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Wang J, Zhao Z, Niu Q, Zhu T, Gao R, Sun Y. Draft Genome Sequence Resource of Sweet Cherry Virescence Phytoplasma Strain SCV-TA2020 Associated with Sweet Cherry Virescence Disease in China. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3269-3272. [PMID: 36947840 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-23-0042-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sweet cherry virescence phytoplasma strain SCV-TA2020, a related strain of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi', is a pathogen associated with sweet cherry virescence disease in China. Here, we provide the first-draft genome sequence of SCV-TA2020, which consists of 775,344 bases, with a GC content of 23.21%. This will provide a reference for understanding the host selection and diversity of host-specific symptoms of 16SrV-B subgroup phytoplasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University/Key Laboratories for Integrated Control Corps of Agricultural Pests Management Corps in Southern Xinjiang/National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratories with High-Efficiency and High-Quality Cultivation and Deep Processing Technology for Characteristic Fruit Trees in Southern Xinjiang, Xinjiang Alar 843300, China
| | - Qinglin Niu
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Tiansheng Zhu
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University/Key Laboratories for Integrated Control Corps of Agricultural Pests Management Corps in Southern Xinjiang/National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratories with High-Efficiency and High-Quality Cultivation and Deep Processing Technology for Characteristic Fruit Trees in Southern Xinjiang, Xinjiang Alar 843300, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Yugang Sun
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
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Cooper WR, Walker WB, Angelella GM, Swisher Grimm KD, Foutz JJ, Harper SJ, Nottingham LB, Northfield TD, Wohleb CH, Strausbaugh CA. Bacterial Endosymbionts Identified From Leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Vectors of Phytoplasmas. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:243-253. [PMID: 36869841 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Insects often harbor bacterial endosymbionts that provide them with nutritional benefit or with protection against natural enemies, plant defenses, insecticides, and abiotic stresses. Certain endosymbionts may also alter acquisition and transmission of plant pathogens by insect vectors. We identified bacterial endosymbionts from four leafhopper vectors (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' species by direct sequencing 16S rDNA and confirmed endosymbiont presence and identity by species-specific conventional PCR. We examined three vectors of Ca. Phytoplasma pruni, causal agent of cherry X-disease [Colladonus geminatus (Van Duzee), Colladonus montanus reductus (Van Duzee), Euscelidius variegatus (Kirschbaum)] - and a vector of Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii, the causal agent of potato purple top disease [Circulifer tenellus (Baker)]. Direct sequencing of 16S identified the two obligate endosymbionts of leafhoppers, 'Ca. Sulcia' and 'Ca. Nasuia', which are known to produce essential amino acids lacking in the leafhoppers' phloem sap diet. About 57% of C. geminatus also harbored endosymbiotic Rickettsia. We identified 'Ca. Yamatotoia cicadellidicola' in Euscelidius variegatus, providing just the second host record for this endosymbiont. Circulifer tenellus harbored the facultative endosymbiont Wolbachia, although the average infection rate was only 13% and all males were Wolbachia-uninfected. A significantly greater percentage of Wolbachia-infected Ci. tenellus adults than uninfected adults carried Ca. P. trifolii, suggesting that Wolbachia may increase this insect's ability to tolerate or acquire this pathogen. Results of our study provide a foundation for continued work on interactions between leafhoppers, bacterial endosymbionts, and phytoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Rodney Cooper
- USDA-ARS Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - William B Walker
- USDA-ARS Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - Gina M Angelella
- USDA-ARS Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - Kylie D Swisher Grimm
- USDA-ARS Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - Jillian J Foutz
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 166 FSHN Building, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Scott J Harper
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Education Center, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Louis B Nottingham
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, 1100 N. Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - Tobin D Northfield
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, 1100 N. Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - Carrie H Wohleb
- Washington State University Extension, 1525 E. Wheeler Road, Moses Lake, WA 98837, USA
| | - Carl A Strausbaugh
- USDA-ARS Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory, Kimberly, ID 83341, USA
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Draft Genome Sequence of a Washington Isolate of “
Candidatus
Phytoplasma pruni”. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0079022. [DOI: 10.1128/mra.00790-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Illumina sequencing of a
Prunus avium
tree with X-disease symptoms was performed to obtain a draft genome of “
Candidatus
Phytoplasma pruni.” The genome consists of 14 contigs covering 588,767 bp. This is the first metagenome to be sequenced from the current X-disease epidemic in stone fruit in the Pacific Northwest.
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Shires MK, Wright AA, Harper SJ. Improved Detection of Little Cherry Virus-2 Using a Hydrolysis Probe to Manage the Pacific Northwest Little Cherry Disease Epidemic. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1875-1881. [PMID: 35021871 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-21-1769-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Little cherry virus-2 (LChV-2) is a viral pathogen that is reaching epidemic levels in Washington State. This virus is insect vectored and has significant impacts on sweet cherry production. To aid growers in making informed management decisions, we sought to develop a diagnostic assay to better detect isolates of LChV-2 currently found in Washington, allowing more accurate estimations of disease occurrence. This study showed that there were two distinct genotypes of LChV-2 present in Washington State. This information was used to develop an up-to-date reverse transcription real-time quantitative PCR assay, which was then optimized, validated, and compared with four previously published assays of a panel of field samples. This comparison demonstrated that the newly developed assay provided greater sensitivity, accurately detecting <10 copies per reaction and could detect both LChV-2 genotypes. Finally, we examined the effect of potential inhibitors in various tissue types from cherry, finding that young leaf tissue affected sensitivity of detection less than root tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalyn K Shires
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350
| | - Alice A Wright
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350
| | - Scott J Harper
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350
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Wright AA, Shires M, Molnar C, Bishop G, Johnson A, Frias C, Harper SJ. Titer and Distribution of ' Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni' in Prunus avium. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1406-1412. [PMID: 35021858 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-21-0468-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni' infection in cherries causes small, misshapen fruit with poor color and taste, rendering the fruit unmarketable. However, this is a disease with a long development cycle and a scattered, nonuniform symptom distribution in the early stages. To better understand the biology as well as the relationship between pathogen titer and disease expression, we carried out seasonal, spatial, and temporal examinations of 'Ca. P. pruni' titer and distribution in infected orchard-grown trees. Sequential sampling of heavily infected trees revealed marked seasonal patterns, with differential accumulation in woody stem and leaf tissues and, most notably, within fruit in the early stages of development from bloom to pit hardening. Furthermore, mapping phytoplasma distribution and titer in trees at different stages of infection indicated that infection proceeds through a series of stages. Initially, infection spreads basipetally and accumulates in the roots before populating aerial parts of the trees from the trunk upward, with infection of specific tissues and limbs followed by an increasing phytoplasma titer. Finally, we observed a correlation between phytoplasma titer and symptom severity, with severe symptom onset associated with three to four orders of magnitude more phytoplasma than mild symptoms. Cumulatively, these data aid in accurate sampling and management decision-making and furthers our understanding of disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Wright
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350
| | - M Shires
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350
| | - C Molnar
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350
| | - G Bishop
- G.S. Long Company, Union Gap, WA 98903
| | - A Johnson
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - C Frias
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - S J Harper
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350
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