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Fiallo‐Olivé E, Navas‐Castillo J. Tomato chlorosis virus, an emergent plant virus still expanding its geographical and host ranges. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1307-1320. [PMID: 31267719 PMCID: PMC6715620 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) causes an important disease that primarily affects tomato, although it has been found infecting other economically important vegetable crops and a wide range of wild plants. First described in Florida (USA) and associated with a 'yellow leaf disorder' in the mid-1990s, ToCV has been found in 35 countries and territories to date, constituting a paradigmatic example of an emergent plant pathogen. ToCV is transmitted semipersistently by whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) belonging to the genera Bemisia and Trialeurodes. Whitefly transmission is highly efficient and cases of 100% infection are frequently observed in the field. To date, no resistant or tolerant tomato plants are commercially available and the control of the disease relies primarily on the control of the insect vector. TAXONOMY Tomato chlorosis virus is one of the 14 accepted species in the genus Crinivirus, one of the four genera in the family Closteroviridae of plant viruses. VIRION AND GENOME PROPERTIES The genome of ToCV is composed of two molecules of single-stranded positive-sense RNA, named RNA1 and RNA2, separately encapsidated in long, flexuous, rod-like virions. As has been shown for other closterovirids, ToCV virions are believed to have a bipolar structure. RNA1 contains four open reading frames (ORFs) encoding proteins associated with virus replication and suppression of gene silencing, whereas RNA2 contains nine ORFs encoding proteins putatively involved in encapsidation, cell-to-cell movement, gene silencing suppression and whitefly transmission. HOST RANGE In addition to tomato, ToCV has been found to infect 84 dicot plant species belonging to 25 botanical families, including economically important crops. TRANSMISSION Like all species within the genus Crinivirus, ToCV is semipersistently transmitted by whiteflies, being one of only two criniviruses transmitted by members of the genera Bemisia and Trialeurodes. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Tomato 'yellow leaf disorder' syndrome includes interveinal yellowing and thickening of leaves. Symptoms first develop on lower leaves and then advance towards the upper part of the plant. Bronzing and necrosis of the older leaves are accompanied by a decline in vigour and reduction in fruit yield. In other hosts the most common symptoms include interveinal chlorosis and mild yellowing on older leaves. CONTROL Control of the disease caused by ToCV is based on the use of healthy seedlings for transplanting, limiting accessibility of alternate host plants that can serve as virus reservoirs and the spraying of insecticides for vector control. Although several wild tomato species have been shown to contain genotypes resistant to ToCV, there are no commercially available resistant or tolerant tomato varieties to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Fiallo‐Olivé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad de Málaga (IHSM‐CSIC‐UMA)Avenida Dr. Wienberg s/n29750Algarrobo‐Costa, MálagaSpain
| | - Jesús Navas‐Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad de Málaga (IHSM‐CSIC‐UMA)Avenida Dr. Wienberg s/n29750Algarrobo‐Costa, MálagaSpain
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Şahin-Çevik M, Sivri ED, Çevik B. Identification and Expression Analysis of Genes Induced in Response to Tomato chlorosis virus Infection in Tomato. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 35:257-273. [PMID: 31244571 PMCID: PMC6586192 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.12.2018.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most widely grown and economically important vegetable crops in the world. Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is one of the recently emerged viruses of tomato distributed worldwide. ToCV-tomato interaction was investigated at the molecular level for determining changes in the expression of tomato genes in response to ToCV infection in this study. A cDNA library enriched with genes induced in response to ToCV infection were constructed and 240 cDNAs were sequenced from this library. The macroarray analysis of 108 cDNAs revealed that the expression of 92 non-redundant tomato genes was induced by 1.5-fold or greater in response to ToCV infection. The majority of ToCV-induced genes identified in this study were associated with a variety of cellular functions including transcription, defense and defense signaling, metabolism, energy, transport facilitation, protein synthesis and fate and cellular biogenesis. Twenty ToCV-induced genes from different functional groups were selected and induction of 19 of these genes in response to ToCV infection was validated by RT-qPCR assay. Finally, the expression of 6 selected genes was analyzed in different stages of ToCV infection from 0 to 45 dpi. While the expression of three of these genes was only induced by ToCV infection, others were induced both by ToCV infection and wounding. The result showed that ToCV induced the basic defense response and activated the defense signaling in tomato plants at different stages of the infection. Functions of these defense related genes and their potential roles in disease development and resistance to ToCV are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Şahin-Çevik
- Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, 32260 Isparta,
Turkey
- Corresponding author: Phone) +902462118544, FAX) +902462114885, E-mail)
| | - Emine Doguş Sivri
- Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, 32260 Isparta,
Turkey
| | - Bayram Çevik
- Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Department of Plant Protection, 32260 Isparta,
Turkey
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Lee YJ, Kil EJ, Kwak HR, Kim M, Seo JK, Lee S, Choi HS. Phylogenetic Characterization of Tomato chlorosis virus Population in Korea: Evidence of Reassortment between Isolates from Different Origins. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 34:199-207. [PMID: 29887776 PMCID: PMC5985646 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.10.2017.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is a whitefly-transmitted and phloem-limited crinivirus. In 2013, severe interveinal chlorosis and bronzing on tomato leaves, known symptoms of ToCV infection, were observed in greenhouses in Korea. To identify ToCV infection in symptomatic tomato plants, RT-PCR with ToCV-specific primers was performed on leaf samples collected from 11 tomato cultivating areas where ToCV-like symptoms were observed in 2013 and 2014. About half of samples (45.18%) were confirmed as ToCV-infected, and the complete genome of 10 different isolates were characterized. This is the first report of ToCV occurring in Korea. The phylogenetic relationship and genetic variation among ToCV isolates from Korea and other countries were also analysed. When RNA1 and RNA2 are analysed separately, ToCV isolates were clustered into three groups in phylogenetic trees, and ToCV Korean isolates were confirmed to belong to two groups, which were geographically separated. These results suggested that Korean ToCV isolates originated from two independent origins. However, the RNA1 and RNA2 sequences of the Yeonggwang isolate were confirmed to belong to different groups, which indicated that ToCV RNA1 and RNA2 originated from two different origins and were reassorted in Yeonggwang, which is the intermediate point of two geographically separated groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ji Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419,
Korea
- Dapartment of Seed Services, Foundation of Agricultural Technology Commercialization and Transfer, Iksan 54667,
Korea
- Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Eui-Joon Kil
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419,
Korea
| | - Hae-Ryun Kwak
- Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Mikyeong Kim
- Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Jang-Kyun Seo
- Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354,
Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419,
Korea
| | - Hong-Soo Choi
- Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
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Orfanidou CG, Pappi PG, Efthimiou KE, Katis NI, Maliogka VI. Transmission of Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) by Bemisia tabaci Biotype Q and Evaluation of Four Weed Species as Viral Sources. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:2043-2049. [PMID: 30682999 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-16-0054-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is implicated in tomato yellows disease in many countries worldwide. It has a wide host range, including cultivated species as well as arable weeds, and it is transmitted in a semipersistent manner by at least five whitefly species or biotypes of the genera Trialeurodes and Bemisia. ToCV is not seed transmitted and more than 36 weed species have been recorded as natural reservoirs, acting as unique sources both for the virus and its vectors when susceptible crops are harvested. In this study, experiments were conducted to determine the transmission parameters of ToCV by biotype Q, the most abundant biotype of Bemisia tabaci in Greece. Results showed that biotype Q is an efficient vector of ToCV and it is able to retain the virus for at least 6 days. This vector was then used for the evaluation of four widespread weed species (Solanum nigrum, Sonchus oleraceus, Amaranthus retroflexus, and Chenopodium album) as ToCV sources through transmission experiments. Solanum nigrum was shown to be the most significant viral source among the tested weeds, followed by Sonchus oleraceus, A. retroflexus, and, lastly, C. album. Nevertheless, none of them was as efficient a ToCV source as tomato. This variation could be attributed to differences in virus concentration in each plant species or possible host preference by the whitefly vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Orfanidou
- Lab of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P G Pappi
- Lab of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - K E Efthimiou
- Lab of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N I Katis
- Lab of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - V I Maliogka
- Lab of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Kil EJ, Kim S, Lee YJ, Kang EH, Lee M, Cho SH, Kim MK, Lee KY, Heo NY, Choi HS, Kwon ST, Lee S. Advanced loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for sensitive and specific detection of Tomato chlorosis virus using a uracil DNA glycosylase to control carry-over contamination. J Virol Methods 2014; 213:68-74. [PMID: 25483127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In 2013, Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) was identified in symptomatic tomato plants in Korea. In the present study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method was developed using four specific primers designed against ORF6 in ToCV RNA2 to detect ToCV rapidly and with high sensitivity. The optimized reaction involved incubation of a reaction mixture containing 2U Bst DNA polymerase and 4mM MgSO4 for 1h at 60-62 °C. Although specific and rapid detection of ToCV by LAMP was confirmed, false-positive reactions caused by carry-over contamination sometimes occurred because of the high sensitivity of LAMP compared with other detection methods. To prevent false-positive reactions, dUTP was substituted for dTTP and uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) was added to the LAMP reaction. First, the LAMP reaction was conducted successfully with substitution of dUTP for dTTP. Before the next reaction, LAMP products with incorporated dUTP were cleaved selectively by UDG without any effect on thymine-containing DNA (template DNA). This modified LAMP method complemented with UDG treatment to prevent carry-over contamination offers a potentially powerful method for detecting plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Joon Kil
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea; The Institute of Life Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhoo Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea; Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea; Plant Quarantine Technology Center, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Suwon 443-400, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyeong Kim
- Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Yeoll Lee
- Institute of Plant Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Noh-Youl Heo
- Plant Quarantine Technology Center, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Suwon 443-400, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Soo Choi
- Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Tae Kwon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Orílio AF, Fortes IM, Navas-Castillo J. Infectious cDNA clones of the crinivirus Tomato chlorosis virus are competent for systemic plant infection and whitefly-transmission. Virology 2014; 464-465:365-374. [PMID: 25113907 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) (genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae) causes important emergent diseases in tomato and other solanaceous crops. ToCV is not transmitted mechanically and is naturally transmitted by whiteflies. The ToCV genome consists of two molecules of linear, positive-sense RNA encapsidated into long flexuous virions. We present the construction of full-length cDNA clones of the ToCV genome (RNA1 and RNA2) fused to the SP6 RNA polymerase promoter and under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. RNA1 replicated in the absence of RNA2 in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato protoplasts after inoculation with cDNA-derived in vitro transcripts. Agroinfiltration of RNA1 and RNA2 under the 35S promoter resulted in systemic infection in N. benthamiana plants. In addition, tomato plants were infected by grafting with agroinfected N. benthamiana scions, showing the typical ToCV symptoms. The viral progeny generated in tomato was transmissible by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelise F Orílio
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Isabel M Fortes
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain.
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