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Selvavinayagam TS, Somasundaram A, Selvam JM, Sampath P, Vijayalakshmi V, Kumar CAB, Subramaniam S, Kumarasamy P, Raju S, Avudaiselvi R, Prakash V, Yogananth N, Subramanian G, Roshini A, Dhiliban DN, Imad S, Tandel V, Parasa R, Sachdeva S, Ramachandran S, Malani A. Contribution of infection and vaccination to population-level seroprevalence through two COVID waves in Tamil Nadu, India. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2091. [PMID: 38267448 PMCID: PMC10808562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study employs repeated, large panels of serological surveys to document rapid and substantial waning of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at the population level and to calculate the extent to which infection and vaccination separately contribute to seroprevalence estimates. Four rounds of serological surveys were conducted, spanning two COVID waves (October 2020 and April-May 2021), in Tamil Nadu (population 72 million) state in India. Each round included representative populations in each district of the state, totaling ≥ 20,000 persons per round. State-level seroprevalence was 31.5% in round 1 (October-November 2020), after India's first COVID wave. Seroprevalence fell to 22.9% in round 2 (April 2021), a roughly one-third decline in 6 months, consistent with dramatic waning of SARS-Cov-2 antibodies from natural infection. Seroprevalence rose to 67.1% by round 3 (June-July 2021), with infections from the Delta-variant induced second COVID wave accounting for 74% of the increase. Seroprevalence rose to 93.1% by round 4 (December 2021-January 2022), with vaccinations accounting for 63% of the increase. Antibodies also appear to wane after vaccination. Seroprevalence in urban areas was higher than in rural areas, but the gap shrunk over time (35.7 v. 25.7% in round 1, 89.8% v. 91.4% in round 4) as the epidemic spread even in low-density rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Selvavinayagam
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Jerard Maria Selvam
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Sampath
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Vijayalakshmi
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C Ajith Brabhu Kumar
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Parthipan Kumarasamy
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Raju
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Avudaiselvi
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Prakash
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Yogananth
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gurunathan Subramanian
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Roshini
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D N Dhiliban
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sofia Imad
- Artha Global, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Murali S, Sakthivel M, Pattabi K, Venkatasamy V, Thangaraj JWV, Shete A, Varghese AJ, Arjun J, Kumar CPG, Yadav PD, Sahay R, Majumdar T, Dudhmal M, Sivalingam A, Dhanapal SR, Durai Samy A, Radhakrishnan V, Muni Krishnaiah MM, Arunachalam S, Gandhi PMK, Govindasamy E, Chinnappan P, Sekar DPV, Marappan P, Pounraj E, Ganeshkumar P, Jagadeesan M, Narnaware M, Bedi GS, Kaur P, Murhekar M. Effectiveness of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Coronavirus Vaccine (Covishield TM) in Preventing SARS-CoV2 Infection, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 2021. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:970. [PMID: 35746578 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We estimated the effectiveness of two doses of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Covishield) vaccine against any COVID-19 infection among individuals ≥45 years in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. A community-based cohort study was conducted from May to September 2021 in a selected geographic area in Chennai. The estimated sample size was 10,232. We enrolled 69,435 individuals, of which 21,793 were above 45 years. Two-dose coverage of Covishield in the 18+ and 45+ age group was 18% and 31%, respectively. Genomic analysis of 74 out of the 90 aliquots collected from the 303 COVID-19-positive individuals in the 45+ age group showed delta variants and their sub-lineages. The vaccine’s effectiveness against COVID-19 disease in the ≥45 age group was 61.3% (95% CI: 43.6–73.4) at least 2 weeks after receiving the second dose of Covishield. We demonstrated the effectiveness of two doses of the ChAdOx1 vaccine against the delta variant in the general population of Chennai. We recommend similar future studies considering emerging variants and newer vaccines. Two-dose vaccine coverage could be ensured to protect against COVID-19 infection.
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Sharma N, Sharma P, Basu S, Bakshi R, Gupta E, Agarwal R, Dushyant K, Mundeja N, Marak Z, Singh S, Singh G, Rustagi R. Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Delhi, India: High Seroprevalence Not a Deterrent? Cureus 2021; 13:e19000. [PMID: 34853742 PMCID: PMC8609204 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We report the findings of a large follow-up, community-based, cross-sectional serosurvey and correlate it with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) test-positivity rate and the caseload observed between the peaks of the first and the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi, India. Methodology Individuals aged five and above were recruited from 274 wards of the state (population approximately 19.6 million) from January 11 to January 22, 2021. A total of 100 participants each were included from all wards for a net sample size of approximately 28,000. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select participants for the household serosurvey. Anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies were detected by using the VITROS® (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Raritan, NJ, USA) assay (90% sensitivity, 100% specificity). Results Antibody positivity was observed in 14,298 (50.76%) of 28,169 samples. The age, sex, and district population-weighted seroprevalence of the SARS-CoV-2 IgG was 50.52% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 49.94-51.10), and after adjustment for assay characteristics, it was 56.13% (95% CI = 55.49-56.77). On adjusted analysis, participants aged ≥50 years, of female gender, housewives, having ever lived in containment zones, urban slum dwellers, and diabetes or hypertensive patients had significantly higher odds of SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity. The peak infection rate and the test-positivity rate since October 2020 were initially observed in mid-November 2020, with a subsequent steep declining trend, followed by a period of persistently low case burden lasting until the first week of March 2021. This was followed by a steady increase followed by an exponential surge in infections from April 2021 onward culminating in the second wave of the pandemic. Conclusions The presence of infection-induced immunity from SARS-CoV-2 even in more than one in two people can be ineffective in protecting the population. Despite such high seroprevalence, population susceptibility to COVID-19 can be accentuated by variants of concern having the ability for rapid transmission and depletion of antibody levels with the threat of recurrent infections, signifying the need for mass vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Sharma
- Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, IND
| | - Pragya Sharma
- Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, IND
| | - Saurav Basu
- Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, IND
| | - Ritika Bakshi
- Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, IND
| | - Ekta Gupta
- Department of Virology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | - Reshu Agarwal
- Department of Virology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | - Kumar Dushyant
- Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, IND
| | - Nutan Mundeja
- Director General Health Services, Directorate General of Health Services, Government of National Capital Territory, Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Zeasaly Marak
- Public Health, Directorate General of Health Services, Government of National Capital Territory, Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Sanjay Singh
- State Surveillance Unit, Directorate General of Health Services, Government of National Capital Territory, Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Gautam Singh
- State Surveillance Unit, Directorate General of Health Services, Government of National Capital Territory, Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Ruchir Rustagi
- State Surveillance Unit, Directorate of Family Welfare, Government of National Capital Territory, Delhi, New Delhi, IND
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