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Thomas HR, Gevorgyan A, Hermanson A, Yanders S, Erndwein L, Norman-Ariztía M, Sparks EE, Frank MH. Graft incompatibility between pepper and tomato can be attributed to genetic incompatibility between diverged immune systems. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.29.587379. [PMID: 38617251 PMCID: PMC11014474 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.29.587379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Graft compatibility is the capacity of two plants to form cohesive vascular connections. Tomato and pepper are incompatible graft partners; however, the underlying cause of graft rejection between these two species remains unknown.We diagnosed graft incompatibility between tomato and diverse pepper varieties based on weakened biophysical stability, decreased growth, and persistent cell death using trypan blue and TUNEL assays. Transcriptomic analysis of cell death in the junction was performed using RNA-sequencing, and molecular signatures for incompatible graft response were characterized based on meta-transcriptomic comparisons with other biotic processes.We show that tomato is broadly incompatible with diverse pepper cultivars. These incompatible graft partners activate prolonged transcriptional changes that are highly enriched for defense processes. Amongst these processes was broad NLR upregulation and hypersensitive response. Using transcriptomic datasets for a variety of biotic stress treatments, we identified a significant overlap in the genetic profile of incompatible grafting and plant parasitism. In addition, we found over 1000 genes that are uniquely upregulated in incompatible grafts.Based on NLR overactivity, DNA damage, and prolonged cell death we have determined that tomato and pepper graft incompatibility is likely caused by a form of genetic incompatibility, which triggers a hyperimmune-response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Rae Thomas
- Cornell University, School of Integrative Plant Science, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- John Innes Centre, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Norwich UK
| | - Alice Gevorgyan
- Cornell University, School of Integrative Plant Science, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Stanford University, Department of Biology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexandra Hermanson
- Cornell University, School of Integrative Plant Science, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Samantha Yanders
- Cornell University, School of Integrative Plant Science, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Lindsay Erndwein
- University of Delaware, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Newark, DE 19713,USA
- USDA-ARS, Genetic Improvement for Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, Chatsworth,NJ 08019, USA
| | | | - Erin E. Sparks
- University of Delaware, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Newark, DE 19713,USA
| | - Margaret H Frank
- Cornell University, School of Integrative Plant Science, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Soares F, Pimentel D, Erban A, Neves C, Reis P, Pereira M, Rego C, Gama-Carvalho M, Kopka J, Fortes AM. Virulence-related metabolism is activated in Botrytis cinerea mostly in the interaction with tolerant green grapes that remain largely unaffected in contrast with susceptible green grapes. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac217. [PMID: 36479580 PMCID: PMC9720446 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is responsible for the gray mold disease, severely affecting Vitis vinifera grapevine and hundreds of other economically important crops. However, many mechanisms of this fruit-pathogen interaction remain unknown. The combined analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of green fruits infected with B. cinerea from susceptible and tolerant genotypes was never performed in any fleshy fruit, mostly because green fruits are widely accepted to be resistant to this fungus. In this work, peppercorn-sized fruits were infected in the field or mock-treated, and berries were collected at green (EL32) stage from a susceptible (Trincadeira) and a tolerant (Syrah) variety. RNAseq and GC-MS data suggested that Syrah exhibited a pre-activated/basal defense relying on specific signaling pathways, hormonal regulation, namely jasmonate and ethylene metabolisms, and linked to phenylpropanoid metabolism. In addition, putative defensive metabolites such as shikimic, ursolic/ oleanolic, and trans-4-hydroxy cinnamic acids, and epigallocatechin were more abundant in Syrah than Trincadeira before infection. On the other hand, Trincadeira underwent relevant metabolic reprogramming upon infection but was unable to contain disease progression. RNA-seq analysis of the fungus in planta revealed an opposite scenario with higher gene expression activity within B. cinerea during infection of the tolerant cultivar and less activity in infected Trincadeira berries. The results suggested an activated virulence state during interaction with the tolerant cultivar without visible disease symptoms. Together, this study brings novel insights related to early infection strategies of B. cinerea and the green berry defense against necrotrophic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Soares
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Pimentel
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Catarina Neves
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Reis
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food-Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Pereira
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cecilia Rego
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food-Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida Gama-Carvalho
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Orrego A, Gavilán MC, Arévalos A, Ortíz B, Gaete Humada B, Pineda-Fretez A, Romero-Rodríguez MC, Flores Giubi ME, Kohli MM, Iehisa JCM. Identification of reference genes and their validation for gene expression analysis in phytopathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272603. [PMID: 35930568 PMCID: PMC9355225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophomina phaseolina is a soil-borne pathogenic fungus that infects a wide range of crop species and causes severe yield losses. Although the genome of the fungus has been sequenced, the molecular basis of its virulence has not been determined. Identification of up-regulated genes during fungal infection is important to understand the mechanism involved in its virulence. To ensure reliable quantification, expression of target genes needs to be normalized on the basis of certain reference genes. However, in the case of M. phaseolina, reference genes or their expression analysis have not been reported in the literature. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate 12 candidate reference genes for the expression analysis of M. phaseolina genes by applying three different fungal growth conditions: a) during root and stem infection of soybean, b) in culture media with and without soybean leaf infusion and c) by inoculating a cut-stem. Based on BestKeeper, geNorm and NormFinder algorithms, CYP1 was identified as the best recommended reference gene followed by EF1β for expression analysis of fungal gene during soybean root infection. Besides Mp08158, CYP1 gene was found suitable when M. phaseolina was grown in potato-dextrose broth with leaf infusion. In the case of cut-stem inoculation, Mp08158 and Mp11185 genes were found to be most stable. To validate the selected reference genes, expression analysis of two cutinase genes was performed. In general, the expression patterns were similar when the target genes were normalized against most or least stable gene. However, in some cases different expression pattern can be obtained when least stable gene is used for normalization. We believe that the reference genes identified and validated in this study will be useful for gene expression analysis during host infection with M. phaseolina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Orrego
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay
| | - María Cecilia Gavilán
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay
| | - Aníbal Arévalos
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay
| | - Belén Ortíz
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay
| | - Belén Gaete Humada
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay
| | - Amiliana Pineda-Fretez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay
| | - María Cristina Romero-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay
| | - María Eugenia Flores Giubi
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay
| | - Man Mohan Kohli
- Cámara Paraguaya de Exportadores y Comercializadores de Cereales y Oleaginosas (CAPECO), Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Julio C. M. Iehisa
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay
- * E-mail:
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Self RA, Harrison MD, Te'o VS, Van Sluyter S. Development of simple, scalable protease production from Botrytis cinerea. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2219-2233. [PMID: 35171338 PMCID: PMC8930891 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11817-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Heat haze-forming proteins are stable during winemaking and are typically removed via adsorption to bentonite. Proteolytic degradation is an alternative method to prevent wine-haze and offers the opportunity to reduce the environmental impacts and labor cost of the process. Herein, we describe the development of a production system for Botrytis cinerea proteases for the enzymatic degradation of heat haze-forming proteins. The effect of culture medium on the secretion of glucan by B. cinerea was investigated and methods to inactivate B. cinerea laccase in liquid culture medium were assessed. Protease production by B. cinerea was scaled up from 50 mL in shake flasks to 1 L in bioreactors, resulting in an increase in protease yield from 0.30 to 3.04 g L−1. Glucan secretion by B. cinerea was minimal in culture medium containing lactose as a carbon source and either lactic or sulfuric acid for pH control. B. cinerea laccases were inactivated by reducing the pH of culture supernatant to 1.5 for 1 h. B. cinerea proteases were concentrated and partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation. SWATH-MS identified aspartic acid protease BcAP8 amongst the precipitated proteins. These results demonstrate a simple, affordable, and scalable process to produce proteases from B. cinerea as a replacement for bentonite in winemaking. Key points • Isolates of B. cinerea that produce proteases with potential for reducing wine heat-haze forming proteins were identified. • Media and fermentation optimization increased protease yield tenfold and reduced glucan secretion. • Low pH treatment inactivated laccases but not proteases. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-11817-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Self
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia. .,School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
| | - Mark D Harrison
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.,School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Valentino S Te'o
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Steve Van Sluyter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Chand Arya G, Aditya Srivastava D, Manasherova E, Prusky DB, Elad Y, Frenkel O, Harel A. BcHnm1, a predicted choline transporter, modulates conidial germination and virulence in Botrytis cinerea. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 158:103653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Wang X, Zhou X, Cai Z, Guo L, Chen X, Chen X, Liu J, Feng M, Qiu Y, Zhang Y, Wang A. A Biocontrol Strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa CQ-40 Promote Growth and Control Botrytis cinerea in Tomato. Pathogens 2020; 10:22. [PMID: 33396336 PMCID: PMC7824093 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea infection can be very devastating for tomato production, as it can result in a large-scale reduction in tomato fruit production and fruit quality after harvest. Thus, it negatively affects tomato yield and quality. In this study, a biocontrol bacteria CQ-4 was isolated and screened from the rhizosphere soil of tomato plants. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that it belongs to the species Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which has a strong antagonistic effect against Botrytis cinerea. In addition, the bacterium's antibacterial spectrum is relatively extensive, and antagonistic tests have shown that it also has varying degrees of inhibition on other 12 plant diseases. The growth promotion test showed that the strain has a clear promotion effect on tomato seed germination and seedling growth. The growth-promoting effect on plant height, stem thickness, dry and fresh weight and main root length of tomato seedlings was significantly improved after the seeds were soaked in a bacterial solution of 2.5 × 108 cfu mL-1 concentration. This did not only maintain the nutritional quality of tomato fruits, but also prevents them from rotting. In vitro and pot experiments showed that the strain CQ-4 can effectively control tomato gray mold, and the control effects on tomato leaves and fruits reached 74.4% and 66.0%, respectively. Strain CQ-4 induce plants to up-regulate the activities of four disease-resistant defense enzymes. The peak enzymatic activities of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) were increased by 35.6%, 37.6%, 46.1%, and 38.4%, respectively, as compared with the control group. This study found that the strain can solubilize phosphorus, fix nitrogen, and produce cellulase, protease, ferrophilin, and other antibacterial metabolites, but it does not produce chitinase, glucanase, and HCN (hydrocyanic acid). This research screened out an excellent Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain that can stably and effectively control tomato gray mold, and it provided theoretical basis for further development and the application of biological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.F.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Xinan Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.F.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Zhibo Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.F.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Lan Guo
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (L.G.); (X.C.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiuling Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (L.G.); (X.C.); (X.C.)
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (L.G.); (X.C.); (X.C.)
| | - Jiayin Liu
- College of Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Mingfang Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.F.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Youwen Qiu
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.F.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.F.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Aoxue Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.F.); (Y.Q.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (L.G.); (X.C.); (X.C.)
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Reboledo G, Agorio A, Vignale L, Batista-García RA, Ponce De León I. Botrytis cinerea Transcriptome during the Infection Process of the Bryophyte Physcomitrium patens and Angiosperms. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 7:11. [PMID: 33379257 PMCID: PMC7824268 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen that causes grey mold in many plant species, including crops and model plants of angiosperms. B. cinerea also infects and colonizes the bryophyte Physcomitrium patens (previously Physcomitrella patens), which perceives the pathogen and activates defense mechanisms. However, these defenses are not sufficient to stop fungal invasion, leading finally to plant decay. To gain more insights into B. cinerea infection and virulence strategies displayed during moss colonization, we performed genome wide transcriptional profiling of B. cinerea during different infection stages. We show that, in total, 1015 B. cinerea genes were differentially expressed in moss tissues. Expression patterns of upregulated genes and gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that infection of P. patens tissues by B. cinerea depends on reactive oxygen species generation and detoxification, transporter activities, plant cell wall degradation and modification, toxin production and probable plant defense evasion by effector proteins. Moreover, a comparison with available RNAseq data during angiosperm infection, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum and Lactuca sativa, suggests that B. cinerea has virulence and infection functions used in all hosts, while others are more specific to P. patens or angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Reboledo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (G.R.); (A.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Astrid Agorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (G.R.); (A.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Lucía Vignale
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (G.R.); (A.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Ramón Alberto Batista-García
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico;
| | - Inés Ponce De León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (G.R.); (A.A.); (L.V.)
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