1
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Huang WRH, Braam C, Kretschmer C, Villanueva SL, Liu H, Ferik F, van der Burgh AM, Wu J, Zhang L, Nürnberger T, Wang Y, Seidl MF, Evangelisti E, Stuttmann J, Joosten MHAJ. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases of different subfamilies differentially regulate SOBIR1/BAK1-mediated immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4339. [PMID: 38773116 PMCID: PMC11109355 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface receptors form the front line of plant immunity. The leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-receptor-like kinases SOBIR1 and BAK1 are required for the functionality of the tomato LRR-receptor-like protein Cf-4, which detects the secreted effector Avr4 of the pathogenic fungus Fulvia fulva. Here, we show that the kinase domains of SOBIR1 and BAK1 directly phosphorylate each other and that residues Thr522 and Tyr469 of the kinase domain of Nicotiana benthamiana SOBIR1 are required for its kinase activity and for interacting with signalling partners, respectively. By knocking out multiple genes belonging to different receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK)-VII subfamilies in N. benthamiana:Cf-4, we show that members of RLCK-VII-6, -7, and -8 differentially regulate the Avr4/Cf-4-triggered biphasic burst of reactive oxygen species. In addition, members of RLCK-VII-7 play an essential role in resistance against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora. Our study provides molecular evidence for the specific roles of RLCKs downstream of SOBIR1/BAK1-containing immune complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen R H Huang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | - Ciska Braam
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carola Kretschmer
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Sergio Landeo Villanueva
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huan Liu
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Filiz Ferik
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Aranka M van der Burgh
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Teaching and Learning Centre, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jinbin Wu
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yulu Wang
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edouard Evangelisti
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE UMR 1355, CNRS UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, LEMiRE (Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere), 13115, Saint‑Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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2
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Iakovidis M, Chung EH, Saile SC, Sauberzweig E, El Kasmi F. The emerging frontier of plant immunity's core hubs. FEBS J 2023; 290:3311-3335. [PMID: 35668694 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing world population, increasingly frequent extreme weather events and conditions, emergence of novel devastating crop pathogens and the social strive for quality food products represent a huge challenge for current and future agricultural production systems. To address these challenges and find realistic solutions, it is becoming more important by the day to understand the complex interactions between plants and the environment, mainly the associated organisms, but in particular pathogens. In the past several years, research in the fields of plant pathology and plant-microbe interactions has enabled tremendous progress in understanding how certain receptor-based plant innate immune systems function to successfully prevent infections and diseases. In this review, we highlight and discuss some of these new ground-breaking discoveries and point out strategies of how pathogens counteract the function of important core convergence hubs of the plant immune system. For practical reasons, we specifically place emphasis on potential applications that can be detracted by such discoveries and what challenges the future of agriculture has to face, but also how these challenges could be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Iakovidis
- Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology Department, Mediterranean Agricultural Institute of Chania, Greece
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Svenja C Saile
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Sauberzweig
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Meng Y, Zhang A, Ma Q, Xing L. Functional Characterization of Tomato ShROP7 in Regulating Resistance against Oidium neolycopersici. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158557. [PMID: 35955691 PMCID: PMC9369182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ROPs (Rho-like GTPases from plants) are a unique family of small GTP-binding proteins in plants and play vital roles in numerous cellular processes, including growth and development, abiotic stress signaling, and plant defense. In the case of the latter, the role of ROPs as response regulators to obligate parasitism remains largely enigmatic. Herein, we isolated and identified ShROP7 and show that it plays a critical role in plant immune response to pathogen infection. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression of ShROP7 was significantly increased during incompatible interactions. To establish its requirement for resistance, we demonstrate that virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of ShROP7 resulted in increased susceptibility of tomato to Oidium neolycopersici (On) Lanzhou strain (On-Lz). Downstream resistance signaling through H2O2 and the induction of the hypersensitive response (HR) in ShROP7-silenced plants were significantly reduced after inoculating with On-Lz. Taken together, with the identification of ShROP7-interacting candidates, including ShSOBIR1, we demonstrate that ShROP7 plays a positive regulatory role in tomato powdery mildew resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;
| | - Ancheng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China (Q.M.)
| | - Qing Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China (Q.M.)
| | - Lianxi Xing
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
- Correspondence:
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4
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Cordelier S, Crouzet J, Gilliard G, Dorey S, Deleu M, Dhondt-Cordelier S. Deciphering the role of plant plasma membrane lipids in response to invasion patterns: how could biology and biophysics help? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2765-2784. [PMID: 35560208 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have to constantly face pathogen attacks. To cope with diseases, they have to detect the invading pathogen as early as possible via the sensing of conserved motifs called invasion patterns. The first step of perception occurs at the plasma membrane. While many invasion patterns are perceived by specific proteinaceous immune receptors, several studies have highlighted the influence of the lipid composition and dynamics of the plasma membrane in the sensing of invasion patterns. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on how some microbial invasion patterns could interact with the lipids of the plasma membrane, leading to a plant immune response. Depending on the invasion pattern, different mechanisms are involved. This review outlines the potential of combining biological with biophysical approaches to decipher how plasma membrane lipids are involved in the perception of microbial invasion patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Cordelier
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Jérôme Crouzet
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Guillaume Gilliard
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, TERRA Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, TERRA Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Dhondt-Cordelier
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
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5
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Li YH, Ke TY, Shih WC, Liou RF, Wang CW. NbSOBIR1 Partitions Into Plasma Membrane Microdomains and Binds ER-Localized NbRLP1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:721548. [PMID: 34539715 PMCID: PMC8442688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.721548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The receptor-like kinase Suppressor of BIR1 (SOBIR1) binds various receptor-like proteins (RLPs) that perceive microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) at the plasma membrane, which is thought to activate plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) against pathogen invasion. Despite its potentially crucial role, how SOBIR1 transmits immune signaling to ultimately elicit PTI remains largely unresolved. Herein, we report that a Nicotiana benthamiana gene NbRLP1, like NbSOBIR1, was highly induced upon Phytophthora parasitica infection. Intriguingly, NbRLP1 is characterized as a receptor-like protein localizing to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane rather than the plasma membrane. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation and affinity purification assays, we established that NbRLP1 is likely to associate with NbSOBIR1 through the contact between the ER and plasma membrane. We further found that NbSOBIR1 at the plasma membrane partitions into mobile microdomains that undergo frequent lateral movement and internalization. Remarkably, the dynamics of NbSOBIR1 microdomain is coupled to the remodeling of the cortical ER network. When NbSOBIR1 microdomains were induced by the P. parasitica MAMP ParA1, tobacco cells overexpressing NbRLP1 accelerated NbSOBIR1 internalization. Overexpressing NbRLP1 in tobacco further exaggerated the ParA1-induced necrosis. Together, these findings have prompted us to propose that ER and the ER-localized NbRLP1 may play a role in transmitting plant immune signals by regulating NbSOBIR1 internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yu Ke
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Che Shih
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Fen Liou
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wen Wang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Yu TY, Sun MK, Liang LK. Receptors in the Induction of the Plant Innate Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:587-601. [PMID: 33512246 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0173-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants adjust amplitude and duration of immune responses via different strategies to maintain growth, development, and resistance to pathogens. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) play vital roles. Pattern recognition receptors, comprising a large number of receptor-like protein kinases and receptor-like proteins, recognize related ligands and trigger immunity. PTI is the first layer of the innate immune system, and it recognizes PAMPs at the plasma membrane to prevent infection. However, pathogens exploit effector proteins to bypass or directly inhibit the PTI immune pathway. Consistently, plants have evolved intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins to detect pathogenic effectors and trigger a hypersensitive response to activate ETI. PTI and ETI work together to protect plants from infection by viruses and other pathogens. Diverse receptors and the corresponding ligands, especially several pairs of well-studied receptors and ligands in PTI immunity, are reviewed to illustrate the dynamic process of PTI response here.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ying Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Meng-Kun Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Li-Kun Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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7
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Solanský M, Mikulášek K, Zapletalová M, Petřivalský M, Chiltz A, Zdráhal Z, Leborgne-Castel N, Lochman J. The oligomeric states of elicitins affect the hypersensitive response and resistance in tobacco. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3219-3234. [PMID: 33475728 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Successful plant defence against microbial pathogens is based on early recognition and fast activation of inducible responses. Key mechanisms include detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns by membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors that induce a basal resistance response. A well-described model of such responses to pathogens involves the interactions between Solanaceae plants and proteinaceous elicitors secreted by oomycetes, called elicitins. It has been hypothesized that the formation of oligomeric structures by elicitins could be involved in their recognition and activation of defensive transduction cascades. In this study, we tested this hypothesis using several approaches, and we observed differences in tobacco plant responses induced by the elicitin β-cryptogein (β-CRY) and its homodimer, β-CRYDIM. We also found that the C-terminal domain of elicitins of other ELI (true-elicitin) clades plays a significant role in stabilization of their oligomeric structure and restraint in the cell wall. In addition, covalently cross-linking β-CRYDIM impaired the formation of signalling complexes, thereby reducing its capacity to elicit the hypersensitive response and resistance in the host plant, with no significant changes in pathogenesis-related protein expression. By revealing the details of the effects of β-CRY dimerization on recognition and defence responses in tobacco, our results shed light on the poorly understood role of elicitins' oligomeric structures in the interactions between oomycetes and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Solanský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Mikulášek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Zapletalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Annick Chiltz
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nathalie Leborgne-Castel
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jan Lochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
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Martin RL, Le Boulch P, Clin P, Schwarzenberg A, Yvin JC, Andrivon D, Nguema-Ona E, Val F. A comparison of PTI defense profiles induced in Solanum tuberosum by PAMP and non-PAMP elicitors shows distinct, elicitor-specific responses. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236633. [PMID: 32785249 PMCID: PMC7423108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of general plant defense responses following the perception of external elicitors is now regarded as the first level of the plant immune response. Depending on the involvement or not of these molecules in pathogenicity, this induction of defense is called either Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP) Triggered Immunity or Pattern Triggered Immunity-both abbreviated to PTI. Because PTI is assumed to be a widespread and stable form of resistance to infection, understanding the mechanisms driving it becomes a major goal for the sustainable management of plant-pathogen interactions. However, the induction of PTI is complex. Our hypotheses are that (i) the recognition by the plant of PAMPs vs non-PAMP elicitors leads to specific defense profiles and (ii) the responses specifically induced by PAMPs target critical life history traits of the pathogen that produced them. We thus analyzed, using a metabolomic approach coupled with transcriptomic and hormonal analyses, the defense profiles induced in potato foliage treated with either a Concentrated Culture Filtrate (CCF) from Phytophthora infestans or two non-PAMP preparations, β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) and an Ulva spp. Extract, used separately. Each elicitor induced specific defense profiles. CCF up-regulated sesquiterpenes but down-regulated sterols and phenols, notably α-chaconine, caffeoyl quinic acid and rutin, which decreased spore production of P. infestans in vitro. CCF thus induces both defense and counter-defense responses. By contrast, the Ulva extract triggered the synthesis of a large-spectrum of antimicrobial compounds through the phenylpropanoid/flavonoid pathways, while BABA targeted the primary metabolism. Hence, PTI can be regarded as a heterogeneous set of general and pathogen-specific responses triggered by the molecular signatures of each elicitor, rather than as a uniform, non-specific and broad-spectrum set of general defense reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Lopes Martin
- AGROCAMPUS-OUEST, UMR IGEPP 1349-Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, Rennes, France
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation Roullier, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Pôle Stress Biotiques, Saint Malo, France
| | - Pauline Le Boulch
- AGROCAMPUS-OUEST, UMR IGEPP 1349-Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, Rennes, France
| | - Pauline Clin
- AGROCAMPUS-OUEST, UMR IGEPP 1349-Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, Rennes, France
| | - Adrián Schwarzenberg
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation Roullier, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Pôle Stress Biotiques, Saint Malo, France
| | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation Roullier, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Pôle Stress Biotiques, Saint Malo, France
| | - Didier Andrivon
- INRAE, UMR IGEPP 1349-Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, Le Rheu, France
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation Roullier, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Pôle Stress Biotiques, Saint Malo, France
| | - Florence Val
- AGROCAMPUS-OUEST, UMR IGEPP 1349-Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, Rennes, France
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation Roullier, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Pôle Stress Biotiques, Saint Malo, France
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9
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Noman A, Aqeel M, Irshad MK, Qari SH, Hashem M, Alamri S, AbdulMajeed AM, Al-Sadi AM. Elicitins as molecular weapons against pathogens: consolidated biotechnological strategy for enhancing plant growth. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:821-832. [PMID: 32546015 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1779174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To fight against pathogens, defense systems in plants mainly depend upon preformed as well as induced responses. Pathogen detection activates induced responses and signals are transmitted for coordinated cellular events in order to restrict infection and spread. In spite of significant developments in manipulating genes, transcription factors and proteins for their involvement in immunity, absolute tolerance/resistance to pathogens has not been seen in plants/crops. Defense responses, among diverse plant types, to different pathogens involve modifications at the physio-biochemical and molecular levels. Secreted by oomycetes, elicitins are small, highly conserved and sterol-binding extracellular proteins with PAMP (pathogen associated molecular patterns) functions and are capable of eliciting plant defense reactions. Belonging to multigene families in oomycetes, elicitins are different from other plant proteins and show a different affinity for binding sterols and other lipids. These function for sterols binding to catalyze their inter-membrane and intra- as well as inter-micelle transport. Importantly, elicitins protect plants by inducing HR (hypersensitive response) and systemic acquired resistance. Despite immense metabolic significance and the involvement in defense activities, elicitins have not yet been fully studied and many questions regarding their functional activities remain to be explained. In order to address multiple questions associated with the role of elicitins, we have reviewed the understanding and topical advancements in plant defense mechanisms with a particular interest in elicitin-based defense actions and metabolic activities. This article offers potential attributes of elicitins as the biological control of plant diseases and can be considered as a baseline toward a more profound understanding of elicitins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Muhammad Kashif Irshad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sameer H Qari
- Biology Department, Aljumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- College of Science, Department of Biology, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Saad Alamri
- College of Science, Department of Biology, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Sultan Ben Abdulaziz Center for Environmental and Tourism Research and Studies, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awatif M AbdulMajeed
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabook, Umluj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Al-Sadi
- College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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10
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Naveed ZA, Wei X, Chen J, Mubeen H, Ali GS. The PTI to ETI Continuum in Phytophthora-Plant Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:593905. [PMID: 33391306 PMCID: PMC7773600 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.593905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora species are notorious pathogens of several economically important crop plants. Several general elicitors, commonly referred to as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), from Phytophthora spp. have been identified that are recognized by the plant receptors to trigger induced defense responses in a process termed PAMP-triggered Immunity (PTI). Adapted Phytophthora pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to evade PTI. They can either modify or suppress their elicitors to avoid recognition by host and modulate host defense responses by deploying hundreds of effectors, which suppress host defense and physiological processes by modulating components involved in calcium and MAPK signaling, alternative splicing, RNA interference, vesicle trafficking, cell-to-cell trafficking, proteolysis and phytohormone signaling pathways. In incompatible interactions, resistant host plants perceive effector-induced modulations through resistance proteins and activate downstream components of defense responses in a quicker and more robust manner called effector-triggered-immunity (ETI). When pathogens overcome PTI-usually through effectors in the absence of R proteins-effectors-triggered susceptibility (ETS) ensues. Qualitatively, many of the downstream defense responses overlap between PTI and ETI. In general, these multiple phases of Phytophthora-plant interactions follow the PTI-ETS-ETI paradigm, initially proposed in the zigzag model of plant immunity. However, based on several examples, in Phytophthora-plant interactions, boundaries between these phases are not distinct but are rather blended pointing to a PTI-ETI continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Afzal Naveed
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Xiangying Wei
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- Xiangying Wei
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Hira Mubeen
- Departement of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gul Shad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
- EukaryoTech LLC, Apopka, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Gul Shad Ali
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11
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Schellenberger R, Touchard M, Clément C, Baillieul F, Cordelier S, Crouzet J, Dorey S. Apoplastic invasion patterns triggering plant immunity: plasma membrane sensing at the frontline. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1602-1616. [PMID: 31353775 PMCID: PMC6804340 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants are able to effectively cope with invading pathogens by activating an immune response based on the detection of invasion patterns (IPs) originating from the pathogen or released by the plant after infection. At a first level, this perception takes place at the plasma membrane through cell surface immune receptors and although the involvement of proteinaceous pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is well established, increasing data are also pointing out the role of membrane lipids in the sensing of IPs. In this review, we discuss the evolution of various conceptual models describing plant immunity and present an overview of well-characterized IPs from different natures and origins. We summarize the current knowledge on how they are perceived by plants at the plasma membrane, highlighting the increasingly apparent diversity of sentinel-related systems in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Schellenberger
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
| | - Matthieu Touchard
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
| | - Christophe Clément
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
| | - Fabienne Baillieul
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
| | - Sylvain Cordelier
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
| | - Jérôme Crouzet
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
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12
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Nazarian-Firouzabadi F, Joshi S, Xue H, Kushalappa AC. Genome-wide in silico identification of LysM-RLK genes in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5005-5017. [PMID: 31317454 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The receptor like kinases (RLKs) belong to the RLK/Pelle superfamily, one of the largest gene families in plants. RLKs play an important role in plant development, as well as in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. The lysine motif receptor like kinases (LysM-RLKs) are a subfamily of RLKs containing at least one lysine motif (LysM) that are involved in the perception of elicitors or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In the present study, 77 putative RLKs genes and three receptor like proteins were identified in potato (Solanum tuberosum) genome, following a genome-wide search. The 77 potato RLK proteins are classified into two major phylogenetic groups based on their kinase domain amino acid sequence similarities. Out of 77 RLKs, 10 proteins had at least one LysM. Among them three RLP proteins were found in potato genome with either 2 or three tandem LysM but these lacked a cytoplasmic kinase domain. Expression analyses of a potato LysM-RLKs (StLysM-RLK05) was carried out by a Real time RT-PCR, following inoculation of potato leaves and immature tubers with late blight and common scab pathogens, respectively. The expression was significantly higher in resistant than in susceptible following S. scabies inoculation. The StLysM-RLK05 sequence was verified and it was polymorphic in scab susceptible cultivar. The present study provides an overview of the StLysM-RLKs gene family in potato genome. This information is helpful for future functional analysis of such an important protein family, in Solanaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Nazarian-Firouzabadi
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X3V9, Canada.,Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Sripad Joshi
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Huali Xue
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X3V9, Canada.,College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ajjamada C Kushalappa
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X3V9, Canada.
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13
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Starý T, Satková P, Piterková J, Mieslerová B, Luhová L, Mikulík J, Kašparovský T, Petřivalský M, Lochman J. The elicitin β-cryptogein's activity in tomato is mediated by jasmonic acid and ethylene signalling pathways independently of elicitin-sterol interactions. PLANTA 2019; 249:739-749. [PMID: 30374914 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The level of resistance induced in different tomato genotypes after β-CRY treatment correlated with the upregulation of defence genes, but not sterol binding and involved ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling. Elicitins, a family of small proteins secreted by Phytophthora and Pythium spp., are the most well-known microbe-associated molecular patterns of oomycetes, a lineage of fungus-like organisms that include many economically significant crop pathogens. The responses of tomato plants to elicitin INF1 produced by Phytophthora infestans have been studied extensively. Here, we present studies on the responses of three tomato genotypes to β-cryptogein (β-CRY), a potent elicitin secreted by Phytophthora cryptogea that induces hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in tobacco plants and confers greater resistance to oomycete infection than acidic elicitins like INF1. We also studied β-CRY mutants impaired in sterol binding (Val84Phe) and interaction with the binding site on tobacco plasma membrane (Leu41Phe), because sterol binding was suggested to be important in INF1-induced resistance. Treatment with β-CRY or the Val84Phe mutant induced resistance to powdery mildew caused by the pathogen Pseudoidium neolycopersici, but not the HR cell death observed in tobacco and potato plants. The level of resistance induced in different tomato genotypes correlated with the upregulation of defence genes including defensins, β-1,3-glucanases, heveins, chitinases, osmotins, and PR1 proteins. Treatment with the Leu41Phe mutant did not induce this upregulation, suggesting similar elicitin recognition in tomato and tobacco. However, here β-CRY activated ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling, but not salicylic acid signalling, demonstrating that elicitins activate different downstream signalling processes in different plant species. This could potentially be exploited to enhance the resistance of Phytophthora-susceptible crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Starý
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Satková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Piterková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Mieslerová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Luhová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Mikulík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kašparovský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.
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14
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Brauer EK, Popescu GV, Singh DK, Calviño M, Gupta K, Gupta B, Chakravarthy S, Popescu SC. Integrative network-centric approach reveals signaling pathways associated with plant resistance and susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005956. [PMID: 30540739 PMCID: PMC6322785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant protein kinases form redundant signaling pathways to perceive microbial pathogens and activate immunity. Bacterial pathogens repress cellular immune responses by secreting effectors, some of which bind and inhibit multiple host kinases. To understand how broadly bacterial effectors may bind protein kinases and the function of these kinase interactors, we first tested kinase–effector (K-E) interactions using the Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato–tomato pathosystem. We tested interactions between five individual effectors (HopAI1, AvrPto, HopA1, HopM1, and HopAF1) and 279 tomato kinases in tomato cells. Over half of the tested kinases interacted with at least one effector, and 48% of these kinases interacted with more than three effectors, suggesting a role in the defense. Next, we characterized the role of select multi-effector–interacting kinases and revealed their roles in basal resistance, effector-triggered immunity (ETI), or programmed cell death (PCD). The immune function of several of these kinases was only detectable in the presence of effectors, suggesting that these kinases are critical when particular cell functions are perturbed or that their role is typically masked. To visualize the kinase networks underlying the cellular responses, we derived signal-specific networks. A comparison of the networks revealed a limited overlap between ETI and basal immunity networks. In addition, the basal immune network complexity increased when exposed to some of the effectors. The networks were used to successfully predict the role of a new set of kinases in basal immunity. Our work indicates the complexity of the larger kinase-based defense network and demonstrates how virulence- and avirulence-associated bacterial effectors alter sectors of the defense network. Some bacterial pathogens secrete virulence factors called effectors, which influence host tissues during infection. The impact of such bacterial effectors on the transmission of immune signals in plants remains poorly understood. In this study, we developed an integrative network approach to discover interactions between bacterial effectors and a class of host signal-mediating enzymes called protein kinases. We also characterized the functions of the targets of these kinases in order to understand how bacterial effectors might disrupt the flow of information in signaling pathways within plant cells. We show that plants activate larger signaling networks when inoculated with pathogens that produce effectors. We also find that plant signaling networks are specific to individual effectors and that the networks include kinases with both positive and negative effects on plant resistance to pathogens. We propose that the topology of immune signaling networks is determined by the plant’s ability to activate compensatory pathways in response to the effectors’ network-disruptive actions. Conversely, pathogens may increase their virulence both by disrupting host signaling at the membrane-located end of the signaling network and by recruiting cytosolic kinases. This work provides a framework for the study of plant–pathogen communication and could be used to prioritize targets for improving resistance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. Brauer
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - George V. Popescu
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing, and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
- The National Institute for Laser, Plasma & Radiation Physics, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dharmendra K. Singh
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Mauricio Calviño
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Kamala Gupta
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Bhaskar Gupta
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Suma Chakravarthy
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Sorina C. Popescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Domazakis E, Wouters D, Visser RGF, Kamoun S, Joosten MHAJ, Vleeshouwers VGAA. The ELR-SOBIR1 Complex Functions as a Two-Component Receptor-Like Kinase to Mount Defense Against Phytophthora infestans. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:795-802. [PMID: 29451434 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-17-0217-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ELICITIN RESPONSE protein (ELR) from Solanum microdontum can recognize INF1 elicitin of Phytophthora infestans and trigger defense responses. ELR is a receptor-like protein (RLP) that lacks a cytoplasmic signaling domain and is anticipated to require interaction with a signaling-competent receptor-like kinase. SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1 (SOBIR1) has been proposed as a general interactor for RLPs involved in immunity and, as such, is a potential interactor for ELR. Here, we investigate whether SOBIR1 is required for response to INF1 and resistance to P. infestans and whether it associates with ELR. Our results show that virus-induced gene silencing of SOBIR1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leads to loss of INF1-triggered cell death and increased susceptibility to P. infestans. Using genetic complementation, we found that the kinase activity of SOBIR1 is required for INF1-triggered cell death. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that ELR constitutively associates with potato SOBIR1 in planta, forming a bipartite receptor complex. Upon INF1 elicitation, this ELR-SOBIR1 complex recruits SERK3 (SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 3) leading to downstream signaling activation. Overall, our study shows that SOBIR1 is required for basal resistance to P. infestans and for INF1-triggered cell death and functions as an adaptor kinase for ELR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Domazakis
- 1 Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Doret Wouters
- 1 Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- 1 Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Vivianne G A A Vleeshouwers
- 1 Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Saijo Y, Loo EPI, Yasuda S. Pattern recognition receptors and signaling in plant-microbe interactions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:592-613. [PMID: 29266555 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants solely rely on innate immunity of each individual cell to deal with a diversity of microbes in the environment. Extracellular recognition of microbe- and host damage-associated molecular patterns leads to the first layer of inducible defenses, termed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). In plants, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) described to date are all membrane-associated receptor-like kinases or receptor-like proteins, reflecting the prevalence of apoplastic colonization of plant-infecting microbes. An increasing inventory of elicitor-active patterns and PRRs indicates that a large number of them are limited to a certain range of plant groups/species, pointing to dynamic and convergent evolution of pattern recognition specificities. In addition to common molecular principles of PRR signaling, recent studies have revealed substantial diversification between PRRs in their functions and regulatory mechanisms. This serves to confer robustness and plasticity to the whole PTI system in natural infections, wherein different PRRs are simultaneously engaged and faced with microbial assaults. We review the functional significance and molecular basis of PRR-mediated pathogen recognition and disease resistance, and also an emerging role for PRRs in homeostatic association with beneficial or commensal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Saijo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Eliza Po-Iian Loo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Yasuda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
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17
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Wu J, van der Burgh AM, Bi G, Zhang L, Alfano JR, Martin GB, Joosten MHAJ. The Bacterial Effector AvrPto Targets the Regulatory Coreceptor SOBIR1 and Suppresses Defense Signaling Mediated by the Receptor-Like Protein Cf-4. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:75-85. [PMID: 28876174 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-17-0203-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) and receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are cell-surface receptors that are essential for detecting invading pathogens and subsequent activation of plant defense responses. RLPs lack a cytoplasmic kinase domain to trigger downstream signaling leading to host resistance. The RLK SOBIR1 constitutively interacts with the tomato RLP Cf-4, thereby providing Cf-4 with a kinase domain. SOBIR1 is required for Cf-4-mediated resistance to strains of the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum that secrete the effector Avr4. Upon perception of this effector by the Cf-4/SOBIR1 complex, the central regulatory RLK SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 3a (SERK3a) is recruited to the complex and defense signaling is triggered. SOBIR1 is also required for RLP-mediated resistance to bacterial, fungal ,and oomycete pathogens, and we hypothesized that SOBIR1 is targeted by effectors of such pathogens to suppress host defense responses. In this study, we show that Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 effector AvrPto interacts with Arabidopsis SOBIR1 and its orthologs of tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana, independent of SOBIR1 kinase activity. Interestingly, AvrPto suppresses Arabidopsis SOBIR1-induced cell death in N. benthamiana. Furthermore, AvrPto compromises Avr4-triggered cell death in Cf-4-transgenic N. benthamiana, without affecting Cf-4/SOBIR1/SERK3a complex formation. Our study shows that the RLP coreceptor SOBIR1 is targeted by a bacterial effector, which results in compromised defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Wu
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aranka M van der Burgh
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guozhi Bi
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisha Zhang
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - James R Alfano
- 2 Center for Plant Science Innovation and
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - Gregory B Martin
- 4 Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
- 5 Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Yasuda S, Okada K, Saijo Y. A look at plant immunity through the window of the multitasking coreceptor BAK1. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 38:10-18. [PMID: 28458047 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of microbe- and danger-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs and DAMPs, respectively) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is central to innate immunity in both plants and animals. The plant PRRs described to date are all cell surface-localized receptors. According to their ligand-binding ectodomains, each PRR engages a specific coreceptor or adaptor kinase in its signaling complexes to regulate defense signaling. With a focus on the coreceptor RLK BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE1 (BAK1) and related SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASEs (SERKs), here we review the increasing inventory of BAK1 partners and their functions in plant immunity. We also discuss the significance of autoimmunity triggered by BAK1/SERK4 disintegration in shaping the strategies for attenuation of PRR signaling by infectious microbes and host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetaka Yasuda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okada
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saijo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan; Japan Science and Technology (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan.
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19
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Abstract
Genetic dissection has led to a sophisticated understanding of receptor kinases in plant development and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Fluorescence confocal microscopy is essential to identify the (sub)cellular locations of resting and signaling receptor kinases that trigger molecular events in plant cells upon ligand perception. In this regard, the internalization of plasma membrane-localized FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) into endosomes induced by its ligand flg22, a peptide derived from bacterial flagellin, is a model system for studying activation status-dependent and endosomal receptor kinase trafficking routes and can be used in screens to identify pathogen effectors that target these trafficking routes for virulence promotion. In this chapter we describe approaches of visualizing fluorescently tagged FLS2, including protocols for flg22-induced endocytosis, instrument parameters, and image analysis. These approaches can be easily adapted for other receptor kinases, using the fast transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana for microscopic inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Loiseau
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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20
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Derevnina L, Dagdas YF, De la Concepcion JC, Bialas A, Kellner R, Petre B, Domazakis E, Du J, Wu CH, Lin X, Aguilera-Galvez C, Cruz-Mireles N, Vleeshouwers VGAA, Kamoun S. Nine things to know about elicitins. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:888-895. [PMID: 27582271 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
888 I. 888 II. 889 III. 889 IV. 889 V. 891 VI. 891 VII. 891 VIII. 892 IX. 892 X. 893 XI. 893 893 References 893 SUMMARY: Elicitins are structurally conserved extracellular proteins in Phytophthora and Pythium oomycete pathogen species. They were first described in the late 1980s as abundant proteins in Phytophthora culture filtrates that have the capacity to elicit hypersensitive (HR) cell death and disease resistance in tobacco. Later, they became well-established as having features of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and to elicit defences in a variety of plant species. Research on elicitins culminated in the recent cloning of the elicitin response (ELR) cell surface receptor-like protein, from the wild potato Solanum microdontum, which mediates response to a broad range of elicitins. In this review, we provide an overview on elicitins and the plant responses they elicit. We summarize the state of the art by describing what we consider to be the nine most important features of elicitin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Derevnina
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yasin F Dagdas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Aleksandra Bialas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ronny Kellner
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Benjamin Petre
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Emmanouil Domazakis
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Ministry of Education National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Xiao Lin
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Carolina Aguilera-Galvez
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | | | - Vivianne G A A Vleeshouwers
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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21
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Niehl A, Wyrsch I, Boller T, Heinlein M. Double-stranded RNAs induce a pattern-triggered immune signaling pathway in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1008-19. [PMID: 27030513 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is a plant defense response that relies on the perception of conserved microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs or PAMPs, respectively). Recently, it has been recognized that PTI restricts virus infection in plants; however, the nature of the viral or infection-induced PTI elicitors and the underlying signaling pathways are still unknown. As double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are conserved molecular patterns associated with virus replication, we applied dsRNAs or synthetic dsRNA analogs to Arabidopsis thaliana and investigated PTI responses. We show that in vitro-generated dsRNAs, dsRNAs purified from virus-infected plants and the dsRNA analog polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) induce typical PTI responses dependent on the co-receptor SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1 (SERK1), but independent of dicer-like (DCL) proteins in Arabidopsis. Moreover, dsRNA treatment of Arabidopsis induces SERK1-dependent antiviral resistance. Screening of Arabidopsis wild accessions demonstrates natural variability in dsRNA sensitivity. Our findings suggest that dsRNAs represent genuine PAMPs in plants, which induce a signaling cascade involving SERK1 and a specific dsRNA receptor. The dependence of dsRNA-mediated PTI on SERK1, but not on DCLs, implies that dsRNA-mediated PTI involves membrane-associated processes and operates independently of RNA silencing. dsRNA sensitivity may represent a useful trait to increase antiviral resistance in cultivated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Botany, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Ines Wyrsch
- Botany, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Botany, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Botany, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Strasbourg, 67000, France
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Raaymakers TM, Van den Ackerveken G. Extracellular Recognition of Oomycetes during Biotrophic Infection of Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:906. [PMID: 27446136 PMCID: PMC4915311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular recognition of pathogens by plants constitutes an important early detection system in plant immunity. Microbe-derived molecules, also named patterns, can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the host cell membrane that trigger plant immune responses. Most knowledge on extracellular pathogen detection by plants comes from research on bacterial and fungal pathogens. For oomycetes, that comprise some of the most destructive plant pathogens, mechanisms of extracellular pattern recognition have only emerged recently. These include newly recognized patterns, e.g., cellulose-binding elicitor lectin, necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1-like proteins (NLPs), and glycoside hydrolase 12, as well as their receptors, e.g., the putative elicitin PRR elicitin response and the NLP PRR receptor-like protein 23. Immunity can also be triggered by the release of endogenous host-derived patterns, as a result of oomycete enzymes or damage. In this review we will describe the types of patterns, both pathogen-derived exogenous and plant-derived endogenous ones, and what is known about their extracellular detection during (hemi-)biotrophic oomycete infection of plants.
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Oomycete interactions with plants: infection strategies and resistance principles. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 79:263-80. [PMID: 26041933 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00010-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Oomycota include many economically significant microbial pathogens of crop species. Understanding the mechanisms by which oomycetes infect plants and identifying methods to provide durable resistance are major research goals. Over the last few years, many elicitors that trigger plant immunity have been identified, as well as host genes that mediate susceptibility to oomycete pathogens. The mechanisms behind these processes have subsequently been investigated and many new discoveries made, marking a period of exciting research in the oomycete pathology field. This review provides an introduction to our current knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms used by oomycetes, including elicitors and effectors, plus an overview of the major principles of host resistance: the established R gene hypothesis and the more recently defined susceptibility (S) gene model. Future directions for development of oomycete-resistant plants are discussed, along with ways that recent discoveries in the field of oomycete-plant interactions are generating novel means of studying how pathogen and symbiont colonizations overlap.
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Costa AT, Bravo JP, Krause-Sakate R, Maia IG. The receptor-like kinase SlSOBIR1 is differentially modulated by virus infection but its overexpression in tobacco has no significant impact on virus accumulation. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:65-75. [PMID: 26408145 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1868-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The role of the tomato receptor-like kinase SlSOBIR1 in antiviral defense was investigated. SlSOBIR1 was transcriptionally modulated by unrelated viruses but its ectopic expression had no effect on virus accumulation. Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLK) constitute a diverse group of proteins allowing the cell to recognize and respond to the extracellular environment. In the present study we focused on a gene encoding a tomato LRR-RLK (named SlSOBIR1) involved in the host defense against fungal pathogens. Curiously, SlSOBIR1 has been previously reported to be down-regulated by Pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) infection. Here, we show that SlSOBIR1 is responsive to wounding and differentially modulated by unrelated virus infection, i.e., down-regulated by PepYMV and up-regulated by Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV). Despite these divergent expression profiles, SlSOBIR1 overexpression in transgenic tobacco plants had no evident effect on TCSV and PepYMV accumulation. On the other hand, overexpression of SlSOBIR1 significantly increased the expression of selected defense genes (PR-1a and PR-6) and exacerbated superoxide production in wounded leaves. Our data indicate that the observed modulation of SlSOBIR1 expression is probably triggered by secondary effects of the virus infection process and suggest that SlSOBIR1 is not directly involved in antiviral signaling response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tenório Costa
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pereira Bravo
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Renate Krause-Sakate
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivan G Maia
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil.
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Frescatada-Rosa M, Robatzek S, Kuhn H. Should I stay or should I go? Traffic control for plant pattern recognition receptors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 28:23-9. [PMID: 26344487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ cell surface-localised receptors to recognise potential invaders via perception of microbe-derived molecules. This is mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that bind microbe-associated or damage-associated molecular patterns or perceive apoplastic effector proteins secreted by microorganisms. In either case, effective recognition and initiation of appropriate defence responses rely on a signalling competent pool of receptors at the cell surface. Maintenance of this pool of receptors at the plasma membrane is guaranteed by sorting of properly folded ligand-unbound and ligand-bound receptors via the secretory-endosomal network in an activation-dependent manner. Recent findings highlight that ligand-induced endocytosis is found across members of distinct PRR families suggesting a conserved mechanism by which PRRs and immunity is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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