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Zhao L, Sun W, Zhang L, Yin Y, Xie Y, Zhang Y. Heart Rot Disease of Walnut Caused by Nothophoma juglandis sp. nov. and Its Endophytic Biocontrol Agent. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:746-756. [PMID: 37787687 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-22-2660-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
English walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an economically important hardwood tree species cultivated worldwide. Walnut heart rot disease leading to heartwood decay of trees has been frequently observed in a number of plantations in China. To identify the causal agent, 29 diseased stem samples were collected from walnut plantations in Beijing, and 54 fungal isolates were obtained. Koch's postulates were developed, and the results showed that Nothophoma juglandis, a species new to science, was the causal agent of walnut heart rot disease. Granulobasidium vellereum, a notable biocontrol agent, was coisolated with N. juglandis. An antagonistic assay on dual culture and walnut stems (both in the field and detached branches) proved that G. vellereum acted as a potential biocontrol agent against N. juglandis, as it could significantly inhibit the expansion of N. juglandis. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth and pathogenicity of N. juglandis was 26.6 and 27.0°C, respectively, which frequently occur in the summer of the walnut-growing regions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueqi Yin
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Xie
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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2
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Wang Y, Xie S, Cao J, Zhao H, Yin X, Guo Y, Xu C, Guo L, Wu H, Zhang M. Lasiodiplodia regiae sp. nov.: A New Species Causing Canker and Dieback of Fruit Trees in China. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1210-1221. [PMID: 36657140 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-22-0231-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Canker and dieback are serious fungal diseases of woody plants that can cause huge economic losses to orchards. The purpose of this study was to classify and assess the pathogenicity of fungal species associated with canker and dieback on fruit trees growing in Henan Province, China. In total, 150 isolates of Botryosphaeriaceae were obtained from six different fruit trees exhibiting typical symptoms of stem canker, branch dieback, and gummosis. Morphological examinations and phylogenetic analysis of ITS, tef1, tub2, and rpb2 revealed two Botryosphaeriaceae species, which are Botryosphaeria dothidea and a novel species, Lasiodiplodia regiae, respectively. Using Koch's postulates, we confirmed that the different isolates of L. regiae can cause disease in their original hosts. The pathogenicity tests showed that L. regiae can cause canker, dieback, and gummosis symptoms in four different hosts, indicating a relatively wider host range. Moreover, 10 L. regiae isolates exhibited similar symptoms but different levels of virulence on shoots of peach trees under field conditions. This study demonstrated that L. regiae was a new causal agent of canker and dieback of six fruit tree species, which could be a serious risk to the orchard industry in China. Furthermore, the findings provide a foundation for further epidemiological studies and the development of management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shunpei Xie
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jiayuan Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xinming Yin
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yashuang Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Analytical Instrument Center, Henan Agricultural University Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, 100193, China
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López-Moral A, Lovera M, Antón-Domínguez BI, Gámiz AM, Michailides TJ, Arquero O, Trapero A, Agustí-Brisach C. Effects of Cultivar Susceptibility, Branch Age, and Temperature on Infection by Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthe Fungi on English Walnut ( Juglans regia). PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2920-2926. [PMID: 35380463 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-21-2042-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthe fungi have been described as the main causal agents of branch dieback and shoot blight of English walnut (Juglans regia L.). To date, the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on disease development on this host are still poorly understood. Thus, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of cultivar, shoot-branch age, and temperature on infection by Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthe fungi on English walnut. The susceptibility of eight commercial cultivars was evaluated against three Botryosphaeriaceae and two Diaporthe species. For the remaining experiments, shoots or branches of 'Chandler' were used. An initial experiment evaluating two inoculation methods was conducted, with inoculation with a mycelial plug being more consistent and useful than conidial suspension inoculation. Cultivar susceptibility varied depending on the fungal species, with 'Chandler' being among the most tolerant cultivars for shoot infection. One-year-old shoots were significantly more sensitive for both Neofusicoccum parvum and Diaporthe neotheicola in comparison with 2- to 4-year-old branches. The effect of temperature on shoot infection was evaluated under 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C. Lesion development was significantly higher for N. parvum isolates than for D. neotheicola isolates at all temperatures evaluated, with optimum temperature of shoot infection being ∼26°C for N. parvum and ∼21°C for D. neotheicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López-Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Lovera
- Departamento de Fruticultura Mediterránea, IFAPA, Alameda del Obispo, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Begoña I Antón-Domínguez
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio M Gámiz
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Themis J Michailides
- Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, University of California, Davis, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A
| | - Octavio Arquero
- Departamento de Fruticultura Mediterránea, IFAPA, Alameda del Obispo, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Agustí-Brisach
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Mohankumar V, Dann EK, Akinsanmi OA. Diversity and Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae Associated with Macadamia Branch Dieback in Australia. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2576-2582. [PMID: 35171638 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-21-2125-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Botryosphaeria branch dieback is a serious disease of macadamia in Australia, but its etiology has not been clearly defined, which limits effective disease control. Therefore, this study examined whether the causal agents of branch dieback in commercial macadamia orchards in five agroecological regions in Australia are similar in prevalence and aggressiveness. The identity of the causal agents was determined using conventional culturing techniques and DNA sequencing that targets the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1α), β-tubulin (tub2), and DNA-directed RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) gene loci. The pathogenic variation of the isolates, relative to the source (region and host plant part), was examined using in vivo and in planta assays. Lasiodiplodia and Neofusicoccum were the dominant fungal genera obtained from surveys of 59 macadamia orchards across the agroecological regions. Phylogenetic analysis of 52 representative isolates identified four putative novel Lasiodiplodia clades, with three other Lasiodiplodia spp. (Lasiodiplodia iraniensis, L. pseudotheobromae, and L. theobromae) and three Neofusicoccum spp. (Neofusicoccum luteum, N. mangroviorum, and N. parvum) from macadamia. L. pseudotheobromae that constituted 40% of the isolates from symptomatic tissues was the most prevalent in all the regions. Both the in vivo and in planta pathogenicity assays revealed that all isolates of the Botryosphaeriaceae, except N. mangroviorum, were pathogenic to macadamia. L. theobromae, N. luteum, and L. iraniensis were the most aggressive species causing dieback symptoms in macadamia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vheena Mohankumar
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Elizabeth K Dann
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Olufemi A Akinsanmi
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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López-Moral A, Lovera M, Raya MDC, Cortés-Cosano N, Arquero O, Trapero A, Agustí-Brisach C. Etiology of Branch Dieback and Shoot Blight of English Walnut Caused by Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthe Species in Southern Spain. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:533-550. [PMID: 31746696 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-19-0545-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
English walnut (Juglans regia L.) is considered an economically important fruit crop worldwide. In Spain, little attention has been given to walnut diseases owing to the minor economic importance of the walnut crop in the country until recently. In 2017, typical symptoms of branch dieback and shoot blight of English walnut were observed in southern Spain. From 2017 to 2018, 10 commercial walnut orchards showing disease symptoms were surveyed. Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthe fungi were consistently isolated from affected shoots. Cytospora isolates were also recovered with minor relevance. Representative isolates of each fungal group were characterized based on colony and conidial morphology, optimum growth temperature, and comparison of DNA sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer, elongation factor 1-α, and β-tubulin genomic areas. Pathogenicity tests were performed on detached and attached shoots and on detached fruit by inoculating them with mycelial plugs. Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthe isolates had higher optimum growth temperatures (≈25 to 27°C) than Cytospora sp. (19.5°C). The following species were identified: Botryosphaeriaceae: Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, Dothiorella sarmentorum, Dothiorella sp., Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, and N. parvum; Diaporthe: Diaporthe neotheicola, Dia. rhusicola, Diaporthe sp., and Phomopsis amygdali; and Cytospora sp. Botryosphaeriaceae isolates were the most aggressive fungi to walnut in all tissues evaluated, followed by Diaporthe isolates and Cytospora sp. N. parvum was the most virulent among the remaining species tested in any of the tissues evaluated, followed by B. dothidea or N. mediterraneum. This work is the first report to identify the fungal species causing this complex disease of English walnut in Spain and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López-Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Lovera
- Departamento de Fruticultura Mediterránea, IFAPA, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Raya
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Nerea Cortés-Cosano
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Octavio Arquero
- Departamento de Fruticultura Mediterránea, IFAPA, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Agustí-Brisach
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Nouri MT, Lawrence DP, Holland LA, Doll DA, Kallsen CE, Culumber CM, Trouillas FP. Identification and Pathogenicity of Fungal Species Associated with Canker Diseases of Pistachio in California. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:2397-2411. [PMID: 31322495 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-18-1717-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A survey was conducted during 2015 and 2016 in pistachio orchards throughout the San Joaquin Valley of California to investigate the occurrence of canker diseases and identify the pathogens involved. Cankers and dieback symptoms were observed mainly in orchards aged >15 years. Symptoms of canker diseases included brown to dark brown discoloration of vascular tissues, wood necrosis, and branch dieback. In total, 58 fungal isolates were obtained from cankers and identified based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses (internal transcribed spacer, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, β-tubulin, calmodulin, actin 1, and translation elongation factor 1α) representing 11 fungal species: Colletotrichum karstii, Cytospora californica, Cytospora joaquinensis, Cytospora parapistaciae, Cytospora pistaciae, Diaporthe ambigua, Didymella glomerata, Diplodia mutila, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, Phaeoacremonium canadense, and Schizophyllum commune. Pathogenicity tests conducted in the main pistachio cultivars Kerman, Golden Hills, and Lost Hills using the mycelium-plug method indicated that all fungal species were pathogenic to Pistacia vera. All species tested caused cankers in pistachio branches, although virulence among species varied from high to moderate. Overall, N. mediterraneum and Cytospora spp. were the most widespread and virulent species associated with canker diseases of pistachio in California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T Nouri
- Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
- University of California, Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Daniel P Lawrence
- University of California, Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Leslie A Holland
- Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
- University of California, Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Dave A Doll
- University of California Cooperative Extension Merced County, Merced, CA 95341
| | - Craig E Kallsen
- University of California Cooperative Extension Kern County, Bakersfield, CA 93307
| | | | - Florent P Trouillas
- Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
- University of California, Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, Davis, CA 95616
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Agustí-Brisach C, Moral J, Felts D, Trapero A, Michailides TJ. Interaction Between Diaporthe rhusicola and Neofusicoccum mediterraneum Causing Branch Dieback and Fruit Blight of English Walnut in California, and the Effect of Pruning Wounds on the Infection. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1196-1205. [PMID: 30958106 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-18-1118-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae species are the causal agents of branch dieback of English walnut in California. In this study, the effects of the interaction between Neofusicoccum mediterraneum and Diaporthe rhusicola were evaluated in vitro by using mycelial plugs or spore suspensions and in vivo by inoculating shoots and epicarps (hulls) of walnut. Single inoculations of each species and different coinfection treatments were performed under laboratory or field conditions. The influence of shoot age and susceptibility of bark or pith tissues to N. mediterraneum and D. rhusicola infection after pruning was also evaluated. In in vitro experiments, spore germination of D. rhusicola was significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced in the presence of N. mediterraneum spores. When D. rhusicola was inoculated at 4 days before N. mediterraneum, a delay in lesion development in shoots and hulls was observed compared with the other two interaction treatments. One- to 2-year-old shoots were more susceptible to infection and colonization by N. mediterraneum than 3- to 4-year-old shoots. In young shoots, inoculation in the pith tissue resulted in longer lesions than those observed on shoots inoculated in the bark. No significant differences were observed between the development of internal or external necrosis and the age of the shoots, or the susceptibility of bark and pith to D. rhusicola infection. This information is essential to better understanding the complex situation of this walnut disease toward developing control management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Agustí-Brisach
- 1 Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, University of California, Davis, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A.; and
- 2 Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Moral
- 1 Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, University of California, Davis, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A.; and
- 2 Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Dan Felts
- 1 Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, University of California, Davis, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A.; and
| | - Antonio Trapero
- 2 Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Themis J Michailides
- 1 Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, University of California, Davis, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A.; and
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Abdollahzadeh J, Zare R, Phillips AJ. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Botryosphaeria and Neofusicoccum species in Iran, with description of Botryosphaeria scharifii sp. nov. Mycologia 2017; 105:210-20. [DOI: 10.3852/12-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Abdollahzadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, PO Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Rasoul Zare
- Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, PO Box 1454, Tehran 19395, Iran
| | - Alan J.L. Phillips
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, PO Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
- Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, PO Box 1454, Tehran 19395, Iran
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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9
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Olmo D, Armengol J, León M, Gramaje D. Characterization and Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae Species Isolated from Almond Trees on the Island of Mallorca (Spain). PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:2483-2491. [PMID: 30686161 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-16-0676-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 31 almond orchards with trees showing severe decline symptoms were surveyed from 2009 to 2014 on the island of Mallorca (Spain). In all, 45 Botryosphaeriaceae isolates were collected and characterized based on phenotypical features and comparisons of DNA sequence data of the nuclear ribosomal DNA-internal transcribed spacer region and elongation factor 1-α gene. Five species were identified as Diplodia olivarum, D. seriata, Neofusicoccum luteum, N. mediterraneum, and N. parvum. Pathogenicity tests were performed on four cultivars ('Pons', 'Vivot', 'Jordi', and 'Ferragnes') under field conditions for two consecutive years (2013 to 2014), and confirmed that all five species cause canker and dieback of almond, with Neofusicoccum spp. more virulent than Diplodia spp. in both years. Jordi was less sensitive to fungal infection in 2013. First reports from almond in Spain include N. mediterraneum and N. luteum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Olmo
- Laboratori de Sanitat Vegetal, Serveis de Millora Agrària, Conselleria d'Agricultura, Medi Ambient i Territori, Govern Balear, C/d'Eusebi Estada 145, 07008 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Josep Armengol
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; and
| | - Maela León
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; and
| | - David Gramaje
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de la Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja, Ctra. LO-20 Salida 13, Finca La Grajera, 26071 Logroño, Spain
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10
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Chen S, Morgan DP, Hasey JK, Anderson K, Michailides TJ. Phylogeny, Morphology, Distribution, and Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae from English Walnut in California. PLANT DISEASE 2014; 98:636-652. [PMID: 30708543 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-13-0706-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Species of family Botryosphaeriaceae and genus Diaporthe (anamorph: genus Phomopsis, family Diaporthaceae) were reported and caused diseases on various fruit and nut trees in California. In the last several years, diseases on English walnut (Juglans regia) caused by species of Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthe were observed frequently in California. Disease symptoms include stem canker; shoot canker and blight; twig, leaf, and fruit blight; and necrotic leaf lesions. Isolates of the pathogen were collected from English walnut in 13 counties in California. The aims of this study were to identify these isolates and to test their pathogenicity to English walnut cultivars. In total, 159 California isolates were identified based on comparisons of DNA sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer, translation elongation factor 1-α, and β-tubulin gene regions, and combined with the morphological features of the cultures and conidia. Research results revealed that isolates represent 10 species of Botryosphaeriaceae and two species of Diaporthe. These species include Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia mutila, D. seriata, Dothiorella iberica, Lasiodiplodia citricola, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, N. nonquaesitum, N. parvum, N. vitifusiforme, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, Diaporthe neotheicola, and D. rhusicola. Pathogenicity on three English walnut cultivars ('Chandler', 'Tulare', and 'Vina') using a mycelium plug inoculation method revealed that all these species are pathogenic to all the tested cultivars, with L. citricola and N. parvum being the most pathogenic species, followed by N. mediterraneum, N. dimidiatum, and B. dothidea. Chandler was more tolerant to infection than Tulare and Vina. Results in this study determined that multiple numbers of the Botryosphaeriaceae fungi and two Diaporthe spp. cause cankers and blights of English walnut and vary in their virulence from highly to slightly virulent, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShuaiFei Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier 93648
| | - David P Morgan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier 93648
| | - Janine K Hasey
- University of California Cooperative Extension, Yuba/Sutter Co., Yuba City 95991
| | - Kathleen Anderson
- University of California Cooperative Extension, Stanislaus Co., Modesto 95358
| | - Themis J Michailides
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center
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11
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Adesemoye AO, Mayorquin JS, Wang DH, Twizeyimana M, Lynch SC, Eskalen A. Identification of Species of Botryosphaeriaceae Causing Bot Gummosis in Citrus in California. PLANT DISEASE 2014; 98:55-61. [PMID: 30708572 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-13-0492-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Botryosphaeriaceae family are known to cause Bot gummosis on many woody plants worldwide. To identify pathogens associated with Bot gummosis on citrus in California, scion and rootstock samples were collected in 2010 and 2011 from five citrus-growing counties in California. Symptoms observed on citrus included branch cankers, dieback, and gumming. Various fungal species were recovered from necrotic tissues of branch canker and rootstock samples. Species were identified morphologically and by phylogenetic comparison as 'Eureka' lemon, 'Valencia', 'Washington Navel', 'Fukumoto', grapefruit, 'Satsuma', and 'Meyer' lemon. Species were identified morphologically and by phylogenetic comparison of the complete sequence of the internal transcribed spacer regions, β-tubulin gene, and elongation factor α-1 genes with those of other species in GenBank. A consensus-unrooted most parsimonious tree resulting from multigene phylogenetic analysis showed the existence of three major clades in the Botryosphaeriaceae family. In total, 74 isolates were identified belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family, with Neofusicoccum spp., Dothiorella spp., Diplodia spp., (teleomorph Botryosphaeria), Lasiodiplodia spp., and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (teleomorphs unknown) accounting for 39, 25, 23, 10, and 3% of the total, respectively. On inoculated Eureka lemon shoots, lesion length was significantly different (P < 0.05) among 14 isolates recovered from portions of cankered tissues of the original trees. Lesion lengths were significantly longer (P < 0.05) for shoots inoculated with isolates of Neofusicoccum luteum and shorter for shoots inoculated with isolates of Dothiorella viticola (P < 0.05) than those of other species. Identifying the distribution and occurrence of these fungal pathogens associated with Bot gummosis is useful for management applications during occasional outbreaks in California.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Adesemoye
- Department of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - J S Mayorquin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - D H Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - M Twizeyimana
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - S C Lynch
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - A Eskalen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521
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Phillips A, Alves A, Abdollahzadeh J, Slippers B, Wingfield M, Groenewald J, Crous P. The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from culture. Stud Mycol 2013; 76:51-167. [PMID: 24302790 PMCID: PMC3825232 DOI: 10.3114/sim0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we give an account of the genera and species in the Botryosphaeriaceae. We consider morphological characters alone as inadequate to define genera or identify species, given the confusion it has repeatedly introduced in the past, their variation during development, and inevitable overlap as representation grows. Thus it seems likely that all of the older taxa linked to the Botryosphaeriaceae, and for which cultures or DNA sequence data are not available, cannot be linked to the species in this family that are known from culture. Such older taxa will have to be disregarded for future use unless they are epitypified. We therefore focus this paper on the 17 genera that can now be recognised phylogenetically, which concentrates on the species that are presently known from culture. Included is a historical overview of the family, the morphological features that define the genera and species and detailed descriptions of the 17 genera and 110 species. Keys to the genera and species are also provided. Phylogenetic relationships of the genera are given in a multi-locus tree based on combined SSU, ITS, LSU, EF1-α and β-tubulin sequences. The morphological descriptions are supplemented by phylogenetic trees (ITS alone or ITS + EF1-α) for the species in each genus. TAXONOMIC NOVELTIES New species - Neofusicoccum batangarum Begoude, Jol. Roux & Slippers. New combinations - Botryosphaeria fabicerciana (S.F. Chen, D. Pavlic, M.J. Wingf. & X.D. Zhou) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Botryosphaeria ramosa (Pavlic, T.I. Burgess, M.J. Wingf.) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Cophinforma atrovirens (Mehl & Slippers) A. Alves & A.J.L. Phillips, Cophinforma mamane (D.E. Gardner) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Dothiorella pretoriensis (Jami, Gryzenh., Slippers & M.J. Wingf.) Abdollahz. & A.J.L. Phillips, Dothiorella thailandica (D.Q. Dai., J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde) Abdollahz., A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Dothiorella uruguayensis (C.A. Pérez, Blanchette, Slippers & M.J. Wingf.) Abdollahz. & A.J.L. Phillips, Lasiodiplodia lignicola (Ariyawansa, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde) A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Abdollahz., Neoscytalidium hyalinum (C.K. Campb. & J.L. Mulder) A.J.L. Phillips, Groenewald & Crous, Sphaeropsis citrigena (A.J.L. Phillips, P.R. Johnst. & Pennycook) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Sphaeropsis eucalypticola (Doilom, J.K. Liu, & K.D. Hyde) A.J.L. Phillips, Sphaeropsis porosa (Van Niekerk & Crous) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves. Epitypification (basionym) - Sphaeria sapinea Fries. Neotypifications (basionyms) - Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat., Physalospora agaves Henn, Sphaeria atrovirens var. visci Alb. & Schwein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.J.L. Phillips
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - A. Alves
- Departamento de Biologia, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J. Abdollahzadeh
- Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - B. Slippers
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002
| | - M.J. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P.W. Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Úrbez-Torres JR, Peduto F, Vossen PM, Krueger WH, Gubler WD. Olive Twig and Branch Dieback: Etiology, Incidence, and Distribution in California. PLANT DISEASE 2013; 97:231-244. [PMID: 30722318 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-12-0390-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen different fungal species were isolated from symptomatic wood of olive trees (Olea europaea) affected by twig and branch dieback in California and identified by means of morphological characters and multigene sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), a partial sequence of the β-tubulin gene, and part of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (EF1-α). These species included Diaporthe viticola, Diatrype oregonensis, Diatrype stigma, Diplodia mutila, Dothiorella iberica, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phomopsis sp. group 1, Phomopsis sp. group 2, and Schizophyllum commune, which are for the first time reported to occur in olive trees; Eutypa lata, Neofusicoccum luteum, Neofusicoccum vitifusiforme, and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, which are for the first time reported to occur in olive trees in the United States; and Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, and Trametes versicolor, which have been previously reported in olive trees in California. Pathogenicity studies conducted in olive cultivars Manzanillo and Sevillano showed N. mediterraneum and Diplodia mutila to be the most virulent species and Diatrype stigma and D. oregonensis the least virulent when inoculated in olive branches. Intermediate virulence was shown for the rest of the taxa. This study demystifies the cause of olive twig and branch dieback and elucidates most of the fungal pathogens responsible for this disease in California.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Úrbez-Torres
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 4200 Highway 97, Box 5000, Summerland, British Columbia V0H1Z0, Canada
| | - F Peduto
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - P M Vossen
- University of California Cooperative Extension Sonoma County, Santa Rosa, CA 95403, USA
| | - W H Krueger
- University of California Cooperative Extension Glenn County, Orland, CA 95963, USA
| | - W D Gubler
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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