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Kono HN, Ada Mengome MF, Pongui Ngondza B, Sibi Matotou RH, Ndong Akomezoghe L, Ekomi B, Moutombi Ditombi BC, Koumba Lengongo JV, Ndong Ngomo JM, M’Bondoukwé NP, Bisseye C, Mawili-Mboumba DP, Bouyou Akotet MK. C-reactive protein and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in asymptomatic intestinal parasite carriers from urban and rural areas of Gabon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011282. [PMID: 38768226 PMCID: PMC11142663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic carriage of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) can induce chronic inflammation and dysbiosis, which are risk factors for non-communicable diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between IPI carriage and inflammation in a population of volunteers living in Gabon. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to November 2021 in asymptomatic volunteers aged 18 years old and over, residing in different areas of Gabon: Libreville (urban area) and Koula-Moutou and Bitam (rural areas). The detection of IPIs was carried out using four common microscopic techniques. C-reactive protein (CRP), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured and levels were compared according to the presence or absence of IPI. Overall, 518 participants were included, 64.5% (n = 334) of whom resided in urban area and 35.5% (n = 184) in rural areas. The median age was 35 years (27; 46). The prevalence of asymptomatic IPIs was 29.9% (n = 155), with a significantly higher frequency in rural areas than in urban area (adjusted OR 6.6 (CI 3.2-13.8), p < 0.01). Protozoa were more frequent than soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) in both areas: 81.6% (n = 40) in urban area and 69.8% (n = 74) in rural areas. STHs were predominant in rural areas (48.1% vs 22.4% in urban area. In case of IPI, the median values of CRP (15 (13-15) mg/L vs 13.0 (11.1-14.9) mg/L) and hsCRP (4.2 (1.4-13.0) mg/L vs 2.2(0.4-6.1) mg/L) were higher (p<0.01). Elevated hsCRP and CRP were significantly more frequent in parasitized individuals (for hsCRP: 22.6%, n = 35; for CRP: 52.9%, n = 82); in particular among STH carriers (for hsCRP: 65.9%, n = 27, for CRP: 36.6%, n = 15) (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This first study showed that asymptomatic IPIs, particularly STH carriage are associated with high CRP and hsCRP levels. Further larger and longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the global and specie-specific enteropathogens link with chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Noéline Kono
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Mérédith Flore Ada Mengome
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Bedrich Pongui Ngondza
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Roger Hadry Sibi Matotou
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Luccheri Ndong Akomezoghe
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Agents Infectieux et leur Pathologie (UMRAIP), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Owendo, Gabon
| | - Bernadette Ekomi
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
| | - Bridy Chesly Moutombi Ditombi
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Agents Infectieux et leur Pathologie (UMRAIP), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Owendo, Gabon
| | - Jeanne Vanessa Koumba Lengongo
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Jacques Mari Ndong Ngomo
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Agents Infectieux et leur Pathologie (UMRAIP), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Owendo, Gabon
| | - Noé Patrick M’Bondoukwé
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Agents Infectieux et leur Pathologie (UMRAIP), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Owendo, Gabon
| | - Cyrille Bisseye
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Denise Patricia Mawili-Mboumba
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Agents Infectieux et leur Pathologie (UMRAIP), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Owendo, Gabon
| | - Marielle Karine Bouyou Akotet
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Agents Infectieux et leur Pathologie (UMRAIP), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Owendo, Gabon
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Prevalence, probability, and characteristics of malaria and filariasis co-infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010857. [PMID: 36269701 PMCID: PMC9586402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria and filariasis are significant vector-borne diseases that are co-endemic in the same human populations. This study aims to collate the evidence, probability, and characteristics of malaria and filariasis co-infections in participants among studies reporting the co-occurrence of both diseases. METHODS We searched for potentially relevant articles reporting the co-occurrence of malaria and filariasis in five electronic databases (Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, and CENTRAL) from inception to May 22, 2022. We estimated the pooled prevalence and probability of malaria and filariasis co-infections among study participants using random-effects meta-analyses and synthesized the characteristics of patients with co-infections narratively. RESULTS We identified 951 articles, 24 of which (96,838 participants) met eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. Results of the meta-analysis showed a pooled prevalence of malaria and filariasis co-infections among participants of 11%. The prevalence of co-infections was 2.3% in Africa, 0.2% in Asia, and 1.6% in South America. The pooled prevalences of malaria and Wuchereria bancrofti, malaria and Loa loa, malaria and Mansonella perstans co-infections were 0.7%, 1.2%, and 1.0%, respectively. The meta-analysis results showed that the co-infections between two parasites occurred by probability (P = 0.001). Patients with co-infections were at increased risk of having an enlarged spleen, a lower rate of severe anemia, lower parasite density, and more asymptomatic clinical status. Patients with co-infections had decreased levels of C-X-C motif chemokine 5, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-4, c4 complement, and interleukin-10. In addition, patients with co-infections had a lower interleukin-10/tumor necrosis factor-α ratio and higher interleukin-10/interleukin-6 ratio. CONCLUSION The present study showed that the prevalence of malaria and filariasis co-infections was low and varied between geographical areas in the selected articles. Co-infections tended to occur with a low probability. Further studies investigating the outcomes and characteristics of co-infections are needed.
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Mbani Mpega Ntigui CN, Oyegue‐Liabagui SL, Kouna LC, Imboumy KR, Tsafack Tegomo NP, Okouga AP, Ontoua S, Lekana‐Douki J. Inflammatory cytokine responses in children with asymptomatic malaria infection living in rural, semi-urban and urban areas in south-eastern Gabon. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 206:395-409. [PMID: 34363699 PMCID: PMC8561699 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are soluble mediators of the immune response, and their evolution influences the disease outcome. Gaining knowledge on cytokines has become important, as they can constitute biomarkers allowing the diagnosis of malaria and preventing severe forms of the disease. Here, we investigated 10 cytokines and their circulating levels in asymptomatic Gabonese children with Plasmodium falciparum infection living in urban, semi-urban and rural areas. Blood samples were collected from 273 schoolchildren (153 uninfected and 120 infected) aged 6 to 192 months. Hematological parameters were determined and P. falciparum diagnosis was performed using a rapid diagnosis test, microscopy and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Plasma pro- [interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12p70, IL-17A and IL-22] and anti-inflammatory [IL-10, IL-4, IL-13 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β] cytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared between asymptomatic-infected and uninfected children. Results revealed that without distinction of area, IL-10 and IL-6 levels were higher in infected compared to uninfected children; however, the pro- and anti-inflammatory ratios (IL-6/IL-10 and TNF-α/IL-10) were similar. Furthermore, with area distinction significantly elevated levels of IL-10 in these asymptomatic children were always accompanied by either significantly low or high levels of a proinflammatory cytokine. Also, comparison between asymptomatic-infected children from the three areas showed significantly lower IL-17A, IL-22 and TGF-β levels in urban area compared to semi-urban and rural areas. These results suggest that asymptomatic malaria infections induce significantly high inflammatory cytokine levels without modifying the balanced between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and underline the higher exposure to infections of children in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chérone Nancy Mbani Mpega Ntigui
- Unité d’Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP)Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF)FrancevilleGabon
- Ecole Doctorale Régionale d’Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale (ECODRAC)Université des Sciences et Techniques de MasukuFrancevilleGabon
| | - Sandrine Lydie Oyegue‐Liabagui
- Unité d’Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP)Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF)FrancevilleGabon
- Ecole Doctorale Régionale d’Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale (ECODRAC)Université des Sciences et Techniques de MasukuFrancevilleGabon
| | - Lady Charlene Kouna
- Unité d’Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP)Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF)FrancevilleGabon
| | - Karl Roméo Imboumy
- Unité d’Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP)Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF)FrancevilleGabon
| | - Nathalie Pernelle Tsafack Tegomo
- Unité d’Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP)Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF)FrancevilleGabon
| | - Alain Prince Okouga
- Unité d’Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP)Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF)FrancevilleGabon
| | - Seinnat Ontoua
- Unité d’Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP)Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF)FrancevilleGabon
| | - Jean‐Bernard Lekana‐Douki
- Unité d’Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP)Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF)FrancevilleGabon
- Département de Parasitologie‐MycologieUniversité des Sciences de la Santé (USS)LibrevilleGabon
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