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Lee SR, Khan DR, Park JY, Kaczmarek S, Choi EJ. Novel thermal stability enhanced xylanase improves the performance and digestibility parameters in broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104447. [PMID: 39522348 PMCID: PMC11585691 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 10/21/2024] [Accepted: 10/25/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Xylanases require thermal stability to withstand the pelleting process, pH stability to function in the gastrointestinal tract, and resistance to xylanase inhibitors in raw materials to be effective in animal feed. A GH11 family xylanase originating from an anaerobic fungus, Orpinomyces sp. strain PC-2, has high specific activity and resistance to xylanase inhibitors intrinsically. It was engineered using rational protein design methods to obtain a thermal and pH stable enzyme, OXynA-M. OXynA-M showed resistance to three types of xylanase inhibitors, Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitors TAXI-IB and TAXI-IIA and xylanase inhibitor protein XIP and showed melting temperature of 87.2°C when measured using differential scanning calorimetry. It was stable at all pH between 2.0-10.0 incubated up to 4 h. Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) production profile using a wheat arabinoxylan substrate revealed the production of xylobioses up to xylohexaoses, which are known to have prebiotic functionalities. An animal trial was conducted in broiler chickens to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of the xylanase. In total, 600 1-day-old chickens were divided into six dietary treatments, including a positive control (PC) (T1) without the addition of exogenous enzyme and the rest where exogenous xylanase was added at the rates of 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, and 240000 U/kg of feed from T2-T6. An increase in OXynA-M xylanase improved the performance parameters in the enzyme-treated groups compared with the control. The viscosity of ileal digesta decreased with increasing enzyme dosage. A significantly lower viscosity of 6.54 cP was determined for the minimum dose in T2 (1200 U/kg), and the viscosity was further reduced in T6 (240000 U/kg) (P<0.05) compared to the control treatment. The apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein, fat, and starch improved as the xylanase dosage increased. The application of OXynA-M xylanase improved the apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein when the dose was higher than that of T2 (1200 U/kg). Furthermore, the AMEn of the diets improved when xylanase was supplemented at a rate of 9600 U/kg (T5) compared with the control treatment (P<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Rin Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, CJ CheilJedang Co., Suwon 16495, Republic of Korea
| | - Daulat Rehman Khan
- CJ Europe GmbH, Unterschweinstiege 2-14 60549, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Poznan, Street Wołyńska 33 60-637 Poznan, Poland
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Tundo S, Mandalà G, Sella L, Favaron F, Bedre R, Kalunke RM. Xylanase Inhibitors: Defense Players in Plant Immunity with Implications in Agro-Industrial Processing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314994. [PMID: 36499321 PMCID: PMC9739030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanase inhibitors (XIs) are plant cell wall proteins largely distributed in monocots that inhibit the hemicellulose degrading activity of microbial xylanases. XIs have been classified into three classes with different structures and inhibition specificities, namely Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitors (TAXI), xylanase inhibitor proteins (XIP), and thaumatin-like xylanase inhibitors (TLXI). Their involvement in plant defense has been established by several reports. Additionally, these inhibitors have considerable economic relevance because they interfere with the activity of xylanases applied in several agro-industrial processes. Previous reviews highlighted the structural and biochemical properties of XIs and hypothesized their role in plant defense. Here, we aimed to update the information on the genomic organization of XI encoding genes, the inhibition properties of XIs against microbial xylanases, and the structural properties of xylanase-XI interaction. We also deepened the knowledge of XI regulation mechanisms in planta and their involvement in plant defense. Finally, we reported the recently studied strategies to reduce the negative impact of XIs in agro-industrial processes and mentioned their allergenicity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Tundo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giulia Mandalà
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Sella
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Favaron
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Renesh Bedre
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University System, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA
| | - Raviraj M. Kalunke
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Rd, 7 Olivette, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
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3
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Characterization of Two Wheat-Derived Glycoside Hydrolase Family-10 Xylanases Resistant to Xylanase Inhibitors. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9590243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanase inhibitors inhibit the activities of microbial xylanases and seriously compromise the efficacy of microbial xylanases added to modify cereals. Cereal endogenous xylanases are unaffected by these xylanase inhibitors, but little information is available regarding their effects in improving cereal quality, a neglected potential application. As a strategy for circumventing the negative effects of xylanase inhibitors, the objective of this study was to use genetic engineering to obtain sufficient amounts of active endo-1,4-β-D-xylanase from wheat to analyze the characteristics of its structure. The endo-1,4-β-D-xylanase from wheat was heterologously expressed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), western blotting, MALDI-TOF/TOF (MS) analyses, and enzyme activity determination confirmed 2 active endo-1,4-β-D-xylanases (EXY3 and EXY4) were successfully obtained. The molecular weights (MW) and isoelectric point (pI) of EXY3 were 36.108 kDa and 5.491, while those of the EXY4 protein were 41.933 kDa and 5.726. They both contained the same catalytic domain of GH10 xylanases from G266 to V276 and have the same catalytic site, Glu273. They shared the same putative N-glycosylation sites (N62-T63-S64 and N280–V281–S282) and 3 putative O-glycosylation sites (Ser8, Ser9, and Thr21), but EXY4 had an additional O-glycosylation site (Thr358). EXY3 was smaller than EXY4 by 51 amino acids because of a nonsense mutation and premature termination. They both had the 8-fold beta/alpha-barrel (TIM-barrel) fold. The specific activities of EXY3 and EXY4 were 152.0891 and 67.2928 U/mg, respectively. This work demonstrates a promising way to obtain wheat xylanases by genetic engineering; the properties of the enzymes indicate their potential application in cereal-based industries.
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Zduńczyk Z, Jankowski J, Mikulski D, Zduńczyk P, Juśkiewicz J, Slominski B. The effect of NSP-degrading enzymes on gut physiology and growth performance of turkeys fed soybean meal and peas-based diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ingelmann CJ, Witzig M, Möhring J, Schollenberger M, Kühn I, Rodehutscord M. Effect of supplemental phytase and xylanase in wheat-based diets on prececal phosphorus digestibility and phytate degradation in young turkeys. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2011-2020. [PMID: 29462419 PMCID: PMC5950955 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of phytase and a combination of phytase and xylanase on the prececal phosphorus digestibility (pcdP) of wheat-based diets in turkeys. A low-P basal diet (BD) based on cornstarch and soybean meal, and 2 diets containing 43% of different wheat genotypes (genotype diets GD6 or GD7) were fed to turkeys from 20 to 27 d of age. Diets were fed either without enzyme supplementation or supplemented with phytase (500 FTU/kg) or a combination of phytase and xylanase (16,000 BXU/kg). At 27 d of age, digesta were sampled from the lower ileum of animals to determine pcdP and pc myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) disappearance, and to analyze the concentrations of lower inositol phosphate isomers. Similar pcdP was observed in non-supplemented BD and GD (∼36%). Phytase alone increased the pcdP in all diets by 8 to 12%, but a beneficial effect of xylanase was found only for BD. Similar results were found for pc InsP6 disappearance, although xylanase addition compared to phytase alone decreased pc InsP6 disappearance in GD7 compared to phytase alone. Animals fed GD7 performed better than those fed GD6; however, these differences could not be linked to the pcdP. The pattern of lower inositol phosphates in digesta also changed with enzyme supplementation, resulting in lower proportions of InsP5 and higher proportions of InsP4. Phytase alone decreased Ins(1,2,3,4,6)P5 but increased D-Ins(1,2,3,4,5)P5 and D-Ins(1,2,5,6)P4 concentrations. An additional increase in D-Ins(1,2,3,4,5)P5 and D-Ins(1,2,5,6)P4 concentrations was achieved with xylanase, although for the former isomer, this was observed only with GD. These results indicate that enzyme supplementation alters the pc degradation of InsP6, and that combining both enzymes had a minor additional effect on the pcdP from wheat-based diets when compared to phytase alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-J Ingelmann
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Witzig
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Möhring
- Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Schollenberger
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - I Kühn
- AB Vista, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Smeets N, Nuyens F, Van Campenhout L, Delezie E, Niewold TA. Interactions between the concentration of non-starch polysaccharides in wheat and the addition of an enzyme mixture in a broiler digestibility and performance trial. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2064-2070. [PMID: 29471412 PMCID: PMC5950926 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Two broiler trials were designed to investigate the relationship between the concentration of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in wheat and 1) its nutritional value for broilers and 2) the efficacy of exogenous enzymes. In a balance trial, diets were formulated with 3 wheat cultivars (Rustic and Viscount—medium NSP, Centenaire—high NSP) and were tested with or without the addition of an exogenous enzyme mixture. The diets were fed to 144 male Ross 308 broiler chickens housed in digestibility cages. Total tract nutrient digestibilities and AMEn were measured from 18 to 22 d of age. In a performance trial, diets were formulated with wheat (medium NSP diet) or with wheat mixed with rye and barley (high NSP diet) and were tested with or without the addition of an exogenous enzyme mixture. The diets were fed to 960 male Ross 308 broilers housed in pens and broiler performance during starter, grower and finisher periods was measured. In the balance trial, wheat cultivar did not affect nutrient digestibility or AMEn. Enzyme addition caused a significant increase in nutrient digestibilities and AMEn for the diet formulated with the high NSP wheat Centenaire only. In the performance trial, feeding the high NSP diet resulted in a higher feed conversion ratio and lower final body weight compared to the medium NSP diet. The largest improvements by enzyme addition were observed in the high NSP diet. In conclusion, the study was not able to show a consistent relationship between the NSP concentration of wheat and its nutritional value, but did demonstrate that the effect of an enzyme mixture on nutrient digestibility or broiler performance depends upon the NSP concentration in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Smeets
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.,Kemin Europa NV, Toekomstlaan 42, 2200, Herentals, Belgium
| | - F Nuyens
- Kemin Europa NV, Toekomstlaan 42, 2200, Herentals, Belgium
| | - L Van Campenhout
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Lab4Food, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe)
| | - E Delezie
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - T A Niewold
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe)
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Krogh Madsen C, Pettersson D, Hjortshøj R, Katholm A, Brinch-Pedersen H. Superior Growth Rates in Broilers Fed Wheat with Low In Vitro Feed-Xylanase Inhibition. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4044-4050. [PMID: 29575893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Grain-batch variation in xylanase-inhibitor levels may account for variations in the efficacy of feed xylanase supplementation. This would make inhibition an important quality parameter in the routine analysis of feedstuffs. Two analytical procedures for testing feedstuffs against specific xylanases were researched: the high-throughput viscosity-pressure assay (ViPr) and the extraction-free remazol-brilliant-blue-beechwood-xylan (RBBX) assay. Thirty-two wheat cultivars were analyzed for inhibition of a commercial xylanase, Ronozyme WX. Four cultivars were selected for a feeding experiment in which the growth of 1440 broilers from ages 7-33 days was monitored. The treatments resulted up to 7 % difference (day 14) in broiler weight . The cultivar choice had an effect throughout the experiment ( p < 0.05). The performance ranking of the treatments corresponded better to xylanase inhibition than to crude-protein content or nonstarch-polysaccharide content. Wheat-grain xylanase-inhibitor content is therefore a highly relevant quality parameter when broiler diets are supplemented with feed xylanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Krogh Madsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Research Center Flakkebjerg , Aarhus University , 4200 Slagelse , Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Henrik Brinch-Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Research Center Flakkebjerg , Aarhus University , 4200 Slagelse , Denmark
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Wei Z, Chen H, Jia X. Molecular Cloning and Characterizations of Xylanase Inhibitor Protein from Wheat (Triticum Aestivum). J Food Sci 2017; 82:1582-1587. [PMID: 28613409 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Xylanase inhibitor proteins (XIPs) were regarded to inhibit the activity of xylanases during baking and gluten-starch separation processes. To avoid the inhibition to xylanases, it is necessary to define the conditions under which the inhibition takes place. In this study, we cloned the XIP gene from 2 different variety of Triticum aestivum, that is, Zhengmai 9023 and Zhengmai 366, and investigated the properties of XIP protein expressed by Pichia pastoris. The results showed that the 2 XIP genes (xip-9023 and xip-366) were highly homologous with only 3 nucleotide differences. XIP-9023 showed the optimal inhibition pH and temperature were 7 °C and 40 °C, respectively. Inhibition of xylanase by XIP-9023 reached the maximum in 40 min. At 50% inhibition of xylanase, the molar ratio of inhibitor: xylanase was 26:1. XIP-9023 was active to various fungal xylanases tested as well as to a bacterial xylanase produced by Paenibacillus sp. isolated from cow rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural Univ., Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450002, P.R. China
| | - Yakun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural Univ., Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450002, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural Univ., Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450002, P.R. China
| | - Hongge Chen
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural Univ., Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450002, P.R. China
| | - Xincheng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural Univ., Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450002, P.R. China
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