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Pierro R, Moussa A, Mori N, Marcone C, Quaglino F, Romanazzi G. Bois noir management in vineyard: a review on effective and promising control strategies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1364241. [PMID: 38601314 PMCID: PMC11004249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1364241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Among grapevine yellows, Bois noir (BN), associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', represents the biggest threat in the main wine-growing areas worldwide, causing significant losses in berry quality and yields. BN epidemiology involves multiple plant hosts and several insect vectors, making considerably complex the development of effective management strategies. Since application of insecticides on the grapevine canopy is not effective to manage vectors, BN management includes an integrated approach based on treatments to the canopy to make the plant more resistant to the pathogen and/or inhibit the vector feeding, and actions on reservoir plants to reduce possibilities that the vector reaches the grapevine and transmit the phytoplasma. Innovative sustainable strategies developed in the last twenty years to improve the BN management are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pierro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Abdelhameed Moussa
- Pests and Plant Protection Department, Agricultural & Biological Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nicola Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Carmine Marcone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Fabio Quaglino
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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2
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Correa Marrero M, Capdevielle S, Huang W, Al-Subhi AM, Busscher M, Busscher-Lange J, van der Wal F, de Ridder D, van Dijk ADJ, Hogenhout SA, Immink RGH. Protein interaction mapping reveals widespread targeting of development-related host transcription factors by phytoplasma effectors. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1281-1297. [PMID: 37965720 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are pathogenic bacteria that reprogram plant host development for their own benefit. Previous studies have characterized a few different phytoplasma effector proteins that destabilize specific plant transcription factors. However, these are only a small fraction of the potential effectors used by phytoplasmas; therefore, the molecular mechanisms through which phytoplasmas modulate their hosts require further investigation. To obtain further insights into the phytoplasma infection mechanisms, we generated a protein-protein interaction network between a broad set of phytoplasma effectors and a large, unbiased collection of Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factors and transcriptional regulators. We found widespread, but specific, interactions between phytoplasma effectors and host transcription factors, especially those related to host developmental processes. In particular, many unrelated effectors target specific sets of TCP transcription factors, which regulate plant development and immunity. Comparison with other host-pathogen protein interaction networks shows that phytoplasma effectors have unusual targets, indicating that phytoplasmas have evolved a unique and unusual infection strategy. This study contributes a rich and solid data source that guides further investigations of the functions of individual effectors, as demonstrated for some herein. Moreover, the dataset provides insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of phytoplasma infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Correa Marrero
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvain Capdevielle
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Weijie Huang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ali M Al-Subhi
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, 11 Al Khod 123, al-Seeb, Oman
| | - Marco Busscher
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Busscher-Lange
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Froukje van der Wal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dick de Ridder
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aalt D J van Dijk
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard G H Immink
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kosovac A, Rekanović E, Ćurčić Ž, Stepanović J, Duduk B. Plants under Siege: Investigating the Relevance of ' Ca. P. solani' Cixiid Vectors through a Multi-Test Study. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4157. [PMID: 38140484 PMCID: PMC10748216 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Crop losses caused by the plant pathogenic bacterium 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' (CaPsol) underscore the need to better understand its perplexing epidemiological pathways. Hyalesthes obsoletus (Hemiptera, Cixiidae) is a prominent CaPsol vector with three plant associations in Serbia (ex Urtica dioica/HobsUd; ex Convolvulus arvensis/HobsCa; ex Crepis foetida/HobsCf). Another cixiid planthopper, Reptalus quinquecostatus (Dufour), has been recently confirmed as a noteworthy CaPsol vector. A multi-test study assessed the relevance of H. obsoletus associations and R. quinquecostatus populations from Crataegus monogyna and Prunus spinosa in CaPsol occurrence in sugar beet, maize, and tobacco. Molecular typing of the CaPsol strains transmitted to test plants in experimental trials provided the first evidence of HobsUd transmitting CaPsol tuf-a type to sugar beet, HobsCa infecting maize and tobacco with tuf-b type, and HobsCf transmitting CaPsol tuf-b to maize. Affiliation of R. quinquecostatus with the specific CaPsol genotype, dSTOLg, was reaffirmed in this study. The possible involvement of R. quinquecostatus in maize redness disease and tobacco stolbur was suggested, given that this cixiid was identified as a vector of CaPsol to these crops. The obtained results indicate that the tested vectors pose a threat to cultivated plants in Serbia, underscoring the need to recognize their relevance in CaPsol disease occurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kosovac
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (E.R.); (J.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Emil Rekanović
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (E.R.); (J.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Živko Ćurčić
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Jelena Stepanović
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (E.R.); (J.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Bojan Duduk
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (E.R.); (J.S.); (B.D.)
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Kosovac A, Ćurčić Ž, Stepanović J, Rekanović E, Duduk B. Epidemiological role of novel and already known 'Ca. P. solani' cixiid vectors in rubbery taproot disease of sugar beet in Serbia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1433. [PMID: 36697493 PMCID: PMC9877035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rubbery taproot disease (RTD) of sugar beet was recently associated with the plant pathogenic bacterium 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' (CaPsol) and reported throughout the Pannonian Plain with variations in severity. Tracing CaPsol epidemiological pathways was performed in the experimental sugar beet field in Rimski Šančevi (Serbia) in 2020-2021, where an RTD outbreak was recently recorded. A molecular epidemiology approach was applied to the study of three RTD occurrence scenarios: epidemic, non-epidemic and 'absence of RTD'. As a result, Hyalesthes obsoletus ex Convolvulus arvensis was detected as a CaPsol vector to sugar beet, while two other cixiids were identified for the first time as vectors of the CaPsol-induced plant disease in crops: Reptalus quinquecostatus and R. cuspidatus. R. quinquecostatus was proposed culpable for the 2020 RTD epidemic outbreak in Rimski Šančevi when dSTOLg CaPsol strain predominated in the RTD-affected sugar beet, whereas R. cuspidatus had a negligible role in RTD occurrence and displayed ambiguous involvement in CaPsol epidemiology on a wider scale. The temporal discrepancy of the offset of CaPsol dissemination and disease occurrence is the main obstacle in predicting CaPsol-induced diseases. Predicting disease occurrence and severity can only be achieved by gaining a better understanding of CaPsol epidemiological pathways and insect vectors involved in disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kosovac
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Živko Ćurčić
- Sunflower Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Stepanović
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emil Rekanović
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Duduk
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
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Mitrovic P, Djalovic I, Kiprovski B, Veljović Jovanović S, Trkulja V, Jelušić A, Popović T. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Activity in Leaves and Roots of Carrot Plants Induced by Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020337. [PMID: 33578716 PMCID: PMC7916498 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of Candidatus Phytoplasma solani infection on antioxidative metabolism in leaves and roots of carrot (Daucus carota L.). Disease symptoms appeared at the end of June in the form of the chlorosis on some of the leaves, which became intensely red one week later, while the previously healthy leaves from the same branch becme chlorotic. A few days later, all leaves from the infected leaf branch were intensely red. Infected plants also had slower growth compared to the healthy ones with fewer leaf branches developed. The roots of infected plants were less developed, seared, or gummy with or without brown-colored root hair. The presence of the pathogen was detected by sequencing the 16S rRNA. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) BLAST analyses of the obtained sequence revealed 100% identity of tested strain with deposited Ca. Phytoplasma solani strains from various countries and hosts, all belonging to the “stolbur” group (16SrXII-A). Identity of 99.74% was found when the tested Serbian strain (MF503627) was compared with the reference stolbur strain STOL11 (AF248959). The oxidative damage of membranes in carrot cells was accompanied by a decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments. Furthermore, for the determination of specific scavenging properties of the extracts, in vitro antioxidant assay was performed. In phytoplasma-infected carrot leaves, there was a greater reduction in the level of glutathione content (GSH); however; flavonoids and anthocyanidins seem to be responsible for the accompanied increased antioxidative capacity against hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Mitrovic
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Maxim Gorki 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (P.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Ivica Djalovic
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Maxim Gorki 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (P.M.); (B.K.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +381-21-48-98-100
| | - Biljana Kiprovski
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Maxim Gorki 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (P.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Sonja Veljović Jovanović
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.V.J.); (A.J.)
| | - Vojislav Trkulja
- Department of Plant Protection, Agricultural Institute of Republic of Srpska, Knjaza Milosa 17, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Aleksandra Jelušić
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.V.J.); (A.J.)
| | - Tatjana Popović
- Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Teodora Drajzera 9, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Jović J, Marinković S, Jakovljević M, Krstić O, Cvrković T, Mitrović M, Toševski I. Symptomatology, (Co)occurrence and Differential Diagnostic PCR Identification of ' Ca. Phytoplasma solani' and ' Ca. Phytoplasma convolvuli' in Field Bindweed. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020160. [PMID: 33546447 PMCID: PMC7913610 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) is one of the major natural plant hosts and reservoirs of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (‘Ca. P. solani’), the causal agent of plant diseases in diverse agricultural crops, including Bois noir (BN) disease of grapevine. Phylogenetically, the most closely related phytoplasma to ‘Ca. P. solani’, the ‘Ca. P. convolvuli’, induces disease in field bindweed that is known by its symptoms as bindweed yellows (BY). The occurrence, coinfection and symptoms association of the two phytoplasmas in shared host plants were the subject of this study. Specific primers for the amplification of the elongation factor Tu gene (tuf) were developed for the identification of ‘Ca. P. convolvuli’ (by conventional nested PCR), as well as primers for simultaneous detection of ‘Ca. P. solani’ and ‘Ca. P. convolvuli’ by duplex SYBR Green real-time PCR. Among symptomatic bindweed plants, 25 and 41% were infected with a single phytoplasma species, ‘Ca. P. solani’ and ‘Ca. P. convolvuli’, respectively, while 34% were infected with both phytoplasmas. None of the non-symptomatic control plants carried phytoplasma, while non-symptomatic plants from our previous epidemiological studies in BN-affected vineyards were confirmed to be infected solely with ‘Ca. P. solani’. Stamp gene typing revealed Rqg50 and Rqg31 ‘Ca. P. solani’ genotypes in plants coinfected with ‘Ca. P. convolvuli’, while three diverse genotypes (Rqg50, GGY and Rpm35) were identified in a single locality with symptomatic bindweeds infected solely with ‘Ca. P. solani’. Variations in symptoms and their association with each of the phytoplasmas are described and documented. The symptom of bushy appearance could be single out as specific for ‘Ca. P. convolvuli’ infection, while occurrence of ‘Ca. P. solani’ could not be unequivocally associated with specific alterations in infected bindweeds. The results are discussed in the context of the epidemiological and ecological complexity of ‘Ca. P. solani’-induced diseases and the relationship between the two phytoplasma relatives in shared host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Jović
- Department of Plant Pests, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 11080 Zemun, Serbia; (S.M.); (M.J.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (I.T.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Slavica Marinković
- Department of Plant Pests, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 11080 Zemun, Serbia; (S.M.); (M.J.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Miljana Jakovljević
- Department of Plant Pests, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 11080 Zemun, Serbia; (S.M.); (M.J.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Oliver Krstić
- Department of Plant Pests, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 11080 Zemun, Serbia; (S.M.); (M.J.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Tatjana Cvrković
- Department of Plant Pests, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 11080 Zemun, Serbia; (S.M.); (M.J.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Milana Mitrović
- Department of Plant Pests, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 11080 Zemun, Serbia; (S.M.); (M.J.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Ivo Toševski
- Department of Plant Pests, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 11080 Zemun, Serbia; (S.M.); (M.J.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (I.T.)
- CABI, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland
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Ćurčić Ž, Stepanović J, Zübert C, Taški-Ajduković K, Kosovac A, Rekanović E, Kube M, Duduk B. Rubbery Taproot Disease of Sugar Beet in Serbia Associated with ' Candidatus Phytoplasma solani'. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:255-263. [PMID: 33021915 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-20-1602-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rubbery taproot disease (RTD) of sugar beet was observed in Serbia for the first time in the 1960s. The disease was already described in neighboring Bulgaria and Romania at the time but it was associated with abiotic factors. In this study on RTD of sugar beet in its main growing area of Serbia, we provide evidence of the association between 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' (stolbur phytoplasma) infection and the occurrence of typical RTD symptomatology. 'Ca. P. solani' was identified by PCR and the sequence analyses of 16S ribosomal RNA, tuf, secY, and stamp genes. In contrast, the causative agent of the syndrome "basses richesses" of sugar beet-namely, 'Ca. Arsenophonus phytopathogenicus'-was not detected. Sequence analysis of the stolbur strain's tuf gene confirmed a previously reported and a new, distinct tuf stolbur genotype (named 'tuf d') that is prevalent in sugar beet. The sequence signatures of the tuf gene as well as the one of stamp both correlate with the epidemiological cycle and reservoir plant host. This study provides knowledge that, for the first time, enables the differentiation of stolbur strains associated with RTD of sugar beet from closely related strains, thereby providing necessary information for further epidemiological work seeking to identify insect vectors and reservoir plant hosts. The results of this study indicate that there are differences in hybrid susceptibility. Clarifying the etiology of RTD as a long-known and economically important disease is certainly the first step toward disease management in Serbia and neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Živko Ćurčić
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Jelena Stepanović
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade 11080, Serbia
| | - Christina Zübert
- University of Hohenheim, Integrative Infection Biology Crops-Livestock, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Kosovac
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade 11080, Serbia
| | - Emil Rekanović
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade 11080, Serbia
| | - Michael Kube
- University of Hohenheim, Integrative Infection Biology Crops-Livestock, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Bojan Duduk
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade 11080, Serbia
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8
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Zhao Y, Wei W, Davis RE, Lee IM, Bottner-Parker KD. The agent associated with blue dwarf disease in wheat represents a new phytoplasma taxon, ' Candidatus Phytoplasma tritici'. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 33464199 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat blue dwarf (WBD) is one of the most economically damaging cereal crop diseases in northwestern PR China. The agent associated with the WBD disease is a phytoplasma affiliated with the aster yellows (AY) group, subgroup C (16SrI-C). Since phytoplasma strains within the AY group are ecologically and genetically diverse, it has been conceived that the AY phytoplasma group may consist of more than one species. This communication presents evidence to demonstrate that, while each of the two 16 rRNA genes of the WBD phytoplasma shares >97.5 % sequence similarity with that of the 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' reference strain, the WBD phytoplasma clearly represents an ecologically separated lineage: the WBD phytoplasma not only has its unique transmitting vector (Psammotettix striatus) but also elicits a distinctive symptom in its predominant plant host (wheat). In addition, the WBD phytoplasma possesses molecular characteristics that further manifest its significant divergence from 'Ca. P. asteris'. Such molecular characteristics include lineage-specific antigenic membrane proteins and a lower than 95 % genome-wide average nucleotide identity score with 'Ca. P. asteris'. These ecological, molecular and genomic evidences justify the recognition of the WBD phytoplasma as a novel taxon, 'Candidatus Phytoplasma tritici'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Robert E Davis
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Ing-Ming Lee
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Kristi D Bottner-Parker
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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9
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Trivellone V, Ripamonti M, Angelini E, Filippin L, Rossi M, Marzachí C, Galetto L. Evidence suggesting interactions between immunodominant membrane protein Imp of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma and protein extracts from distantly related insect species. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1801-1813. [PMID: 31509633 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In this study, binding between the immunodominant membrane protein Imp of the 16SrV-D phytoplasma associated with Flavescence dorée disease (FD-Dp) and insect proteins of vectors and non-vectors of FD-Dp was tested. METHODS AND RESULTS Six Auchenorrhyncha species, from distantly related groups were selected: Scaphoideus titanus, Euscelidius variegatus, Macrosteles quadripunctulatus, Zyginidia pullula (Cicadomorpha), Ricania speculum and Metcalfa pruinosa (Fulgoromorpha). The vector status of each species was retrieved from the literature or determined by transmission trials in this study. A His-tagged partial Imp protein and a rabbit polyclonal antibody were synthesized and used for Western and Far-Western dot Blot (FWdB) experiments. Total native and membrane proteins (MP) were extracted from entire bodies and organs (gut and salivary glands) of each insect species. FWdB showed decreasing interaction intensities of Imp fusion protein with total proteins from entire bodies of S. titanus, E. variegatus (competent vectors) and M. quadripunctulatus (non-vector), while no interaction signal was detected with the other three species (non-vectors). A strong signal detected upon interaction of FD-D Imp and MP from guts of closely related insects supports the role of this organ as the first barrier to ensure successful transmission. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that specific Imp binding, correlated with vector status, is involved in interactions between FD-Dp and insect proteins. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Integrating knowledge on host-pathogen protein-protein interactions and on insect phylogeny would help to identify the actual range of vectors of phytoplasma strains of economic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Trivellone
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.,Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Conegliano, TV, Italy
| | - M Ripamonti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Turin, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - E Angelini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Conegliano, TV, Italy
| | - L Filippin
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Conegliano, TV, Italy
| | - M Rossi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
| | - C Marzachí
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
| | - L Galetto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
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10
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Lavender Decline in France Is Associated with Chronic Infection by Lavender-Specific Strains of "Candidatus Phytoplasma solani". Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01507-18. [PMID: 30291116 PMCID: PMC6275342 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01507-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology and main pathways for the spread of lavender decline, an infectious disease affecting French lavender production since the 1960s, have remained unclear, hampering the development of efficient control strategies. An extensive survey of lavender fields led to the conclusion that “Candidatus Phytoplasma solani” was chronically infecting declining lavenders and was associated with large infectious populations of Hyalesthes obsoletus planthoppers living on the crop itself. Lavender appeared to be the main reservoir host for lavender-specific phytoplasma strains, an unusual feature for this phytoplasma, which usually propagates from reservoir weeds to various economically important crops. These results point out the necessity to protect young lavender fields from the initial phytoplasma inoculum coming from surrounding lavender fields or from infected nurseries and to promote agricultural practices that reduce the development of H. obsoletus vector populations. Lavender decline compromises French lavender production, and preliminary data have suggested the involvement of “Candidatus Phytoplasma solani” in the etiology of the disease. In order to evaluate the epidemiological role of “Ca. Phytoplasma solani,” a 3-year survey was conducted in southeastern France. “Ca. Phytoplasma solani” was detected in 19 to 56% of the declining plants, depending on seasons and cultivars, and its prevalence was correlated with symptom severity. Autumn was more favorable than spring for phytoplasma detection, and “Ca. Phytoplasma solani” incidence was higher in Lavandula angustifolia than in Lavandula intermedia hybrids. Detection of the phytoplasma fluctuated over months, supporting the chronicity of infection. Three “Ca. Phytoplasma solani” secY genotypes, S17, S16, and S14, were the most prevalent in lavender fields and were also detected in nurseries, whereas strains detected in surrounding bindweed and wild carrots were mostly of the S1 and S4 genotypes. This suggests that lavender is the main pathogen reservoir of the epidemic. Adults and nymphs of the planthopper vector Hyalesthes obsoletus were commonly captured in lavender fields and were shown to harbor mainly the prevalent phytoplasma genotypes detected in lavenders. The “Ca. Phytoplasma solani” genotype S17 was transmitted to Catharanthus roseus periwinkle by naturally infected H. obsoletus. Finally, the inventory of the bacterial community of declining lavenders that tested negative for “Ca. Phytoplasma solani” by 16S rRNA deep sequencing ruled out the involvement of other phloem-limited bacterial pathogens. IMPORTANCE The etiology and main pathways for the spread of lavender decline, an infectious disease affecting French lavender production since the 1960s, have remained unclear, hampering the development of efficient control strategies. An extensive survey of lavender fields led to the conclusion that “Candidatus Phytoplasma solani” was chronically infecting declining lavenders and was associated with large infectious populations of Hyalesthes obsoletus planthoppers living on the crop itself. Lavender appeared to be the main reservoir host for lavender-specific phytoplasma strains, an unusual feature for this phytoplasma, which usually propagates from reservoir weeds to various economically important crops. These results point out the necessity to protect young lavender fields from the initial phytoplasma inoculum coming from surrounding lavender fields or from infected nurseries and to promote agricultural practices that reduce the development of H. obsoletus vector populations.
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Silva FG, Passos EM, Diniz LEC, Farias AP, Teodoro AV, Fernandes MF, Dollet M. Rainfall and Coconut Accession Explain the Composition and Abundance of the Community of Potential Auchenorrhyncha Phytoplasma Vectors in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:318-324. [PMID: 29490037 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Coconut plantations are attacked by the lethal yellowing (LY), which is spreading rapidly with extremely destructive effects in several countries. The disease is caused by phytoplasmas that occur in the plant phloem and are transmitted by Haplaxius crudus (Van Duzee) (Auchenorrhyncha: Cixiidae). Owing to their phloem-sap feeding habit, other planthopper species possibly act as vectors. Here, we aimed at assessing the seasonal variation in the Auchenorrhyncha community in six dwarf coconut accessions. Also, we assessed the relative contribution of biotic (coconut accession) and abiotic (rainfall, temperature) in explaining Auchenorrhyncha composition and abundance. The Auchenorrhyncha community was monthly evaluated for 1 yr using yellow sticky traps. Among the most abundant species, Oecleus sp., Balclutha sp., Deltocephalinae sp.2, Deltocephalinae sp.3, Cenchreini sp., Omolicna nigripennis Caldwell (Derbidae), and Cedusa sp. are potential phytoplasma vectors. The composition of the Auchenorrhyncha community differed between dwarf coconut accessions and periods, namely, in March and April (transition from dry to rainy season) and August (transition from rainy to dry season). In these months, Oecleus sp. was predominantly found in the accessions Cameroon Red Dwarf, Malayan Red Dwarf, and Brazilian Red Dwarf Gramame, while Cenchreini sp. and Bolbonota sp. were dominant in the accessions Brazilian Yellow Dwarf Gramame, Malayan Yellow Dwarf, and Brazilian Green Dwarf Jequi. We conclude that dwarf coconut host several Auchenorrhyncha species potential phytoplasma vectors. Furthermore, coconut accessions could be exploited in breeding programs aiming at prevention of LY. However, rainfall followed by accessions mostly explained the composition and abundance of the Auchenorrhyncha community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana G Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Agricultura e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Avenida Marechal Rodon, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Eliana M Passos
- Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Avenida Beira Mar, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Leandro E C Diniz
- Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Avenida Beira Mar, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Adriano P Farias
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Agricultura e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Avenida Marechal Rodon, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Adenir V Teodoro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Agricultura e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Avenida Marechal Rodon, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Avenida Beira Mar, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Agricultura e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Avenida Marechal Rodon, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Avenida Beira Mar, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
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Abstract
Diseases caused by viruses are found throughout the maize-growing regions of the world and can cause significant losses for producers. In this review, virus diseases of maize and the pathogens that cause them are discussed. Factors leading to the spread of disease and measures for disease control are reviewed, as is our current knowledge of the genetics of virus resistance in this important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret G Redinbaugh
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Corn, Soybean and Wheat Quality Research Unit and Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University-OARDC, Wooster, Ohio, USA.
| | - José L Zambrano
- Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Programa Nacional del Maíz, Quito, Ecuador
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13
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Murolo S, Romanazzi G. In-vineyard population structure of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' using multilocus sequence typing analysis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 31:221-30. [PMID: 25660034 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' is a phytoplasma of the stolbur group (16SrXII subgroup A) that is associated with 'Bois noir' and causes heavy damage to the quality and quantity of grapevine yields in several European countries, and particularly in the Mediterranean area. Analysis of 'Ca. P. solani' genetic diversity was carried out for strains infecting a cv. 'Chardonnay' vineyard, through multilocus sequence typing analysis for the vmp1, stamp and secY genes. Several types per gene were detected: seven out of 20 types for vmp1, six out of 17 for stamp, and four out of 16 for secY. High correlations were seen among the vmp1, stamp and secY typing with the tuf typing. However, no correlations were seen among the tuf and vmp1 types and the Bois noir severity in the surveyed grapevines. Grouping the 'Ca. P. solani' sequences on the basis of their origins (i.e., study vineyard, Italian regions, Euro-Mediterranean countries), dN/dS ratio analysis revealed overall positive selection for stamp (3.99, P=0.019) and vmp1 (2.28, P=0.001). For secY, the dN/dS ratio was 1.02 (P=0.841), showing neutral selection across this gene. Using analysis of the nucleotide sequencing by a Bayesian approach, we determined the population structure of 'Ca. P. solani', which appears to be structured in 3, 5 and 6 subpopulations, according to the secY, stamp and vmp1 genes, respectively. The high genetic diversity of 'Ca. P. solani' from a single vineyard reflects the population structure across wider geographical scales. This information is useful to trace inoculum source and movement of pathogen strains at the local level and over long distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Murolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.
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14
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15
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Siewert C, Luge T, Duduk B, Seemüller E, Büttner C, Sauer S, Kube M. Analysis of expressed genes of the bacterium 'Candidatus phytoplasma Mali' highlights key features of virulence and metabolism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94391. [PMID: 24728201 PMCID: PMC3984173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' is a phytopathogenic bacterium of the family Acholeplasmataceae assigned to the class Mollicutes. This causative agent of the apple proliferation colonizes in Malus domestica the sieve tubes of the plant phloem resulting in a range of symptoms such as witches'--broom formation, reduced vigor and affecting size and quality of the crop. The disease is responsible for strong economical losses in Europe. Although the genome sequence of the pathogen is available, there is only limited information on expression of selected genes and metabolic key features that have not been examined on the transcriptomic or proteomic level so far. This situation is similar to many other phytoplasmas. In the work presented here, RNA-Seq and mass spectrometry shotgun techniques were applied on tissue samples from Nicotiana occidentalis infected by 'Ca. P. mali' strain AT providing insights into transcriptome and proteome of the pathogen. Data analysis highlights expression of 208 genes including 14 proteins located in the terminal inverted repeats of the linear chromosome. Beside a high portion of house keeping genes, the recently discussed chaperone GroES/GroEL is expressed. Furthermore, gene expression involved in formation of a type IVB and of the Sec-dependent secretion system was identified as well as the highly expressed putative pathogenicity-related SAP11-like effector protein. Metabolism of phytoplasmas depends on the uptake of spermidine/putescine, amino acids, co-factors, carbohydrates and in particular malate/citrate. The expression of these transporters was confirmed and the analysis of the carbohydrate cycle supports the suggested alternative energy-providing pathway for phytoplasmas releasing acetate and providing ATP. The phylogenetic analyses of malate dehydrogenase and acetate kinase in phytoplasmas show a closer relatedness to the Firmicutes in comparison to Mycoplasma species indicating an early divergence of the Acholeplasmataceae from the Mollicutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Siewert
- Division Phytomedicine, Department of Crop and Animal Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toni Luge
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bojan Duduk
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Erich Seemüller
- Julius Kuehn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Carmen Büttner
- Division Phytomedicine, Department of Crop and Animal Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Kube
- Division Phytomedicine, Department of Crop and Animal Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Bertaccini A, Duduk B, Paltrinieri S, Contaldo N. Phytoplasmas and Phytoplasma Diseases: A Severe Threat to Agriculture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2014.512191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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MacLean AM, Sugio A, Makarova OV, Findlay KC, Grieve VM, Tóth R, Nicolaisen M, Hogenhout SA. Phytoplasma effector SAP54 induces indeterminate leaf-like flower development in Arabidopsis plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:831-41. [PMID: 21849514 PMCID: PMC3192582 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.181586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are insect-transmitted bacterial plant pathogens that cause considerable damage to a diverse range of agricultural crops globally. Symptoms induced in infected plants suggest that these phytopathogens may modulate developmental processes within the plant host. We report herein that Aster Yellows phytoplasma strain Witches' Broom (AY-WB) readily infects the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ecotype Columbia, inducing symptoms that are characteristic of phytoplasma infection, such as the production of green leaf-like flowers (virescence and phyllody) and increased formation of stems and branches (witches' broom). We found that the majority of genes encoding secreted AY-WB proteins (SAPs), which are candidate effector proteins, are expressed in Arabidopsis and the AY-WB insect vector Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Hemiptera; Cicadellidae). To identify which of these effector proteins induce symptoms of phyllody and virescence, we individually expressed the effector genes in Arabidopsis. From this screen, we have identified a novel AY-WB effector protein, SAP54, that alters floral development, resulting in the production of leaf-like flowers that are similar to those produced by plants infected with this phytoplasma. This study offers novel insight into the effector profile of an insect-transmitted plant pathogen and reports to our knowledge the first example of a microbial pathogen effector protein that targets flower development in a host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olga V. Makarova
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology (A.M.M., A.S., V.M.G., S.A.H.) and Bio-Imaging Facility (K.C.F.), John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Slagelse DK–4200, Denmark (O.V.M., M.N.); Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (R.T.)
| | - Kim C. Findlay
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology (A.M.M., A.S., V.M.G., S.A.H.) and Bio-Imaging Facility (K.C.F.), John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Slagelse DK–4200, Denmark (O.V.M., M.N.); Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (R.T.)
| | - Victoria M. Grieve
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology (A.M.M., A.S., V.M.G., S.A.H.) and Bio-Imaging Facility (K.C.F.), John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Slagelse DK–4200, Denmark (O.V.M., M.N.); Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (R.T.)
| | - Réka Tóth
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology (A.M.M., A.S., V.M.G., S.A.H.) and Bio-Imaging Facility (K.C.F.), John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Slagelse DK–4200, Denmark (O.V.M., M.N.); Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (R.T.)
| | - Mogens Nicolaisen
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology (A.M.M., A.S., V.M.G., S.A.H.) and Bio-Imaging Facility (K.C.F.), John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Slagelse DK–4200, Denmark (O.V.M., M.N.); Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (R.T.)
| | - Saskia A. Hogenhout
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology (A.M.M., A.S., V.M.G., S.A.H.) and Bio-Imaging Facility (K.C.F.), John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Slagelse DK–4200, Denmark (O.V.M., M.N.); Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (R.T.)
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Fabre A, Danet JL, Foissac X. The stolbur phytoplasma antigenic membrane protein gene stamp is submitted to diversifying positive selection. Gene 2010; 472:37-41. [PMID: 21044666 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Surface proteins play an important role in phytoplasma life cycle. The antigenic membrane protein (AMP) of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' has been shown to interact with the insect microfilaments. Due to the synteny of the groL-amp-nadE genetic locus between phytoplasma genomes, the gene stamp that encodes the antigenic membrane protein of stolbur phytoplasma has been cloned and characterized. It encodes a 157 amino acid-long protein with a predicted signal peptide and a C-terminal hydrophobic alpha-helix. STAMP was 26-40% identical to AMP of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' strains and 40% identical to AMP of 'Ca. P. japonicum'. The expression of STAMP in Escherichia. coli produced a 16 kDa peptide recognized by an anti-stolbur monoclonal antibody. Stamp was more variable than the house-keeping gene secY and the ratio between non-synonymous over synonymous mutations (dN/dS ) was 2.78 for stamp as compared to 0.64 for secY. This indicates that stamp is submitted to a positive diversifying selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fabre
- UMR Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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