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Poon YY, Liu YW, Huang YH, Chan SHH, Tsai CY. Postoperative Stroke after Spinal Anesthesia and Responses of Carotid or Cerebral Blood Flow and Baroreflex Functionality to Spinal Bupivacaine in Rats. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070617. [PMID: 34356472 PMCID: PMC8301092 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spinal anesthesia is generally accepted as an effective and safe practice. Three rare incidents of postoperative cerebral infarction after surgery under spinal anesthesia prompted us to assess whether spinal bupivacaine may compromise carotid or cerebral blood flow. Postoperative examination after the stroke incident revealed that all three patients shared a common pathology of stenosis or atheromatosis in the carotid or middle cerebral artery. In a companion study using 69 Sprague-Dawley rats, subarachnoid application of bupivacaine elicited an initial (Phase I) reduction in the mean arterial pressure, carotid blood flow (CBF) and baroreflex-mediated sympathetic vasomotor tone, all of which subsequently returned to baseline (Phase II). Whereas heart rate (HR) exhibited sustained reduction, cardiac vagal baroreflex, baroreflex efficiency index (BEI) and tissue perfusion and oxygen in the cerebral cortex remained unaltered. However, in one-third of the rats studied, Phase II gave way to Phase III characterized by secondary hypotension and depressed baroreflex-mediated sympathetic vasomotor tone, along with declined HR, sustained cardiac vagal baroreflex, decreased BEI, reduced CBF and waning tissue perfusion or oxygen in the cerebral cortex. We concluded that carotid and cerebral blood flow can indeed be compromised after spinal anesthesia, and an impaired baroreflex-mediated sympathetic vasomotor tone, which leads to hypotension, plays a contributory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yuen Poon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Yueh-Wei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Hui Huang
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Samuel H. H. Chan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (S.H.H.C.); (C.-Y.T.)
| | - Ching-Yi Tsai
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (S.H.H.C.); (C.-Y.T.)
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Cui SS, Feng XB, Zhang BH, Xia ZY, Zhan LY. Exendin-4 attenuates pain-induced cognitive impairment by alleviating hippocampal neuroinflammation in a rat model of spinal nerve ligation. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1333-1339. [PMID: 31960821 PMCID: PMC7047783 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.272620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor has anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. It is now recognized that the occurrence and development of chronic pain are strongly associated with anti-inflammatory responses; however, it is not clear whether glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor regulates chronic pain via anti-inflammatory mechanisms. We explored the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor on nociception, cognition, and neuroinflammation in chronic pain. A rat model of chronic pain was established using left L5 spinal nerve ligation. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 was intrathecally injected into rats from 10 to 21 days after spinal nerve ligation. Electrophysiological examinations showed that, after treatment with exendin-4, paw withdrawal frequency of the left limb was significantly reduced, and pain was relieved. In addition, in the Morris water maze test, escape latency increased and the time to reach the platform decreased following exendin-4 treatment. Immunohistochemical staining and western blot assays revealed an increase in the numbers of activated microglia and astrocytes in the dentate gyrus of rat hippocampus, as well as an increase in the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, and interleukin 6. All of these effects could be reversed by exendin-4 treatment. These findings suggest that exendin-4 can alleviate pain-induced neuroinflammatory responses and promote the recovery of cognitive function via the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor pathway. All experimental procedures and protocols were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University of China (approval No. WDRM 20171214) on September 22, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bing-Hong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li-Ying Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Zheng Y, Jiang M, Li C, Yu B, Pan C, Zhou W, Shi P, Huang P, He Y, Liao S. [Comparison of different methods for drug delivery via the lumbar spinal subarachnoid space in rats]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:1246-1252. [PMID: 31801716 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.10.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare 3 commonly used methods for drug delivery via the lumbar spinal subarachnoid space in rats. METHODS We compared the effects of 3 methods for drug delivery via the lumbar spinal subarachnoid space in Sprague Dawley rats, namely acute needle puncture, chronic catheterization via laminectomy, and non-laminectomized catheterization. Body weight changes of the rats were measured, and their general and neurological conditions were assessed after the surgeries. The motor function of the rats was examined using rota rod test both before and after the surgeries. Nociceptive tests were performed to assess nociception of the rats. HE staining was used to examine local inflammation caused by the surgeries in the lumbar spinal cord tissue, and lidocaine paralysis detection and toluidine blue dye assay were used to confirm the precision of drug delivery using the 3 methods. RESULTS Both needle puncture and catheterization via laminectomy resulted in a relatively low success rate of surgery and caused neurological abnormalities, severe motor dysfunction, hyperalgesia, allodynia and local inflammation. Catheterization without laminectomy had the highest success rate of surgery, and induced only mild agitation, slight cerebral spinal fluid leakage, mild sensory and motor abnormalities, and minimum pathology in the lumbar spinal cord. Catheterization without laminectomy produced less detectable effects on the behaviors in the rats and was well tolerated compared to the other two methods with also higher precision of drug delivery. CONCLUSIONS Catheterization without laminectomy is a safe, accurate and effective approach to lumbar drug delivery in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zheng
- Department of Geratology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Meng Jiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Changli Li
- Department of Geratology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Bixiang Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chunqiu Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wangmei Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Pengwei Shi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yaoquan He
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shengwu Liao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Poon YY, Tsai CY, Cheng CD, Chang AYW, Chan SHH. Endogenous nitric oxide derived from NOS I or II in thoracic spinal cord exerts opposing tonic modulation on sympathetic vasomotor tone via disparate mechanisms in anesthetized rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H555-62. [PMID: 27371683 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00246.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) in the thoracic spinal cord regulate vasomotor tone via norepinephrine released from sympathetic terminals and adrenal medulla. We assessed the hypothesis that nitric oxide synthase I (NOS I)- and NOS II-derived nitric oxide (NO) in the thoracic spinal cord differentially modulate sympathetic outflow and that the adrenal medulla may be involved in those modulatory actions. In Sprague-Dawley rats, NOS I immunoreactivity was distributed primarily in the perikaryon, proximal dendrites, or axons of SPN, and small clusters of NOS II immunoreactivity impinged mainly on the circumference of SPN. Intrathecal administration of 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), a specific NOS I antagonist, into the thoracic spinal cord significantly reduced arterial pressure, heart rate, and basal or baroreflex-mediated sympathetic vasomotor tone. On the other hand, intrathecal application of S-methylisothiourea (SMT), a specific NOS II antagonist, elevated arterial pressure with a transient reduction of heart rate, induced a surge of plasma norepinephrine, and reduced baroreflex-mediated but not basal sympathetic vasomotor tone. Bilateral adrenalectomy significantly exacerbated the cardiovascular responses to 7-NI but antagonized those to SMT. We conclude that both NOS I and NOS II are present in the thoracic spinal cord and are tonically active under physiological conditions. Furthermore, the endogenous NO generated by NOS I-containing SPN exerts a tonic excitatory action on vasomotor tone mediated by norepinephrine released from the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerve terminals. On the other hand, NO derived from NOS II exerts a tonic inhibitory action on sympathetic outflow from the SPN that targets primarily the blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yuen Poon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Yi Tsai
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Dar Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; and
| | - Alice Y W Chang
- Institute of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Samuel H H Chan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China;
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Hou Y, Wang L, Gao J, Jin X, Ji F, Yang J. A modified procedure for lumbar intrathecal catheterization in rats. Neurol Res 2016; 38:725-32. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1196870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chen L, Jiang M, Pei L. Comparison of Three Methods of Drug Delivery in the Rat Lumbar Spinal Subarachnoid Space. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:1212-20. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Catheterization of the thoracic spinal subarachnoid space in mice. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 200:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sun JM, Nam MH, Chung JY, Im B, Lee SY, Suh YL, Ahn JS, Park K, Ahn MJ. Safety and pharmacokinetics of intrathecal administration of pemetrexed in rats. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 68:531-8. [PMID: 21107572 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-010-1522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis is a devastating complication of malignant disease. In this study, we evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics of intrathecally administered pemetrexed in rats. METHODS Three levels of pemetrexed (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg) were administered to 15 rats per level (45 rats in total) twice a week for 2 weeks through specifically designed indwelling subarachnoid catheters. Presence of clinical and pathological neurotoxicity was evaluated. To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of pemetrexed, independent cohorts of 30 rats were treated with 1 mg/kg of pemetrexed and its concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood was measured using UPLC/MS/MS. RESULTS There were no cases of clinical or pathologic neurotoxicity after intrathecal administrations of pemetrexed at levels of 0.3 and 1 mg/kg; however, 5 of 15 (33%) rats died after administration of 3 mg/kg pemetrexed. The distribution/elimination of pemetrexed in CSF was best described by a two-compartment model, with initial and terminal half-lives of 0.43 and 1.43 h, respectively. The predicted maximal concentration in CSF was 588 μM, and high levels of pemetrexed appeared to be maintained for a long time. Area under the curve and volume of distribution at steady state were 560 μM h and 1.14 ml, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The no observed adverse effect level of intrathecal administration of pemetrexed was 1 mg/kg in rats. At this level, therapeutically high and durable pemetrexed concentrations could be achieved. Based on these results, further research on intrathecal pemetrexed in humans or non-human primates should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Mu Sun
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Wang F, Shen X, Guo X, Peng Y, Liu Y, Xu S, Yang J. Spinal macrophage migration inhibitory factor contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory hyperalgesia in rats. Pain 2009; 148:275-283. [PMID: 20005040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokine production after nociceptive stimuli is pivotal for hyperalgesia. As macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pleiotropic cytokine produced mainly by nonneuronal tissue, has been involved in the regulation of neuronal functions, herein we examined the role for MIF in formalin-induced inflammatory pain model. MIF critically contributed to nociceptive behaviors following formalin injection. Specifically, spinal administration of a MIF inhibitor (ISO-1) prevented and reversed flinching responses in rats. Further examination showed that levels of both MIF and the MIF receptor CD74 were substantially increased within the ipsilateral spinal cord dorsal horn after formalin administration. Mechanistic studies revealed that MIF upregulated the expression of the spinal NMDA receptor subunit NR2B via the MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, microglial cells were found to be the major source of spinal MIF after formalin administration by fluorescence colocalization. These data highlight spinal MIF plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of formalin-induced inflammatory pain and suggest MIF may be a potential target for therapy of such pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- FuZhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, No. 22, Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu, China The Institute of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu, China
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Xu F, Li T, Zhang B. An improved method for protecting and fixing the lumbar catheters placed in the spinal subarachnoid space of rats. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 183:114-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Poon YY, Chang AYW, Chan SHH. Differential contribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic spinal cord to sympathetic vasomotor tone during experimental endotoxemia in the rat. Shock 2006; 26:372-8. [PMID: 16980884 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000226340.25163.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the rostral ventrolateral medulla maintains neurogenic vasomotor tone via glutamatergic excitation to sympathetic preganglionic neurons located at the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of thoracic spinal cord, the relative contribution of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors on IML neurons at rest or during endotoxemia remain unknown. The present study addressed this issue using a combination of physiological, pharmacological, and double-immunofluorescence approaches. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats maintained under propofol anesthesia were used. Intrathecal administration of equimolar concentrations (75, 150, or 300 nmol) of an NMDA antagonist, dizocilpine (MK801), or a non-NMDA antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, into T10 to T12 spinal cord elicited a reduction in resting vasomotor tone that was comparable in time course and in magnitude. Although both glutamate receptor antagonists exacerbated mortality and potentiated the elicited hypotension, bradycardia, or reduction in vasomotor tone during experimental endotoxemia induced by intravenous administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (30 mg kg-1; results comparable to 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione at 150 nmol) were obtained only when MK801 was given at 300 nmol. Confocal microscopy further showed that augmented immunoreactivity of NR1 subunit on IML neurons coincided with the phase of endotoxemia when vasomotor tone was augmented; GluR1 immunoreactivity remained stable throughout experimental endotoxemia. These findings suggest that NMDA and non-NMDA receptors on IML neurons contribute to the generation of resting sympathetic vasomotor tone. However, up-regulation of NMDA receptors on IML neurons plays a crucial role in the maintenance of vasomotor tone during endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Poon
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine and Science, Chang Gung University, Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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