1
|
Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Golic D, Gobbi A, Maiorano A, Pautasso M, Reignault PL. Pest categorisation of Pyrrhoderma noxium. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8667. [PMID: 38505477 PMCID: PMC10949325 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Following the commodity risk assessment of bonsai plants (Pinus parviflora grafted on Pinus thunbergii) from China performed by EFSA, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Pyrrhoderma noxium, a clearly defined plant pathogenic basidiomycete fungus of the order Hymenochaetales and the family Hymenochaetaceae. The pathogen is considered as opportunistic and has been reported on a wide range of hosts, mainly broad-leaved and coniferous woody plants, causing root rots. In addition, the fungus was reported to live saprophytically on woody substrates and was isolated as an endophyte from a few plant species. This pest categorisation focuses on the hosts that are relevant for the EU (e.g. Citrus, Ficus, Pinus, Prunus, Pyrus, Quercus and Vitis vinifera). Pyrrhoderma noxium is present in Africa, Central and South America, Asia and Oceania. It has not been reported in the EU. Pyrrhoderma noxium is not included in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. Plants for planting (excluding seeds), bark and wood of host plants as well as soil and other growing media associated with plant debris are the main pathways for the entry of the pathogen into the EU. Host availability and climate suitability factors occurring in parts of the EU are favourable for the establishment and spread of the pathogen. The introduction and spread of the pathogen into the EU are expected to have an economic and environmental impact in parts of the territory where hosts are present. Phytosanitary measures are available to prevent the introduction and spread of the pathogen into the EU. Pyrrhoderma noxium satisfies all the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as potential Union quarantine pest.
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen CY, Wu ZC, Liu TY, Yu SS, Tsai JN, Tsai YC, Tsai IJ, Chung CL. Investigation of Asymptomatic Infection of Phellinus noxius in Herbaceous Plants. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:460-469. [PMID: 36256954 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-22-0281-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The white-rot fungus Phellinus noxius is known to cause brown root rot disease (BRRD) in woody trees and shrubs. To understand the pathogenicity of P. noxius in herbaceous plants, we investigated 23 herbaceous weed and turfgrass species in 32 BRRD-infested sites in Taiwan and/or tested them by artificial inoculation. In the field survey, P. noxius was isolated from seven symptomless herbaceous species (i.e., Typhonium blumei, Paspalum conjugatum, Paspalum distichum, Oplismenus compositus, Bidens pilosa, Digitaria ciliaris, and Zoysia matrella). Potted plant inoculation assays suggested that P. noxius is able to infect Artemisia princeps, O. compositus, and Z. matrella but not Axonopus compressus, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Ophiopogon japonicus, or Cynodon dactylon. A. princeps plants wilted within 2 weeks postinoculation, but inoculated O. compositus and Z. matrella were asymptomatic, and P. noxius could be isolated from only inoculated sites. The colonization of P. noxius in the cortex and vascular cylinder of roots was visualized by paraffin sectioning and trypan blue staining of juvenile seedlings grown on water agar. To evaluate the effect of replantation for the remediation of BRRD-infested sites, P. noxius-inoculated wood strips were buried in soil with or without vegetation. After 4 weeks, P. noxius could be detected only in the bare soil group. For the control of BRRD, the herbaceous hosts should be removed around the diseased trees/stumps and non-host turfgrasses (e.g., A. compressus, E. ophiuroides, O. japonicus, or C. dactylon) planted to accelerate the degradation of P. noxius.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chen
- Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Chi Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Yen Liu
- Division of Forest Protection, Taiwan Forest Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan No. 53, Nanhai Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100051, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Shiuan Yu
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng Dist., Taichung City 413008, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Nong Tsai
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng Dist., Taichung City 413008, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Tsai
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
| | - Isheng J Tsai
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Taipei City 115201, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chung
- Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu TY, Chen CH, Yang YL, Tsai IJ, Ho YN, Chung CL. The brown root rot fungus Phellinus noxius affects microbial communities in different root-associated niches of Ficus trees. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:276-297. [PMID: 34863027 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brown root rot (BRR) caused by Phellinus noxius is a destructive tree disease in tropical and subtropical areas. To understand how BRR affects the composition of the plant rhizoplane-enriched microbiota, the microbiomes within five root-associated compartments (i.e., bulk soil, old/young root rhizosphere soil, old/young root tissue) of Ficus trees naturally infected by P. noxius were investigated. The level of P. noxius infection was determined by quantitative PCR. Illumina sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer and 16S rRNA revealed that P. noxius infection caused a significant reduction in fungal diversity in the bulk soil, the old root rhizosphere soil, and the old root tissue. Interestingly, Cosmospora was the only fungal genus positively correlated with P. noxius. The abundance and composition of dominant bacterial taxa such as Actinomadura, Bacillus, Rhodoplanes, and Streptomyces differed between BRR-diseased and healthy samples. Furthermore, 838 isolates belonging to 26 fungal and 35 bacterial genera were isolated and tested for interactions with P. noxius. Antagonistic activities were observed for isolates of Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Trichoderma. Cellophane overlay and cellulose/lignin utilization assays suggested that Cosmospora could tolerate the secretions of P. noxius and that the degradation of lignin by P. noxius may create suitable conditions for Cosmorpora growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Yen Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan.,Division of Forest Protection, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei City, 10066, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Han Chen
- Division of Forest Protection, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei City, 10066, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Isheng J Tsai
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ning Ho
- Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|