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Batzer JC, Shirazi A, Lawson M, Mathew FM, Sureshbabu BM, Smith DL, Mueller DS. Impact of Foliar Fungicide Application on the Culturable Fungal Endophyte Community of Soybean Seed in the Midwest United States. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:647-657. [PMID: 37729650 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-23-1122-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to determine whether the application of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) and pyrazole-carboxamide fungicides as a tank mix would impact the endophyte community of soybean seed. Field trials during 2018 in Iowa, South Dakota, and Wisconsin, U.S.A., investigated the impact of a single combination fungicide spray at early pod set in soybeans. The composition of culturable endophytic fungi in mature soybean seed was assessed on three cultivars per state, with maturity groups (MGs) ranging from 1.1 to 4.7. An unusually wet 2018 season delayed harvest, which led to a high level of fungal growth in grain. The survey included 1,080 asymptomatic seeds that were disinfested and individually placed on 5-cm-diameter Petri plates of acidified water agar. The survey yielded 721 fungal isolates belonging to 24 putative species in seven genera; taxa were grouped into genera based on a combination of morphological and molecular evidence. The dominant genera encountered in the survey were Alternaria, Diaporthe, and Fusarium. The study showed that the fungicide treatment reduced the incidence of Fusarium in Wisconsin seed, increased the incidence of Diaporthe in seed from all states, and had no impact on the incidence of Alternaria. This is one of the first attempts to characterize the diversity of seed endophytes in soybean and the first to characterize the impacts of fungicide spraying on these endophyte communities across three states. Our study provides evidence that the impact of a fungicide spray on soybean seed endophyte communities may be influenced by site, weather, and cultivar maturity group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Carlson Batzer
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Amin Shirazi
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Maia Lawson
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Febina M Mathew
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | | | - Damon L Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Daren S Mueller
- Integrated Pest Management Program and Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Kim KH, Lim S, Kang YJ, Yoon MY, Nam M, Jun TH, Seo MJ, Baek SB, Lee JH, Moon JK, Lee SH, Lee SH, Lim HS, Moon JS, Park CH. Optimization of a Virus-Induced Gene Silencing System with Soybean yellow common mosaic virus for Gene Function Studies in Soybeans. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 32:112-22. [PMID: 27147931 PMCID: PMC4853101 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.04.2015.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an effective tool for the study of soybean gene function. Successful VIGS depends on the interaction between virus spread and plant growth, which can be influenced by environmental conditions. Recently, we developed a new VIGS system derived from the Soybean yellow common mosaic virus (SYCMV). Here, we investigated several environmental and developmental factors to improve the efficiency of a SYCMV-based VIGS system to optimize the functional analysis of the soybean. Following SYCMV: Glycine max-phytoene desaturase (GmPDS) infiltration, we investigated the effect of photoperiod, inoculation time, concentration of Agrobacterium inoculm, and growth temperature on VIGS efficiency. In addition, the relative expression of GmPDS between non-silenced and silenced plants was measured by qRT-PCR. We found that gene silencing efficiency was highest at a photoperiod of 16/8 h (light/dark) at a growth temperature of approximately 27°C following syringe infiltration to unrolled unifoliolate leaves in cotyledon stage with a final SYCMV:GmPDS optimal density (OD)600 of 2.0. Using this optimized protocol, we achieved high efficiency of GmPDS-silencing in various soybean germplasms including cultivated and wild soybeans. We also confirmed that VIGS occurred in the entire plant, including the root, stem, leaves, and flowers, and could transmit GmPDS to other soybean germplasms via mechanical inoculation. This optimized protocol using a SYCMV-based VIGS system in the soybean should provide a fast and effective method to elucidate gene functions and for use in large-scale screening experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kil Hyun Kim
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707,
Korea
| | - Seungmo Lim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350,
Korea
| | - Yang Jae Kang
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921,
Korea
| | - Min Young Yoon
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921,
Korea
| | - Moon Nam
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Jun
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 627-706,
Korea
| | - Min-Jung Seo
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707,
Korea
| | - Seong-Bum Baek
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707,
Korea
| | - Jeom-Ho Lee
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707,
Korea
| | - Jung-Kyung Moon
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707,
Korea
| | - Suk-Ha Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921,
Korea
| | - Su-Heon Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
| | - Hyoun-Sub Lim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
| | - Jae Sun Moon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350,
Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Park
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707,
Korea
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