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Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Migheli Q, Vloutoglou I, Czwienczek E, Streissl F, Carluccio AV, Chiumenti M, Di Serio F, Rubino L, Reignault PL. Pest categorisation of Capsicum chlorosis virus. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07337. [PMID: 35734283 PMCID: PMC9194764 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Plant Health conducted a pest categorisation of Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) for the EU territory. The identity of CaCV, a member of the genus Orthotospovirus (family Tospoviridae), is established and reliable detection and identification methods are available. The pathogen is not included in the EU Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072. CaCV has been reported in Australia, China, India, Iran, Taiwan, Thailand and USA (Hawaii). In the EU, it has been reported once in Greece (Crete Island). The NPPO of Greece reported that CaCV is no longer present in Greece. CaCV infects plant species in the family Solanaceae (i.e. pepper, tomato) and several species of other families, including ornamentals. It may induce severe symptoms on its hosts, mainly on leaves and fruits, which may become unmarketable. The virus is transmitted in a persistent propagative mode by the thrips Ceratothripoides claratris, Frankliniella schultzei, Microcephalothrips abdominalis and Thrips palmi. C. claratris and T. palmi are EU quarantine pests. M. abdominalis is known to be present in several EU member states and it is not regulated in the EU. Plants for planting, parts of plants, fruits and cut flowers of CaCV hosts, and viruliferous thrips were identified as the most relevant pathways for the entry of CaCV into the EU. Cultivated and wild hosts of CaCV are distributed across the EU. Should the pest enter and establish in the EU territory, impact on the production of cultivated hosts is expected. Phytosanitary measures are available to prevent entry and spread of the virus in the EU. CaCV fulfils the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest.
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Borges Naito FY, Widana Gamage SMK, Mitter N, Dietzgen RG. Temporal expression of defence and susceptibility genes and tospovirus accumulation in capsicum chlorosis virus-infected capsicum. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1061-1074. [PMID: 35246732 PMCID: PMC8964570 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Yolo Wonder (YW) and Warlock (W), two capsicum cultivars that are susceptible to capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV), were compared in terms of symptom development, tospovirus accumulation, and host gene expression during the first 12 days post infection (dpi). Temporal expression of selected early CaCV-response genes was used to gain insights into plant-virus interactions and to identify potential targets for CaCV control. Symptoms developed faster in YW during the first seven days of infection, while systemic symptoms were similar in both cultivars at 10 and 12 dpi. CaCV accumulation was higher in YW at 7 dpi despite a lower titre at 3 dpi. At 12 dpi, virus accumulation was similar for both cultivars. Symptom development appears to be correlated to virus accumulation over time for both cultivars. Chalcone synthase (CHS), cytochrome P450 (CYP), and tetraspanin 8-like (TSP8) genes followed a similar expression pattern over time in both cultivars. The thionin gene showed increased expression in CaCV-infected plants at 12 dpi. The WRKY40 gene showed significant differential expression at all time points in YW, but only at 12 dpi in W. The strongest correlation of temporal gene expression and virus titre was seen for CYP, TSP8, thionin, and WRKY40. CHS and CYP may be involved in symptom development, and TSP8 may be involved in virus movement. CHS, CYP, and TSP8 may be good targets for future overexpression or silencing studies to clarify their functions during virus infection and, potentially, for control of CaCV in capsicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Yuri Borges Naito
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ralf Georg Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Chen L, Guo J, Anane RF, Wang Z, Chen Z, Gao L, Wen G, Zhao M. First Report of Capsicum chlorosis virus Infecting Chromolaena odorata in Yunnan, China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1077. [PMID: 34494870 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-21-0341-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Biodiversity for Pest Management of China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Research & Development Center for Health Product, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Jianwei Guo
- Honghe Innovation Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Honghe County 654400, Yunnan, China
| | - Rex Frimpong Anane
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
- State Key Laboratory for Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Biodiversity for Pest Management of China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Research & Development Center for Health Product, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Zeli Chen
- Research & Development Center for Health Product, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Like Gao
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Biodiversity for Pest Management of China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Research & Development Center for Health Product, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Guosong Wen
- Research & Development Center for Health Product, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Mingfu Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Biodiversity for Pest Management of China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Research & Development Center for Health Product, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
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Adkins S, D'Elia T, Fillmer K, Pongam P, Baker CA. Biological and Genomic Characterization of a Novel Tobamovirus Infecting Hoya spp. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:2571-2577. [PMID: 30284947 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-18-0667-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Foliar symptoms suggestive of virus infection were observed on the ornamental plant hoya (Hoya spp.; commonly known as waxflower) in Florida. An agent that reacted with commercially available tobamovirus detection reagents was mechanically transmitted to Chenopodium quinoa and Nicotiana benthamiana. Rod-shaped particles ∼300 nm in length and typical of tobamoviruses were observed in partially purified virion preparations by electron microscopy. An experimental host range was determined by mechanical inoculation with virions, and systemic infections were observed in plants in the Asclepiadaceae, Apocynaceae, and Solanaceae families. Some species in the Solanaceae and Chenopodiaceae families allowed virus replication only in inoculated leaves, and were thus only local hosts for the virus. Tested plants in the Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, and Malvaceae did not support either local or systemic virus infection. The complete genome for the virus was sequenced and shown to have a typical tobamovirus organization. Comparisons of genome nucleotide sequence and individual gene deduced amino acid sequences indicate that it is a novel tobamovirus sharing the highest level of sequence identity with Streptocarpus flower break virus and members of the Brassicaceae-infecting subgroup of tobamoviruses. The virus, for which the name Hoya chlorotic spot virus (HoCSV) is proposed, was detected in multiple hoya plants from different locations in Florida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Adkins
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945
| | - Tom D'Elia
- Biology Department, Indian River State College, 3209 Virginia Avenue, Fort Pierce, FL 34981
| | - Kornelia Fillmer
- Biology Department, Indian River State College, 3209 Virginia Avenue, Fort Pierce, FL 34981
| | - Patchara Pongam
- Biology Department, Indian River State College, 3209 Virginia Avenue, Fort Pierce, FL 34981
| | - Carlye A Baker
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL 32608
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Sun SE, Wang JQ, Chen S, Zhang SB, Zhang DY, Liu Y. First Report of Capsicum chlorosis orthotospovirus Infecting Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) in China. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:PDIS12171876PDN. [PMID: 30110247 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-17-1876-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S E Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410125, China
| | - J Q Wang
- Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - S Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410125, China
| | - S B Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410125, China
| | - D Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410125, China
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Haokip BD, Alice D, Selvarajan R, Nagendran K, Rajendran L, Manoranjitham SK, Karthikeyan G. Production of polyclonal antibodies for Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) infecting chilli in India through recombinant nucleocapsid protein expression and its application. J Virol Methods 2018; 258:1-6. [PMID: 29753709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bud necrosis and chlorotic spots causing virus affecting chilli crop in Tamil Nadu (India) was identified as Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV). Specific primers were used for amplification and sequencing of the nucleocapsid protein (NP) gene. Polyclonal antibody against the bacterially expressed NP from the CaCV-TN-CBE isolate was produced using recombinant DNA technology. NP gene was subcloned into the pET-28a (+) vector and expressed by transformation in BL21 (DE3) pLysS. The expressed protein was about ∼34 kDa and was confirmed through western blot analysis using Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) polyclonal antiserum from ICRISAT, India. The purified recombinant protein was used to immunize rabbits to generate CaCV-specific polyclonal antiserum. The sensitivity levels of polyclonal antiserum thus raised was assayed through indirect ELISA or direct antigen coating (DAC)-ELISA using the recombinant protein as antigen. The recombinant antiserum produced in this study successfully detected the natural infection of CaCV on chilli plants collected from the field as well as on cowpea plants artificially inoculated with CaCV by using DAC-ELISA, DIBA and western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Haokip
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India.
| | - D Alice
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - R Selvarajan
- Department of Plant Protection, National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, 620102, India
| | - K Nagendran
- Division of Vegetable Protection, Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221305, India
| | - L Rajendran
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - S K Manoranjitham
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - G Karthikeyan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
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Huang Y, Hong H, Zhao XH, Li J, Tao XR. Complete genome sequence of a Capsicum chlorosis virus in China and the structural variation and evolutionary origin of its S RNA intergenic region. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3229-3232. [PMID: 28664295 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3448-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of a Capsicum chlorosis virus from China (CaCV-Hainan) was determined. The tripartite genome of CaCV-Hainan consists of small (S), medium (M), and large (L) RNAs of 3629, 4859, and 8912 nucleotides (nt), respectively. The S and M RNAs contain intergenic regions (IGRs) of 1348 and 462 nt, respectively. Strikingly, sequence comparisons among CaCV isolates revealed that the S RNA IGR of CaCV-Hainan derived from the CaCV-Qld-3432 Australia isolate through deletion of two stretches of 25- and 325-nt sequences within the S RNA IGR of CaCV-Qld-3432. Moreover, the S RNA IGR of CaCV-Hainan was inserted with two stretches of 10- and 20-nt sequences of an unknown origin. The S RNA IGR of CaCV-Ph from Taiwan and CaCV-NRA from Thailand also derived from the CaCV-Qld-3432 through deletion of 218-nt sequences. Our findings provide valuable new insight into the structural variations and evolutionary origin of CaCV IGRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Abstract
The number of virus species infecting pepper (Capsicum spp.) crops and their incidences has increased considerably over the past 30 years, particularly in tropical and subtropical pepper production systems. This is probably due to a combination of factors, including the expansion and intensification of pepper cultivation in these regions, the increased volume and speed of global trade of fresh produce (including peppers) carrying viruses and vectors to new locations, and perhaps climate change expanding the geographic range suitable for the viruses and vectors. With the increased incidences of diverse virus species comes increased incidences of coinfection with two or more virus species in the same plant. There is then greater chance of synergistic interactions between virus species, increasing symptom severity and weakening host resistance, as well as the opportunity for genetic recombination and component exchange and a possible increase in aggressiveness, virulence, and transmissibility. The main virus groups infecting peppers are transmitted by aphids, whiteflies, or thrips, and a feature of many populations of these vector groups is that they can develop resistance to some of the commonly used insecticides relatively quickly. This, coupled with the increasing concern over the impact of over- or misuse of insecticides on the environment, growers, and consumers, means that there should be less reliance on insecticides to control the vectors of viruses infecting pepper crops. To improve the durability of pepper crop protection measures, there should be a shift away from the broadscale use of insecticides and the use of single, major gene resistance to viruses. Instead, integrated and pragmatic virus control measures should be sought that combine (1) cultural practices that reduce sources of virus inoculum and decrease the rate of spread of viruliferous vectors into the pepper crop, (2) synthetic insecticides, which should be used judiciously and only when the plants are young and most susceptible to infection, (3) appropriate natural products and biocontrol agents to induce resistance in the plants, affect the behavior of the vector insects, or augment the local populations of parasites or predators of the virus vectors, and (4) polygenic resistances against viruses and vector insects with pyramided single-gene virus resistances to improve resistance durability.
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