Reactions of Open-Pollinated Sweet Corn Cultivars to Stewart's Wilt, Common Rust, Northern Leaf Blight, and Southern Leaf Blight

Influence of Host Resistance on Stewart's Wilt Forecasts and Probability of Exceeding Thresholds for Use of Seed-Treatment Insecticides on Sweet Corn

Many sweet corn (Zea mays) hybrids commercially available today have higher levels of resistance to Stewart's disease (caused by Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii) than the cultivars from which Stevens developed the first forecast of this disease in the 1930s. Incorporating levels of host resistance into forecasts of the seedling wilt phase of Stewart's disease (i.e., Stewart's wilt) could improve control decisions for sweet corn which are made prior to planting. Incidence of systemic infection of seedlings was assessed on 27 sweet corn hybrids with a range of reactions to P. stewartii. In total, 741 observations were collected from 1998 to 2009 in 79 field trials at 15 locations throughout Illinois and one each in Kentucky and Delaware. Relative frequency distributions of the incidence of systemic Stewart's wilt were developed for combinations of hybrids with different levels of resistance and ranges of winter temperature from Stewart's wilt forecasts. The probability of exceeding thresholds of 1 or 5% incidence that warrant the use of seed-treatment insecticides on sweet corn grown for fresh market or processing, respectively, was determined from these frequency distributions. Levels of host resistance affected the incidence of systemic seedling wilt within ranges of winter temperatures used by Stewart's wilt forecasts. For moderate and resistant hybrids, frequency distributions of Stewart's wilt incidence and mean incidence ranging from 0.7 to 1.8% did not differ among three winter temperature ranges above -2.8°C. Conversely, distributions of Stewart's wilt incidence on susceptible hybrids differed among each of the four ranges of winter temperature from the Stevens-Boewe forecast (i.e., >0.6, -1.1 to 0.6, -2.8 to -1.1, and <-2.8°C), with mean incidence ranging from 0.5 to 8.5%. Occurrence of Stewart's wilt also differed among trials varying in number of winter months above -4.4°C, the criterion used by the Iowa State forecast of this disease. Levels of host resistance to P. stewartii also affected the occurrence of Stewart's wilt as predicted by the Iowa State method. The probability of exceeding economic thresholds of 1 or 5% incidence of systemic Stewart's wilt depended on levels of host resistance and winter temperature. Stewart's wilt is unlikely to exceed economic thresholds when the mean winter temperature is below -4.4°C. When mean winter temperature was above -2.8°C, the probability of exceeding 1% incidence of systemic Stewart's wilt was 0.59 for susceptible sweet corn hybrids and 0.28 for moderate and resistant hybrids. When mean winter temperature was below -2.8°C, the probability of exceeding 1% incidence of systemic Stewart's wilt was 0.22 for susceptible hybrids and 0.04 for moderate or resistant sweet corn hybrids. The probability of exceeding 5% incidence was less than 0.1, except when the mean winter temperature was above -2.8°C and susceptible hybrids were grown.

Selection for quantitative trait loci associated with resistance to Stewart's wilt in sweet corn

The objectives of this research were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for Stewart's wilt resistance from a mapping population derived from a sweet corn hybrid that is highly resistant to Pantoea stewartii and to determine if marker-based selection for those QTL could substantially improve Stewart's wilt resistance in a population derived from a cross of resistant lines and a highly susceptible sweet corn inbred. Three significant QTL for Stewart's wilt resistance on chromosomes 2 (bin 2.03), 5 (bin 5.03), and 6 (bin 6.06/6.07) explained 31% of the genetic variance in a population of 110 F(3:4) families derived from the sweet corn hybrid Bonus. The three QTL appeared to be additive in their effects on Stewart's wilt ratings. Based on means of families that were either homozygous or heterozygous for marker alleles associated with the resistance QTL, the QTL on chromosomes 2 and 6 appeared to have dominant or partially dominant gene action, while the QTL on chromosome 5 appeared to be recessive. A population of 422 BC(2)S(2) families was derived from crosses of a sweet corn inbred highly susceptible to Stewart's wilt, Green Giant Code 88 (GG88), and plants from two F(3:4) families (12465 and 12467) from the Bonus mapping population that were homozygous for marker alleles associated with Stewart's wilt resistance at the three QTL. Mean Stewart's wilt ratings for BC(2)S(2) families were significantly (P < 0.05) lower for families that were homozygous for the bnlg1902 marker allele (bin 5.03) from resistant lines 12465 or 12467 than for families that were heterozygous at this marker locus or homozygous for the bnlg1902 marker allele from GG88. Resistance associated with this QTL was expressed only if F(3:5) or BC(2)S(2) families were homozygous for marker alleles associated with the resistant inbred parent (P(1)). Marker alleles identified in the F(3:5) mapping population that were in proximity to the resistance QTL on chromosomes 2 and 6 were not polymorphic in crosses of GG88 with 12465 and 12467. Selection for other polymorphic marker loci adjacent to these two regions did not improve Stewart's wilt resistance of BC(2)S(2) families.

Stewart's Wilt Reactions of an International Collection of Zea mays Germ Plasm Inoculated with Erwinia stewartii

Maize accessions were evaluated in 1997, 1998, and 1999 to identify additional sources of Stewart's wilt resistance and to determine if reactions differed among accessions collected from various regions of the United States and throughout the world. The distributions of Stewart's wilt reactions rated from 1 (no appreciable spread of symptoms) to 9 (dead plants) were relatively similar among groups of accessions from all regions of the world except for those from the Mid-Atlantic/Ohio River Valley region of the United States, the southern United States, and the northeastern United States. The mean and median Stewart's wilt rating for 1,991 accessions evaluated in 1997 was 4. The mean Stewart's wilt rating for 245 accessions collected from the Mid-Atlantic/Ohio River Valley region was 3.1, which was significantly lower than that for accessions from all other regions. The mean rating for accessions from the southern United States was 3.7, which also was lower than mean ratings for accessions from all other regions. Ratings from trials in 1997 and 1998 were highly correlated (r = 0.87) for 292 accessions and 15 sweet corn hybrid checks evaluated in both years. Of 20 accessions rated below 2 in 1997 and 1998, seven were from Virginia, seven were from the Ohio River Valley or central Corn Belt of the United States, four were from the northern or western Corn Belt of the United States, and two were from Spain. Ratings for these accessions ranged from 1.7 to 3.1 in 1999. Ratings ranged from 2.6 to 3.7 for F₁ hybrids of these accessions crossed with one of two susceptible sweet corn inbreds, CrseW30 or Crse16, which were rated 5.7 and 5.4, respectively. Based on the reactions of this collection of germ plasm, it appears that high levels of Stewart's wilt resistance are prevalent only among accessions collected from areas where the disease has been endemic for several years, whereas moderate levels of resistance can be found in accessions collected from nearly everywhere in the world.