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Zhao X, Song J, Zeng Q, Ma Y, Fang H, Yang L, Deng B, Liu J, Fang J, Zuo L, Yue J. Auxin and cytokinin mediated regulation involved in vitro organogenesis of papaya. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 260:153405. [PMID: 33743435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In vitro organogenesis is a multistep process which is largely controlled by the balance between auxin and cytokinin. Previous studies revealed a complex network regulating in vitro organogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying de novo shoot formation in papaya (Carica papaya) remains limited. Here, we optimized multiple factors to achieve an efficient and reproducible protocol for the induction of papaya callus formation and shoot regeneration. Subsequently, we analyzed the dynamic transcriptome profiles of samples undergoing this process, identified 5381, 642, 4047, and 2386 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 447, 66, 350, and 263 encoding transcription factors (TFs), in four stage comparisons. The DEGs were mainly involved in phytohormone modulation and transduction processes, particularly for auxin and cytokinin. Of these, 21 and 7 candidate genes involved in the auxin and cytokinin pathways, respectively, had distinct expression patterns throughout in vitro organogenesis. Furthermore, we found two genes encoding key TFs, CpLBD19 and CpESR1, were sharply induced on callus induction medium and shoot induction medium, indicating these two TFs may serve as proxies for callus induction and shoot formation in papaya. We therefore report a regulatory network of auxin and cytokinin signaling in papaya according to the one previously modeled for Arabidopsis. Our comprehensive analyses provide insight into the early molecular regulation of callus initiation and shoot formation in papaya, and are useful for the further identification of the regulators governing in vitro organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Zhao
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Jinjin Song
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Qiuxia Zeng
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Yaying Ma
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Hanmei Fang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Liyuan Yang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Ban Deng
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jingping Fang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China.
| | - Liping Zuo
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Jingjing Yue
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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Vadlamudi T, Patil BL, Kaldis A, Sai Gopal DVR, Mishra R, Berbati M, Voloudakis A. DsRNA-mediated protection against two isolates of Papaya ringspot virus through topical application of dsRNA in papaya. J Virol Methods 2019; 275:113750. [PMID: 31647944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) infections in papaya result in heavy yield losses, severely affecting the papaya industry worldwide, and hence warranting for effective control measures. In the past, transgenic papaya cultivars were developed that overexpressed parts of the PRSV genome and exhibited high levels of virus resistance. In the present study, a non-transgenic approach was employed, in which in vitro produced dsRNA molecules derived from a PRSV isolate from South India (PRSV-Tirupati) was tested for dsRNA-mediated protection against two isolates of PRSV through topical application of the dsRNA on papaya. The results showed that the dsRNA molecules from both the coat protein (CP) and helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) genes of the PRSV-Tirupati isolate conferred 100 % resistance against PRSV-Tirupati infection. Further, the same dsRNA molecules were highly effective against the PRSV-Delhi isolate on the papaya cv. Pusa Nanha, conferring a resistance of 94 % and 81 %, respectively. Systemic papaya leaves of the dsRNA-treated plants were virus-free at 14 days post-inoculation, confirming the robustness of this non-transgenic virus control strategy. In contrast, the control TMV dsRNA did not protect against the PRSV infection. This study on the topical application of dsRNA opened up a new avenue for the control of papaya ringspot disease worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharanath Vadlamudi
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, 11855, Greece; Department of Virology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Basavaprabhu L Patil
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, IARI, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India; ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, 560089, India
| | - Athanasios Kaldis
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | | | - Ritesh Mishra
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, IARI, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Margarita Berbati
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Andreas Voloudakis
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, 11855, Greece.
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Prins TW, Scholtens IMJ, Bak AW, van Dijk JP, Voorhuijzen MM, Laurensse EJ, Kok EJ. A case study to determine the geographical origin of unknown GM papaya in routine food sample analysis, followed by identification of papaya events 16-0-1 and 18-2-4. Food Chem 2016; 213:536-544. [PMID: 27451215 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During routine monitoring for GMOs in food in the Netherlands, papaya-containing food supplements were found positive for the genetically modified (GM) elements P-35S and T-nos. The goal of this study was to identify the unknown and EU unauthorised GM papaya event(s). A screening strategy was applied using additional GM screening elements including a newly developed PRSV coat protein PCR. The detected PRSV coat protein PCR product was sequenced and the nucleotide sequence showed identity to PRSV YK strains indigenous to China and Taiwan. The GM events 16-0-1 and 18-2-4 could be identified by amplifying and sequencing events-specific sequences. Further analyses showed that both papaya event 16-0-1 and event 18-2-4 were transformed with the same construct. For use in routine analysis, derived TaqMan qPCR methods for events 16-0-1 and 18-2-4 were developed. Event 16-0-1 was detected in all samples tested whereas event 18-2-4 was detected in one sample. This study presents a strategy for combining information from different sources (literature, patent databases) and novel sequence data to identify unknown GM papaya events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo W Prins
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Ingrid M J Scholtens
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Arno W Bak
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Akkermaalsbos 4, 6708 WB Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen P van Dijk
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Marleen M Voorhuijzen
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Emile J Laurensse
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Catharijnesingel 59, 3511GG Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Esther J Kok
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, Netherlands.
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Abstract
Transgenic resistance to plant viruses is an important technology for control of plant virus infection, which has been demonstrated for many model systems, as well as for the most important plant viruses, in terms of the costs of crop losses to disease, and also for many other plant viruses infecting various fruits and vegetables. Different approaches have been used over the last 28 years to confer resistance, to ascertain whether particular genes or RNAs are more efficient at generating resistance, and to take advantage of advances in the biology of RNA interference to generate more efficient and environmentally safer, novel "resistance genes." The approaches used have been based on expression of various viral proteins (mostly capsid protein but also replicase proteins, movement proteins, and to a much lesser extent, other viral proteins), RNAs [sense RNAs (translatable or not), antisense RNAs, satellite RNAs, defective-interfering RNAs, hairpin RNAs, and artificial microRNAs], nonviral genes (nucleases, antiviral inhibitors, and plantibodies), and host-derived resistance genes (dominant resistance genes and recessive resistance genes), and various factors involved in host defense responses. This review examines the above range of approaches used, the viruses that were tested, and the host species that have been examined for resistance, in many cases describing differences in results that were obtained for various systems developed in the last 20 years. We hope this compilation of experiences will aid those who are seeking to use this technology to provide resistance in yet other crops, where nature has not provided such.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Palukaitis
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Azad MAK, Amin L, Sidik NM. Gene technology for papaya ringspot virus disease management. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:768038. [PMID: 24757435 PMCID: PMC3976845 DOI: 10.1155/2014/768038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Papaya (Carica papaya) is severely damaged by the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). This review focuses on the development of PRSV resistant transgenic papaya through gene technology. The genetic diversity of PRSV depends upon geographical distribution and the influence of PRSV disease management on a sequence of PRSV isolates. The concept of pathogen-derived resistance has been employed for the development of transgenic papaya, using a coat protein-mediated, RNA-silencing mechanism and replicase gene-mediated transformation for effective PRSV disease management. The development of PRSV-resistant papaya via post-transcriptional gene silencing is a promising technology for PRSV disease management. PRSV-resistant transgenic papaya is environmentally safe and has no harmful effects on human health. Recent studies have revealed that the success of adoption of transgenic papaya depends upon the application, it being a commercially viable product, bio-safety regulatory issues, trade regulations, and the wider social acceptance of the technology. This review discusses the genome and the genetic diversity of PRSV, host range determinants, molecular diagnosis, disease management strategies, the development of transgenic papaya, environmental issues, issues in the adoption of transgenic papaya, and future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Abul Kalam Azad
- Centre for General Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Agricultural Extension, Khamarbari, Farmgate, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Latifah Amin
- Centre for General Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nik Marzuki Sidik
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Fermin G, Tennant P. Opportunities and constraints to biotechnological applications in the Caribbean: transgenic papayas in Jamaica and Venezuela. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:681-687. [PMID: 21212960 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this opinion article, we briefly review the status of crop biotechnology research-with emphasis on the development of GM crops-in Jamaica and Venezuela. We focus on the transgenic papayas developed for both countries, and examine the factors hindering not only the development and application of this biotechnological commodity for the improvement of agricultural productivity, but also on the challenges influencing societal acceptance of the technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Fermin
- Centro Jardín Botánico, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 5101, Mérida, Venezuela,
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Generation of hermaphrodite transgenic papaya lines with virus resistance via transformation of somatic embryos derived from adventitious roots of in vitro shoots. Transgenic Res 2009; 19:621-35. [PMID: 19943109 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-009-9344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Papaya production is seriously limited by Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) worldwide and Papaya leaf-distortion mosaic virus (PLDMV) in Eastern Asia. An efficient transformation method for developing papaya lines with transgenic resistance to these viruses and commercially desirable traits, such as hermaphroditism, is crucial to shorten the breeding program for this fruit crop. In this investigation, an untranslatable chimeric construct pYP08 containing truncated PRSV coat protein (CP) and PLDMV CP genes coupled with the 3' untranslational region of PLDMV, was generated. Root segments from different portions of adventitious roots of in vitro multiple shoots of hermaphroditic plants of papaya cultivars 'Tainung No. 2', 'Sunrise', and 'Thailand' were cultured on induction medium for regeneration into somatic embryos. The highest frequency of somatic embryogenesis was from the root-tip segments of adventitious roots developed 2-4 weeks after rooting in perlite medium. After proliferation, embryogenic tissues derived from somatic embryos were wounded in liquid-phase by carborundum and transformed by Agrobacterium carrying pYP08. Similarly, another construct pBG-PLDMVstop containing untranslatable CP gene of PLDMV was also transferred to 'Sunrise' and 'Thailand', the parental cultivars of 'Tainung No. 2'. Among 107 transgenic lines regenerated from 349 root-tip segments, nine lines of Tainung No. 2 carrying YP08 were highly resistant to PRSV and PLDMV, and 9 lines (8 'Sunrise' and 1 'Thailand') carrying PLDMV CP highly resistant to PLDMV, by a mechanism of post-transcriptional gene silencing. The hermaphroditic characteristics of the transgenic lines were confirmed by PCR with sex-linked primers and phenotypes of flower and fruit. Our approach has generated transgenic resistance to both PRSV and PLDMV with commercially desirable characters and can significantly shorten the time-consuming breeding programs for the generation of elite cultivars of papaya hybrids.
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Tecson Mendoza EM, C Laurena A, Botella JR. Recent advances in the development of transgenic papaya technology. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008; 14:423-62. [PMID: 18606373 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(08)00019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Papaya with resistance to papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is the first genetically modified tree and fruit crop and also the first transgenic crop developed by a public institution that has been commercialized. This chapter reviews the different transformation systems used for papaya and recent advances in the use of transgenic technology to introduce important quality and horticultural traits in papaya. These include the development of the following traits in papaya: resistance to PRSV, mites and Phytophthora, delayed ripening trait or long shelf life by inhibiting ethylene production or reducing loss of firmness, and tolerance or resistance to herbicide and aluminum toxicity. The use of papaya to produce vaccine against tuberculosis and cysticercosis, an infectious animal disease, has also been explored. Because of the economic importance of papaya, there are several collaborative and independent efforts to develop PRSV transgenic papaya technology in 14 countries. This chapter further reviews the strategies and constraints in the adoption of the technology and biosafety to the environment and food safety. Constraints to adoption include public perception, strict and expensive regulatory procedures and intellectual property issues.
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Genetic variation of papaya ringspot virus in Venezuela. Arch Virol 2007; 153:343-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-1091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chin M, Rojas Y, Moret J, Fermin G, Tennant P, Gonsalves D. Varying genetic diversity of Papaya ringspot virus isolates from two time-separated outbreaks in Jamaica and Venezuela. Arch Virol 2007; 152:2101-6. [PMID: 17668274 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-1035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Coat protein sequences of 22 Papaya ringspot virus isolates collected from different locations in Jamaica and Venezuela in 1999 and 2004, respectively, were determined and compared with sequences of isolates from earlier epidemics in 1990 and 1993. Jamaican isolates collected in 1999 exhibited nucleotide sequence identities between 98 and 100% but shared lower identities of 92.2% with an isolate collected in 1990. Isolates from the 2004 epidemic in Venezuela exhibited more heterogeneity, with identities between 88.7 and 98.8%. However, isolates collected in 1993 were more closely related (97.7%). The viral populations of the two countries are genetically different and appear to be changing at different rates; presumably driven by introductions, movement of plant materials, geographical isolation, and disease management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chin
- Biotechnology Centre, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Gonsalves
- USDA Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center 99 Aupuni St., Suite 204, Hilo, Hawaii 96720
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Tennant P, Ahmad MH, Gonsalves D. Field Resistance of Coat Protein Transgenic Papaya to Papaya ringspot virus in Jamaica. PLANT DISEASE 2005; 89:841-847. [PMID: 30786515 DOI: 10.1094/pd-89-0841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic papayas (Carica papaya) containing translatable coat protein (CPT) or nontranslatable coat protein (CPNT) gene constructs were evaluated over two generations for field resistance to Papaya ringspot virus in a commercial papaya growing area in Jamaica. Reactions of R0 CPT transgenic lines included no symptoms and mild or severe leaf and fruit symptoms. All three reactions were observed in one line and among different lines. Trees of most CPNT lines exhibited severe symptoms of infection, and some also showed mild symptoms. R1 offspring showed reactions previously observed with parental R0 trees; however, reactions not previously observed or a lower incidence of the reaction were also obtained. The transgenic lines appear to possess virus disease resistance that can be manipulated in subsequent generations for the development of a product with acceptable commercial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Tennant
- Biotechnology Center and Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - M H Ahmad
- Biotechnology Center, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - D Gonsalves
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456
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Abstract
A vast number of plant pathogens from viroids of a few hundred nucleotides to higher plants cause diseases in our crops. Their effects range from mild symptoms to catastrophes in which large areas planted to food crops are destroyed. Catastrophic plant disease exacerbates the current deficit of food supply in which at least 800 million people are inadequately fed. Plant pathogens are difficult to control because their populations are variable in time, space, and genotype. Most insidiously, they evolve, often overcoming the resistance that may have been the hard-won achievement of the plant breeder. In order to combat the losses they cause, it is necessary to define the problem and seek remedies. At the biological level, the requirements are for the speedy and accurate identification of the causal organism, accurate estimates of the severity of disease and its effect on yield, and identification of its virulence mechanisms. Disease may then be minimized by the reduction of the pathogen's inoculum, inhibition of its virulence mechanisms, and promotion of genetic diversity in the crop. Conventional plant breeding for resistance has an important role to play that can now be facilitated by marker-assisted selection. There is also a role for transgenic modification with genes that confer resistance. At the political level, there is a need to acknowledge that plant diseases threaten our food supplies and to devote adequate resources to their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Strange
- Department of Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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