 2), respectively. In 32 patients (58.1%) from group 1 and in 13 patients (56.5%) from group 2, correction rate of 0.5 mmol/L per hour or less was achieved. Twenty-two patients developed convulsions, which was the most common complication during therapy. Serum Na greater than 160 mmol/L at admission (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-3.7) and serum Na correction rate of greater than 0.5 mmol/L per hour (odds ratio, 4.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-6.5) were independent risk factors for death or convulsion. There was a significant difference between groups 1 and 2 in Denver Developmental Screening Test II results (64.1% vs 30.7 %, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Hypernatremic dehydration is an important problem that should be managed properly to avoid adverse outcomes.
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Bilgin LK, Akcay F, Altinkaynak K, Altindag H. Hypernatremia in breastfed newborns: a review of 149 cases. J Trop Pediatr 2012; 58:332-4. [PMID: 21998132 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmr087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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15
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Peripheral gangrene in a breast fed neonate--is hypernatremic dehydration the cause? Indian J Pediatr 2011; 78:1543-5. [PMID: 21541645 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-011-0418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypernatremic dehydration in breast fed neonates is a rare but increasingly recognized problem. If not identified early, it may lead to potentially life threatening complications. The authors describe a neonate who developed thrombosis and lower limb ischemia secondary to hypernatremic dehydration. Peripheral gangrene, as a result of hypernatremic dehydration is extremely uncommon and has rarely been reported before.
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16
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Kusuma S, Agrawal SK, Kumar P, Narang A, Prasad R. Hydration status of exclusively and partially breastfed near-term newborns in the first week of life. J Hum Lact 2009; 25:280-6. [PMID: 19515871 DOI: 10.1177/0890334408324453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An in-hospital prospective, observational cohort study was conducted to assess the effects of type of feeding (exclusively breastfed [EBF] vs partially breastfed [PBF]) on the hydration status of near-term newborns in the first week of life. A total of 205 babies of 35 to 37 weeks of completed gestation were enrolled (82 in the EBF group and 123 in the PBF group). The overall incidence of significant weight loss (>or=10%) was 18% with no significant difference between EBF and PBF groups (18.3% vs 17.9%, P=.94). The incidence of hypernatremia (serum NA>or=150 meq/L) was 2.4% in the EBF group and 5.7% in the PBF group (P=.32). The factors associated with significant weight loss in the total cohort were having a mother with previous negative breastfeeding experience (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=16.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.1-115.7), exposure to phototherapy (adjusted OR=9.0, 95% CI=2.5-31.8), and cesarean delivery (adjusted OR=6.7, 95% CI=2.3-19.7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirisha Kusuma
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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