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Kato-Noguchi H. Defensive Molecules Momilactones A and B: Function, Biosynthesis, Induction and Occurrence. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040241. [PMID: 37104180 PMCID: PMC10140866 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Labdane-related diterpenoids, momilactones A and B were isolated and identified in rice husks in 1973 and later found in rice leaves, straws, roots, root exudate, other several Poaceae species and the moss species Calohypnum plumiforme. The functions of momilactones in rice are well documented. Momilactones in rice plants suppressed the growth of fungal pathogens, indicating the defense function against pathogen attacks. Rice plants also inhibited the growth of adjacent competitive plants through the root secretion of momilactones into their rhizosphere due to the potent growth-inhibitory activity of momilactones, indicating a function in allelopathy. Momilactone-deficient mutants of rice lost their tolerance to pathogens and allelopathic activity, which verifies the involvement of momilactones in both functions. Momilactones also showed pharmacological functions such as anti-leukemia and anti-diabetic activities. Momilactones are synthesized from geranylgeranyl diphosphate through cyclization steps, and the biosynthetic gene cluster is located on chromosome 4 of the rice genome. Pathogen attacks, biotic elicitors such as chitosan and cantharidin, and abiotic elicitors such as UV irradiation and CuCl2 elevated momilactone production through jasmonic acid-dependent and independent signaling pathways. Rice allelopathy was also elevated by jasmonic acid, UV irradiation and nutrient deficiency due to nutrient competition with neighboring plants with the increased production and secretion of momilactones. Rice allelopathic activity and the secretion of momilactones into the rice rhizosphere were also induced by either nearby Echinochloa crus-galli plants or their root exudates. Certain compounds from Echinochloa crus-galli may stimulate the production and secretion of momilactones. This article focuses on the functions, biosynthesis and induction of momilactones and their occurrence in plant species.
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Latini A, Cantale C, Thiyagarajan K, Ammar K, Galeffi P. Expression Analysis of the TdDRF1 Gene in Field-Grown Durum Wheat under Full and Reduced Irrigation. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030555. [PMID: 35328108 PMCID: PMC8953156 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the key genes and regulatory mechanisms controlling drought response in durum wheat have been identified. One of the major challenges for breeders is how to use this knowledge for the achievement of drought stress tolerance. In the present study, we report the expression profiles of the TdDRF1 gene, at consecutive plant growth stages, from different durum wheat genotypes evaluated in two different field environments. The expression of a possible target gene (Wdnh13) of the TdDRF1 gene was also investigated and analogies with the transcript profiles were found. The results of the qRT-PCR highlighted differences in molecular patterns, thus suggesting a genotype dependency of the TdDRF1 gene expression in response to the stress induced. Furthermore, a statistical association between the expression of TdDRF1 transcripts and agronomic traits was also performed and significant differences were found among genotypes, suggesting a relationship. One of the genotypes was found to combine molecular and agronomic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Latini
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (C.C.); (K.T.)
| | - Cristina Cantale
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (C.C.); (K.T.)
| | - Karthikeyan Thiyagarajan
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (C.C.); (K.T.)
| | - Karim Ammar
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre(CIMMYT), Texcoco 56237, Mexico;
| | - Patrizia Galeffi
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (C.C.); (K.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Ke L, Wang Y, Schäfer M, Städler T, Zeng R, Fabian J, Pulido H, De Moraes CM, Song Y, Xu S. Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Shared Signalling Networks Between Flower Development and Herbivory-Induced Responses in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:722810. [PMID: 34630470 PMCID: PMC8493932 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.722810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Most flowering plants must defend themselves against herbivores for survival and attract pollinators for reproduction. Although traits involved in plant defence and pollinator attraction are often localised in leaves and flowers, respectively, they will show a diffuse evolution if they share the same molecular machinery and regulatory networks. We performed RNA-sequencing to characterise and compare transcriptomic changes involved in herbivory-induced defences and flower development, in tomato leaves and flowers, respectively. We found that both the herbivory-induced responses and flower development involved alterations in jasmonic acid signalling, suppression of primary metabolism and reprogramming of secondary metabolism. We identified 411 genes that were involved in both processes, a number significantly higher than expected by chance. Genetic manipulation of key regulators of induced defences also led to the expression changes in the same genes in both leaves and flowers. Targeted metabolomic analysis showed that among closely related tomato species, jasmonic acid and α-tomatine are correlated in flower buds and herbivory-induced leaves. These findings suggest that herbivory-induced responses and flower development share a common molecular machinery and likely have coevolved in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Ke
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Yangzi Wang
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Städler
- Plant Ecological Genetics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jörg Fabian
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hannier Pulido
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Yuanyuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Rodríguez VM, Velasco P, Cao A, Santiago R, Malvar RA, Butrón A. Maize Resistance to Stem Borers Can Be Modulated by Systemic Maize Responses to Long-Term Stem Tunneling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:627468. [PMID: 33777059 PMCID: PMC7991579 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.627468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Limited attention has been paid to maize (Zea mays L.) resistance induced by corn borer damage, although evidence shows that induced defenses have lower resource allocation costs than constitutive defenses. Maize responses to short- and long-term feeding by the Mediterranean corn borer (MCB, Sesamia nionagrioides) have been previously studied, but the suggested differences between responses could be due to experimental differences. Therefore, in the current study, a direct comparison between short- and long-term responses has been made. The objectives were (i) to determine changes in the level of antibiosis of the stems induced by feeding of S. nonagrioides larvae for 2days (short-term feeding) and 9days (long-term feeding), (ii) to characterize the metabolome of the stems' short- and long-term responses to borer feeding, and (iii) to look for metabolic pathways that could modulate plant resistance to MCB. Defenses were progressively induced in the resistant inbred, and constitutive defenses were broken down in the susceptible inbred. Results suggest that the different resistance levels of the two inbreds to stem tunneling by MCB could depend on their ability to establish a systemic response. Based on these results, a high throughput look for specific metabolites implicated in systemic induced resistance to maize stem borers is recommended; the current focus on constitutive defense metabolites has not been successful in finding molecules that would be valuable tools for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), El Palacio-Salcedo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Ana Cao
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), El Palacio-Salcedo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Rogelio Santiago
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, As Lagoas Marcosende, Agrobiología Ambiental, Calidad de Suelos y Plantas (UVIGO), Unidad Asociada a la MBG (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Rosa Ana Malvar
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), El Palacio-Salcedo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Ana Butrón
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), El Palacio-Salcedo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Cao A, Butrón A, Malvar RA, Figueroa-Garrido D, Santiago R. Effect of Long-Term Feeding by Borers on the Antibiotic Properties of Corn Stems. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:1439-1446. [PMID: 30834938 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant long-term response against chewing insects could become stronger than initial reactions and even turn into systemic. The objectives of the present study were 1) to evaluate whether the long-running attack to the stem by corn borers can improve the stem antibiotic properties; 2) to check whether hydroxycinnamic acids could be involved in this antibiotic response; 3) and to check whether elicitation by Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) regurgitant could activate long-term plant responses. In this sense, we observed that long-term feeding by S. nonagrioides larvae induced genotype-dependent changes in stem antibiosis and phenolic profiles, but the hydroxycinnamate content does not have a significant role in the systemic defense induced by the attack. In addition, response to long-term feeding by larvae could not be fully mimicked by elicitation using S. nonagrioides regurgitant alone. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that 'long-term' attack to the stem by corn borers can increase the stem antibiotic properties, and this has to be considered attending to breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cao
- CSIC-Misión Biológica de Galicia, Grupo de Genética y Mejora de Maíz, Pontevedra, España
| | - Ana Butrón
- CSIC-Misión Biológica de Galicia, Grupo de Genética y Mejora de Maíz, Pontevedra, España
| | - Rosa Ana Malvar
- CSIC-Misión Biológica de Galicia, Grupo de Genética y Mejora de Maíz, Pontevedra, España
| | - David Figueroa-Garrido
- Universidad de Vigo, Facultad de Biología, Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo, Unidad Asociada BVE1-UVIGO y Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Campus As Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Spain
| | - Rogelio Santiago
- Universidad de Vigo, Facultad de Biología, Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo, Unidad Asociada BVE1-UVIGO y Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Campus As Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Spain
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Rodriguez VM, Padilla G, Malvar RA, Kallenbach M, Santiago R, Butrón A. Maize Stem Response to Long-Term Attack by Sesamia nonagrioides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:522. [PMID: 29740463 PMCID: PMC5925969 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants defend themselves against herbivores by activating a plethora of genetic and biochemical mechanisms aimed at reducing plant damage and insect survival. The short-term plant response to insect attack is well understood, but less is known about the maintenance of this response over time. We performed transcriptomic and metabolomics analyses in order to identify genes and metabolites involved in the long-term response of maize to attack by the corn borer Sesamina nonagrioides. To determine the role of elicitors present in caterpillar secretions, we also evaluated the response of maize stem challenged with insect regurgitates. The integrative analysis of the omics results revealed that the long-term response in maize is characterized by repression of the primary metabolism and a strong redox response, mainly mediated by germin-like proteins to produce anti-nutritive and toxic compounds that reduce insect viability, and with the glutathione-ascorbate cycle being crucial to minimize the adverse effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the plant. Our results suggest that different defense mechanisms are involved in the long-term response compared to those reported during the early response. We also observed a marginal effect of the caterpillar regurgitates on the long-term defensive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Rodriguez
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Guillermo Padilla
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa A. Malvar
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Mario Kallenbach
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rogelio Santiago
- Departamento Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo, Facultad de Biología, Unidad Asociada BVE1-UVIGO, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana Butrón
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ana Butrón,
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Meyer J, Berger DK, Christensen SA, Murray SL. RNA-Seq analysis of resistant and susceptible sub-tropical maize lines reveals a role for kauralexins in resistance to grey leaf spot disease, caused by Cercospora zeina. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:197. [PMID: 29132306 PMCID: PMC5683525 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cercospora zeina is a foliar pathogen responsible for maize grey leaf spot in southern Africa that negatively impacts maize production. Plants use a variety of chemical and structural mechanisms to defend themselves against invading pathogens such as C. zeina, including the production of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties. In maize, a variety of biotic and abiotic stressors induce the accumulation of the terpenoid phytoalexins, zealexins and kauralexins. RESULTS C. zeina-susceptible line displayed pervasive rectangular grey leaf spot lesions, running parallel with the leaf veins in contrast to C. zeina-resistant line that had restricted disease symptoms. Analysis of the transcriptome of both lines indicated that genes involved in primary and secondary metabolism were up-regualted, and although different pathways were prioritized in each line, production of terpenoid compounds were common to both. Targeted phytoalexin analysis revealed that C. zeina-inoculated leaves accumulated zealexins and kauralexins. The resistant line shows a propensity toward accumulation of the kauralexin B series metabolites in response to infection, which contrasts with the susceptible line that preferentially accumulates the kauralexin A series. Kauralexin accumulation was correlated to expression of the kauralexin biosynthetic gene, ZmAn2 and a candidate biosynthetic gene, ZmKSL2. We report the expression of a putative copalyl diphosphate synthase gene that is induced by C. zeina in the resistant line exclusively. DISCUSSION This study shows that zealexins and kauralexins, and expression of their biosynthetic genes, are induced by C. zeina in both resistant and susceptible germplasm adapted to the southern African climate. The data presented here indicates that different forms of kauralexins accumulate in the resistant and susceptible maize lines in response to C. zeina, with the accumulation of kauralexin B compounds in a resistant maize line and kauralexin A compounds accumulating in the susceptible line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Meyer
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, P/Bag X20, Hatfield, Gauteng, 0028, South Africa
- Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Upper Level, St Peter's Mall, Cnr Anzio and Main Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Dave K Berger
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, P/Bag X20, Hatfield, Gauteng, 0028, South Africa
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Chemistry Research Unit, Gainesville, Florida, 32608, USA
| | - Shane L Murray
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
- Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Upper Level, St Peter's Mall, Cnr Anzio and Main Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
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Santiago R, Cao A, Butrón A, López-Malvar A, Rodríguez VM, Sandoya GV, Malvar RA. Defensive changes in maize leaves induced by feeding of Mediterranean corn borer larvae. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:44. [PMID: 28202014 PMCID: PMC5312564 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-0991-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants can respond to insect attack via defense mechanisms that reduce insect performance. In this study, we examined the effects of several treatments applied to two maize genotypes (one resistant, one susceptible) on the subsequent growth and survival of Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. (Mediterranean corn borer, MCB) larvae. The treatments were infestation with MCB larvae, application of MCB regurgitant upon wounding, wounding alone, or exposure to methyl jasmonate, and they were applied at the V6-V8 stage of maize development. We also monitored changes in the concentrations of compounds known to be involved in constitutive resistance, such as cell wall-bound hydroxycinnamates and benzoxazinoids. RESULTS In both maize genotypes, the leaves of plants pre-infested with MCB larvae were less suitable for larval development than those from untreated plants. Application of MCB regurgitant upon wounding, and wounding itself, resulted in leaf tissues becoming less suitable for larval growth than those of pre-infested plants, suggesting that there could be herbivore-associated effector molecules that suppress some wounding responses. A single application of MCB regurgitant did not seem to mimic feeding by MCB larvae, although the results suggested that regurgitant deposited during feeding may have enhanced ferulates and diferulates synthesis in infested vs. control plants. Jasmonic acid may play a role in mediating the maize response to MCB attack, but it did not trigger hydroxycinnamate accumulation in the leaves to a level comparable to that induced by larval leaf feeding. The EP39 maize genotype showed an increase in leaf cell wall strength by increasing hemicellulose cross-linking in response to MCB attack, while induced defenses in the EP42 plants appeared to reflect a broader array of resistance mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that leaf feeding by MCB larvae can increase leaf antibiosis against MCB in two maize genotypes with contrasting levels of resistance against this borer. Also, the larval regurgitant played a positive role in eliciting a defense response. We determined the effects of the plant response on larval growth, and detected defense compounds related to borer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Santiago
- Universidad de Vigo, Agrobiología Ambiental Calidad de Suelos & Plantas UVIGO, Unidad Asociada MBG CSIC, Vigo, 36310, Spain.
- Dept. Biología Vegetal & Ciencias Suelo, Facultad de Biología, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, 36310, Spain.
| | - Ana Cao
- Universidad de Vigo, Agrobiología Ambiental Calidad de Suelos & Plantas UVIGO, Unidad Asociada MBG CSIC, Vigo, 36310, Spain
- Misión Biológica de Galicia CSIC, Apartado 28, Pontevedra, 36080, Spain
- Dept. Biología Vegetal & Ciencias Suelo, Facultad de Biología, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, 36310, Spain
| | - Ana Butrón
- Misión Biológica de Galicia CSIC, Apartado 28, Pontevedra, 36080, Spain
| | - Ana López-Malvar
- Universidad de Vigo, Agrobiología Ambiental Calidad de Suelos & Plantas UVIGO, Unidad Asociada MBG CSIC, Vigo, 36310, Spain
- Dept. Biología Vegetal & Ciencias Suelo, Facultad de Biología, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, 36310, Spain
| | | | - Germán V Sandoya
- The Genome Center and Department Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis - USDA-ARS. 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
| | - Rosa A Malvar
- Misión Biológica de Galicia CSIC, Apartado 28, Pontevedra, 36080, Spain
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Analysis of key genes of jasmonic acid mediated signal pathway for defense against insect damages by comparative transcriptome sequencing. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16500. [PMID: 26560755 PMCID: PMC4642351 DOI: 10.1038/srep16500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn defense systems against insect herbivory involve activation of genes that lead to metabolic reconfigurations to produce toxic compounds, proteinase inhibitors, oxidative enzymes, and behavior-modifying volatiles. Similar responses occur when the plant is exposed to methyl jasmonate (MeJA). To compare the defense responses between stalk borer feeding and exogenous MeJA on a transcriptional level, we employed deep transcriptome sequencing methods following Ostrinia furnacalis leaf feeding and MeJA leaf treatment. 39,636 genes were found to be differentially expressed with O. furnacalis feeding, MeJA application, and O. furnacalis feeding and MeJA application. Following Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of the up- or down- regulated genes, many were implicated in metabolic processes, stimuli-responsive catalytic activity, and transfer activity. Fifteen genes that indicated significant changes in the O. furnacalis feeding group: LOX1, ASN1, eIF3, DXS, AOS, TIM, LOX5, BBTI2, BBTI11, BBTI12, BBTI13, Cl-1B, TPS10, DOX, and A20/AN1 were found to almost all be involved in jasmonate defense signaling pathways. All of the data demonstrate that the jasmonate defense signal pathway is a major defense signaling pathways of Asian corn borer’s defense against insect herbivory. The transcriptome data are publically available at NCBI SRA: SRS965087.
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Schmelz EA, Huffaker A, Sims JW, Christensen SA, Lu X, Okada K, Peters RJ. Biosynthesis, elicitation and roles of monocot terpenoid phytoalexins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:659-78. [PMID: 24450747 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing goal in plant research is to optimize the protective function of biochemical agents that impede pest and pathogen attack. Nearly 40 years ago, pathogen-inducible diterpenoid production was described in rice, and these compounds were shown to function as antimicrobial phytoalexins. Using rice and maize as examples, we discuss recent advances in the discovery, biosynthesis, elicitation and functional characterization of monocot terpenoid phytoalexins. The recent expansion of known terpenoid phytoalexins now includes not only the labdane-related diterpenoid superfamily but also casbane-type diterpenoids and β-macrocarpene-derived sequiterpenoids. Biochemical approaches have been used to pair pathway precursors and end products with cognate biosynthetic genes. The number of predicted terpenoid phytoalexins is expanding through advances in cereal genome annotation and terpene synthase characterization that likewise enable discoveries outside the Poaceae. At the cellular level, conclusive evidence now exists for multiple plant receptors of fungal-derived chitin elicitors, phosphorylation of membrane-associated signaling complexes, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, involvement of phytohormone signals, and the existence of transcription factors that mediate the expression of phytoalexin biosynthetic genes and subsequent accumulation of pathway end products. Elicited production of terpenoid phytoalexins exhibit additional biological functions, including root exudate-mediated allelopathy and insect antifeedant activity. Such findings have encouraged consideration of additional interactions that blur traditionally discrete phytoalexin classifications. The establishment of mutant collections and increasing ease of genetic transformation assists critical examination of further biological roles. Future research directions include examination of terpenoid phytoalexin precursors and end products as potential signals mediating plant physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Schmelz
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Chemistry Research Unit, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) induced responses enhance susceptibility in maize. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73394. [PMID: 24023868 PMCID: PMC3759431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant responses have been widely described following attack on leaves; however, less attention has been paid to analogous local processes that occur in stems. Early studies of maize (Zea mays) responses to stem boring by European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinianubilalis) larvae revealed the presence of inducible acidic diterpenoid phytoalexins, termed kauralexins, and increases in the benzoxazinoid 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one-glucose (HDMBOA-Glc) after 24 h of herbivory. Despite these rapidly activated defenses, larval growth was not altered in short-term feeding assays. Unexpectedly, ECB growth significantly improved in assays using stem tissue preconditioned by 48 h of larval tunneling. Correspondingly, measures of total soluble protein increased over 2.6-fold in these challenged tissues and were accompanied by elevated levels of sucrose and free linoleic acid. While microarray analyses revealed up-regulation of over 1100 transcripts, fewer individual protein increases were demonstrable. Consistent with induced endoreduplication, both wounding and ECB stem attack resulted in similar significant expansion of the nucleus, nucleolus and levels of extractable DNA from challenged tissues. While many of these responses are triggered by wounding alone, biochemical changes further enhanced in response to ECB may be due to larval secreted effectors. Unlike other Lepidoptera examined, ECB excrete exceedingly high levels of the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in their frass which is likely to contact and contaminate the surrounding feeding tunnel. Stem exposure to a metabolically stable auxin, such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), promoted significant protein accumulation above wounding alone. As a future testable hypothesis, we propose that ECB-associated IAA may function as a candidate herbivore effector promoting the increased nutritional content of maize stems.
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Santiago R, Barros-Rios J, Malvar RA. Impact of cell wall composition on maize resistance to pests and diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6960-80. [PMID: 23535334 PMCID: PMC3645672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14046960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In cereals, the primary cell wall is built of a skeleton of cellulosic microfibrils embedded in a matrix of hemicelluloses and smaller amounts of pectins, glycoproteins and hydroxycinnamates. Later, during secondary wall development, p-coumaryl, coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols are copolymerized to form mixed lignins. Several of these cell wall components show a determinative role in maize resistance to pest and diseases. However, defense mechanisms are very complex and vary among the same plant species, different tissues or even the same tissue at different developmental stages. Thus, it is important to highlight that the role of the cell wall components needs to be tested in diverse genotypes and specific tissues where the feeding or attacking by the pathogen takes place. Understanding the role of cell wall constituents as defense mechanisms may allow modifications of crops to withstand pests and diseases.
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