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Chen W, Zhang JW, Qin BX, Xie HT, Zhang Z, Qiao XZ, Li SK, Asif M, Guo S, Cui LX, Wang PP, Dong LH, Guo QG, Jiang WJ, Ma P, Xia ZY, Lu CH, Zhang LQ. Quantitative detection of the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex in soil by qPCR combined with a recombinant internal control strain. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0021023. [PMID: 37966217 PMCID: PMC10715031 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00210-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE DNA-based detection and quantification of soil-borne pathogens, such as the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC), plays a vital role in risk assessment, but meanwhile, precise quantification is difficult due to the poor purity and yield of the soil DNA retrieved. The internal sample process control (ISPC) strain RsPC we developed solved this problem and significantly improved the accuracy of quantification of RSSC in different soils. ISPC-based quantitative PCR detection is a method especially suitable for the quantitative detection of microbes in complex matrices (such as soil and sludge) containing various PCR inhibitors and for those not easy to lyse (like Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and thick-wall cells like resting spores). In addition, the use of ISPC strains removes additional workload on the preparation of high-quality template DNA and facilitates the development of high-throughput quantitative detection techniques for soil microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Bi-Xia Qin
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Xixiangtang District, Nanning, China
| | - Hui-Ting Xie
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Xixiangtang District, Nanning, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Ze Qiao
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Shan-Kui Li
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Song Guo
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Xian Cui
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Xixiangtang District, Nanning, China
| | - Pei-Pei Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, IPM Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Lianchi District, Baoding, China
| | - Li-Hong Dong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, IPM Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Lianchi District, Baoding, China
| | - Qing-Gang Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, IPM Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Lianchi District, Baoding, China
| | - Wen-Jun Jiang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, IPM Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Lianchi District, Baoding, China
| | - Zhen-Yuan Xia
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Wuhua District, Kunming, China
| | - Can-Hua Lu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Wuhua District, Kunming, China
| | - Li-Qun Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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Lu CH, Zhang YY, Jiang N, Chen W, Shao X, Zhao ZM, Lu WL, Hu X, Xi YX, Zou SY, Wei QJ, Lin ZL, Gong L, Gai XT, Zhang LQ, Li JY, Jin Y, Xia ZY. Ralstonia chuxiongensis sp. nov., Ralstonia mojiangensis sp. nov., and Ralstonia soli sp. nov., isolated from tobacco fields, are three novel species in the family Burkholderiaceae. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1179087. [PMID: 37213510 PMCID: PMC10196183 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1179087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight Gram-negative, aerobic, motile with paired polar flagella and rod-shaped bacteria were isolated from six tobacco fields in Yunnan, PR China. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that all the strains belonged to the genus Ralstonia. Among them, strain 22TCCZM03-6 had an identical 16S rRNA sequence to that of R. wenshanensis 56D2T, and the other strains were closely related to R. pickettii DSM 6297T (98.34–99.86%), R. wenshanensis 56D2T (98.70–99.64%), and R. insidiosa CCUG 46789T (97.34–98.56%). Genome sequencing yielded sizes ranging from 5.17 to 5.72 Mb, with overall G + C contents of 63.3–64.1%. Pairwise genome comparisons showed that strain 22TCCZM03-6 shared average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values above the species cut-off with R. wenshanensis 56D2T, suggesting that strain 22TCCZM03-6 is a special strain of the R. wenshanensis. Five strains, including 21MJYT02-10T, 21LDWP02-16, 22TCJT01-1, 22TCCZM01-4, and 22TCJT01-2, had ANI values >95% and dDDH values >70% when compared with each other. These five strains had ANI values of 73.32–94.17% and dDDH of 22.0–55.20% with the type strains of the genus Ralstonia individually, supporting these five strains as a novel species in the genus Ralstonia. In addition, strains 21YRMH01-3T and 21MJYT02-11T represent two independent species. They both had ANI and dDDH values below the thresholds for species delineation when compared with the type species of the genus Ralstonia. In strains 21YRMH01-3T and 21MJYT02-10T, the main fatty acids were summed features 3, 8, and C16:0; however, strain 21MJYT02-11T contained C16:0, cyclo-C17:0, and summed features 3 as major fatty acids. The main polar lipids, including diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine, were identified from strains 21YRMH01-3T, 21MJYT02-10T, and 21MJYT02-11T. The ubiquinones Q-7 and Q-8 were also detected in these strains, with Q-8 being the predominant quinone. Based on the above data, we propose that the eight strains represent one known species and three novel species in the genus Ralstonia, for which the names Ralstonia chuxiongensis sp. nov., Ralstonia mojiangensis sp. nov., and Ralstonia soli sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains are 21YRMH01-3T (=GDMCC 1.3534T = JCM 35818T), 21MJYT02-10T (=GDMCC 1.3531T = JCM 35816T), and 21MJYT02-11T (=GDMCC 1.3532T = JCM 35817T), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can-Hua Lu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen-Yuan Xia, ; Can-Hua Lu,
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Shao
- Puer Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Puer, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zhao
- Baoshan Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Baoshan, China
| | - Wen-Lin Lu
- Zhaotong Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Zhaoyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- Chuxiong Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Chuxiong, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Xi
- Baoshan Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Baoshan, China
| | - Si-Yuan Zou
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qiu-Ju Wei
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhong-Long Lin
- China National Tobacco Corporation Yunnan Company, Kunming, China
| | - Li Gong
- Puer Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Puer, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Gai
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Li-Qun Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Ying Li
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhen-Yuan Xia
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen-Yuan Xia, ; Can-Hua Lu,
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Liu JY, Zhang JF, Wu HL, Chen Z, Li SY, Li HM, Zhang CP, Zhou YQ, Lu CH. Proposal to classify Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype I strains as Ralstonia nicotianae sp. nov., and a genomic comparison between members of the genus Ralstonia. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1135872. [PMID: 37032877 PMCID: PMC10073495 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1135872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, motile bacterium with multi-flagella, strain RST, was isolated from bacterial wilt of tobacco in Yuxi city of Yunnan province, China. The strain contains the major fatty acids of C16:0, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c), and summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c). The polar lipid profile of strain RST consists of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and unidentified aminophospholipid. Strain RST contains ubiquinones Q-7 and Q-8. 16S rRNA gene sequence (1,407 bp) analysis showed that strain RST is closely related to members of the genus Ralstonia and shares the highest sequence identities with R. pseudosolanacearum LMG 9673T (99.50%), R. syzygii subsp. indonesiensis LMG 27703T (99.50%), R. solanacearum LMG 2299T (99.28%), and R. syzygii subsp. celebesensis LMG 27706T (99.21%). The 16S rRNA gene sequence identities between strain RST and other members of the genus Ralstonia were below 98.00%. Genome sequencing yielded a genome size of 5.61 Mbp and a G + C content of 67.1 mol%. The genomic comparison showed average nucleotide identity (ANIb) values between strain RST and R. pseudosolanacearum LMG 9673T, R. solanacearum LMG 2299T, and R. syzygii subsp. indonesiensis UQRS 627T of 95.23, 89.43, and 91.41%, respectively, and the corresponding digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values (yielded by formula 2) were 66.20, 44.80, and 47.50%, respectively. In addition, strains belonging to R. solanacearum phylotype I shared both ANIb and dDDH with strain RST above the species cut-off values of 96 and 70%, respectively. The ANIb and dDDH values between the genome sequences from 12 strains of R. solanacearum phylotype III (Current R. pseudosolanacearum) and those of strain RST were below the species cut-off values. Based on these data, we concluded that strains of phylotype I, including RST, represent a novel species of the genus Ralstonia, for which the name Ralstonia nicotianae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Ralstonia nicotianae sp. nov. is RST (=GDMCC 1.3533T = JCM 35814T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ying Liu
- College of Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, China
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, China
| | - Jian-Feng Zhang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Han-Lian Wu
- College of Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, China
| | - Shu-Ying Li
- College of Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, China
| | - Hong-Mei Li
- College of Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, China
| | - Cui-Ping Zhang
- College of Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Zhou
- College of Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, China
- Yuan-Qing Zhou,
| | - Can-Hua Lu
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Can-Hua Lu,
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Lu CH, Chen W, Yin HH, Lin ZL, Li JY, Ma JH, Gai XT, Jiang N, Cao ZH, Qian L, Zhang LQ, Jin Y, Xia ZY. Ralstonia wenshanensis sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from a tobacco field in Yunnan, China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [PMID: 36748420 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-negative, aerobic, motile with paired polar flagella and rod-shaped bacterium strain (56D2T) was isolated from tobacco planting soil in Yunnan, PR China. Major fatty acids were C16 : 1 ω7c (summed feature 3), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1 ω7c (summed feature 8). The polar lipid profile of strain 56D2T consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminophospholipid and one unidentified glycolipid. Moreover, strain 56D2T contained ubiquinone Q-8 as the sole respiratory quinone. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 56D2T was closely related to members of the genus Ralstonia and the two type strains with the highest sequence identities were R. mannitolilytica LMG 6866T (98.36 %) and R. pickettii K-288T (98.22 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence identities between strain 56D2T and other members of the genus Ralstonia were below 98.00 %. Genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 5.87 Mb and a G+C content of 63.7 mol%. The average nucleotide identity values between strain 56D2T and R. pickettii K-288T, R. mannitolilytica LMG 6866 T and R. insidiosa CCUG 46789T were less than 95 %, and the in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values (yielded by formula 2) were less than 70 %. Based on these data, we conclude that strain 56D2T represents a novel species of the genus Ralstonia, for which the name Ralstonia wenshanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Ralstonia wenshanensis sp. nov. is 56D2T (=CCTCC AB 2021466T=GDMCC 1.2886T=JCM 35178T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Can-Hua Lu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650021, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Colledge of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Hong-Hui Yin
- Wenshan Branch of Yunnan Provincial Tobacco Company, Wenshan 663000, PR China
| | - Zhong-Long Lin
- China National Tobacco Corporation Yunnan Company, Kunming 650011, PR China
| | - Jun-Ying Li
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650021, PR China
| | - Jun-Hong Ma
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650021, PR China
| | - Xiao-Tong Gai
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650021, PR China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650021, PR China
| | - Zheng-Hua Cao
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650021, PR China
| | - Lei Qian
- Hongta Branch of Yuxi Tobacco Company, Yuxi 653100, PR China
| | - Li-Qun Zhang
- Colledge of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yan Jin
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650021, PR China
| | - Zhen-Yuan Xia
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650021, PR China
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Lu CH, Zhen AZ, Jiang N, Fan YY, Du F, Gai X, Lin ZL, Ma JH, Jin Y, Xia ZY. First Report of Pectobacterium versatile Causing Stem Rot of Tobacco in China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 107:936. [PMID: 35971260 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-22-1412-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco is one of the most significant non-food cash crops (Lu et al. 2020). In March 2022, cigar tobacco plants showing characteristic symptoms of vascular discoloration, stem rotting, leaf wilting and rotting were observed in Tengchong city (N 25°3'26″, E 98°25'6″) of Yunnan province, China (Fig. S1). The disease incidence was about 5% on cultivar Yunxue 6 in a 33-ha field. Infected stems were collected from Tengchong for pathogen isolation and 16S rDNA sequence analysis was performed as previously described (Lu et al. 2021). Sequence analysis showed that tobacco isolates (GenBank accession numbers: ON795108, ON795107 and ON795106) had an identical sequence with that of the species type strain of Pectobacterium versatile CFBP 6051T and shared the sequence identities of 99.55% and 99.47% with P. carotovorum DSM 30168T and P. parvum s0421T, respectively. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis showed that tobacco strains were clustered with Pectobacterium versatile CFBP 6051T (Fig. S2a). In API assays, strain 22TC1 was positive for β-galactosidase activity, reduction of nitrates to nitrites, fermentation of glucose, hydrolysis of esculin and gelatin, assimilation of D-glucose, L-arabinose, D-mannose, D-mannitol, N-acetylglucosamine, malic acid and trisodium citrate; positive for the enzymatic substrates of alkaline phosphatase, leucine arylamidase, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase and α-glucosidase. Furthermore, the average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis (Richter et al. 2015) showed that strain 22TC1 (GenBank accession number: JAMWYQ000000000) had the highest ANIb score of 96.76% and ANIm value of 97.19% with P. versatile CFBP 6051T. Similarly, in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (isDDH) value was 74.5% compared to P. versatile CFBP 6051T, isDDH values were 35.5-63.7% with the other Pectobacterium species, which below the 70% threshold value for species delineation (Meier-Kolthoff et al. 2021). The phylogenomic analysis also showed that strain 22TC1 was clustered with the species type strain of P. versatile CFBP 6051T. For pathogenicity tests, cell suspension with ten-fold dilution (approx. 1 x 108 CFU/ml) was injected into the leaf axils of two 2-month-old tobacco stems (cv. Yunyan 87). As a control, tobacco seedlings were inoculated with sterile distilled water. The plants were sealed in plastic bags and maintained in a growth chamber at 28°C for 2 d. The symptoms of water-soaked decay were observed within 24 h of inoculation. Whole-plant decay was at 2 days after injection. No symptoms were developed in the controls. Reisolation was performed on diseased stems and the identity of isolated bacteria was confirmed by PCR and sequencing of 16S rRNA. Similar results were obtained in two independent experiments. Based on the above-described data, the causal pathogen of stem rot on cigar tobacco in Tengchong was identified as P. versatile. To our knowledge, this is the first time that P. versatile is found to cause stem rot on tobacco. Pectobacterium species have been reported to cause seed-borne diseases on tobacco seedlings in the floating tray system and soil-borne diseases in tobacco fields (Wang et al. 2017; Xia and Mo 2007). Therefore, studying the possible transmission of the P. versatile to tobacco plants is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can-Hua Lu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China;
| | | | - Ning Jiang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China;
| | | | | | - Xiaotong Gai
- Dongling road 120Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China, 110161;
| | - Zhong-Long Lin
- China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Corporation, Kunming, Yunnan, China;
| | | | - Yan Jin
- Kunming, China
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China;
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Prakoso AB, Joko T, Soffan A, Sari JP, Ray JD, Drenth A, Subandiyah S. Draft Genome Sequence of Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis from Indonesia, the Causal Agent of Blood Disease of Banana. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1584-1586. [PMID: 35522569 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-21-0443-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ady B Prakoso
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Tri Joko
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Alan Soffan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Juli P Sari
- Dinas Pangan, Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura Provinsi Riau, Pekanbaru, 28142, Indonesia
| | - Jane D Ray
- Centre for Horticultural Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4001, Australia
| | - André Drenth
- Centre for Horticultural Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4001, Australia
| | - Siti Subandiyah
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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