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Pisansky AJB, MacDougall BJ, Ross EL, Chi JH, Neville G, Yaksh TL. Catheter Tip-Associated Mass With Continuous Infusion of Sufentanil for Persistent Spinal Pain Syndrome Type 2: A Case Report Including Histopathologic Examination and Review of the Associated Basic and Clinical Research. Neuromodulation 2024:S1094-7159(24)00031-X. [PMID: 38441505 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intrathecal opioids delivered by implanted pumps are used to treat malignant or nonmalignant chronic pain. In this study, we 1) review a case in which intrathecal infusions of sufentanil along with other adjuvants were used and after an extended period led to an intrathecal mass and 2) compared and contrasted the potential mechanisms for these phenomena. MATERIALS AND METHODS A woman aged 66 years with a history of scoliosis and multiple spine surgeries was treated with an implantable drug delivery system for treating persistent pain after laminectomy. The patient received intrathecal medication comprising sufentanil, bupivacaine, and clonidine. RESULTS Intrathecal therapy over approximately ten years served to reduce pain and improve function over the treatment period. After the extended treatment interval, the patient developed an intrathecal mass that was associated with impairment. The mass was surgically removed. Systematic histopathology revealed the space-occupying mass to largely comprise fibroblasts and some inflammatory cells embedded in a collagen mass located proximally to the catheter tip. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first published case report of sufentanil causing this complication. The science and mechanism of intrathecal catheter tip-associated mass formation and associated clinical research correlates are reviewed in detail, and explanations for this phenomenon are proposed based on histochemical analysis of the patient's pathology findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J B Pisansky
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Twin Cities Pain Clinic, Edina, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin J MacDougall
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Edgar L Ross
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John H Chi
- Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grace Neville
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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2
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Ayansiji AO, Gehrke DS, Baralle B, Nozain A, Singh MR, Linninger AA. Determination of spinal tracer dispersion after intrathecal injection in a deformable CNS model. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1244016. [PMID: 37817986 PMCID: PMC10561273 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1244016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Traditionally, there is a widely held belief that drug dispersion after intrathecal (IT) delivery is confined locally near the injection site. We posit that high-volume infusions can overcome this perceived limitation of IT administration. Methods: To test our hypothesis, subject-specific deformable phantom models of the human central nervous system were manufactured so that tracer infusion could be realistically replicated in vitro over the entire physiological range of pulsating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amplitudes and frequencies. The distribution of IT injected tracers was studied systematically with high-speed optical methods to determine its dependence on injection parameters (infusion volume, flow rate, and catheter configurations) and natural CSF oscillations in a deformable model of the central nervous system (CNS). Results: Optical imaging analysis of high-volume infusion experiments showed that tracers spread quickly throughout the spinal subarachnoid space, reaching the cervical region in less than 10 min. The experimentally observed biodispersion is much slower than suggested by the Taylor-Aris dispersion theory. Our experiments indicate that micro-mixing patterns induced by oscillatory CSF flow around microanatomical features such as nerve roots significantly accelerate solute transport. Strong micro-mixing effects due to anatomical features in the spinal subarachnoid space were found to be active in intrathecal drug administration but were not considered in prior dispersion theories. Their omission explains why prior models developed in the engineering community are poor predictors for IT delivery. Conclusion: Our experiments support the feasibility of targeting large sections of the neuroaxis or brain utilizing high-volume IT injection protocols. The experimental tracer dispersion profiles acquired with an anatomically accurate, deformable, and closed in vitro human CNS analog informed a new predictive model of tracer dispersion as a function of physiological CSF pulsations and adjustable infusion parameters. The ability to predict spatiotemporal dispersion patterns is an essential prerequisite for exploring new indications of IT drug delivery that targets specific regions in the CNS or the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayankola O. Ayansiji
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Daniel S. Gehrke
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bastien Baralle
- UIC Student Intern From EPF, Ecole D’Ingénieur, Paris, France
| | - Ariel Nozain
- UIC Student Intern From EPF, Ecole D’Ingénieur, Paris, France
| | - Meenesh R. Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andreas A. Linninger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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3
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Gui M, Sehgal N. Symptomatic Intrathecal Catheter Tip Granuloma Formation With Ultralow-Dose and Low-Concentration Morphine Infusion: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Neuromodulation 2023:S1094-7159(23)00128-9. [PMID: 37367712 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2023.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to describe catheter tip granuloma (CTG) formation in a patient on ultralow-dose, low-concentration morphine via intrathecal (IT) drug delivery system (IDDS) and to review literature for reports of IT granuloma formation and association with drug type, drug dose, and drug concentration. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review describes diagnosis and management of a patient with CTG on ultralow-dose, low-concentration morphine. PubMed data base search was conducted from January 1990 to July 2021 for original articles on CTG formation in humans getting intrathecal analgesics. Data were extracted on indications for IDDS, time to detect CTG, and type of drug/s with drug doses and concentrations. Percentages and average with range for age, sex, duration of infusion, drug doses, and drug concentrations were calculated. RESULTS We describe CTG formation and spinal cord compression with worsening of sensorimotor deficits in a patient receiving intrathecal morphine at ultralow dose (0.6 mg/d) and low concentration (1.2 mg/mL), which is the lowest reported morphine dose associated with CTG in the literature. Our literature review shows all IT drugs have the potential for granuloma formation, and there is no drug with granuloma-inhibiting effect. CONCLUSIONS There is no drug, dose, or concentration that has granuloma-sparing effect. It is imperative to maintain vigilance for potential CTG in all patients with IDDS. Routine monitoring and prompt evaluation for any unexplained symptoms or change in neurologic status from baseline is critical in early detection and treatment of CTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gui
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nalini Sehgal
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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4
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Yaksh TL, Santos GGD, Borges Paes Lemes J, Malange K. Neuraxial drug delivery in pain management: An overview of past, present, and future. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2023; 37:243-265. [PMID: 37321769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Activation of neuraxial nociceptive linkages leads to a high level of encoding of the message that is transmitted to the brain and that can initiate a pain state with its attendant emotive covariates. As we review here, the encoding of this message is subject to a profound regulation by pharmacological targeting of dorsal root ganglion and dorsal horn systems. Though first shown with the robust and selective modulation by spinal opiates, subsequent work has revealed the pharmacological and biological complexity of these neuraxial systems and points to several regulatory targets. Novel therapeutic delivery platforms, such as viral transfection, antisense and targeted neurotoxins, point to disease-modifying approaches that can selectively address the acute and chronic pain phenotype. Further developments are called for in delivery devices to enhance local distribution and to minimize concentration gradients, as frequently occurs with the poorly mixed intrathecal space. The field has advanced remarkably since the mid-1970s, but these advances must always address the issues of safety and tolerability of neuraxial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology University of California, San Diego, San Diego CA, 92103, USA.
| | | | | | - Kaue Malange
- Department of Anesthesiology University of California, San Diego, San Diego CA, 92103, USA
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Baldo BA, Pham NH. Opioid toxicity: histamine, hypersensitivity, and MRGPRX2. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:359-375. [PMID: 36344690 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Insights into the pathophysiology of many non-immune-mediated drug reactions referred to as toxicities, sensitivities, intolerances, or pseudoallergies have resulted from research identifying the mastocyte-related G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) member X2 (MRGPRX2), a human mast cell receptor mediating adverse reactions without the involvement of antibody priming. Opioid-induced degranulation of mast cells, particularly morphine, provoking release of histamine and other preformed mediators and causing hemodynamic and cutaneous changes seen as flushing, headache and wheal and flare reactions in the skin, is an example of results of MRGPRX2 activation. Opioids including morphine, codeine, dextromethorphan and metazocine as well as endogenous prodynorphin opioid peptides activate MRGPRX2 at concentrations causing mast cell degranulation. Unlike the canonical opioid receptors, MRGPRX2 shows stereochemical recognition preference for dextro rather than levo opioid enantiomers. Opioid analgesic drugs (OADs) display a range of histamine-releasing potencies from the strong releaser morphine to doubtful releasers like hydromorphone and the non-releaser fentanyl. Whether there is a correlation between histamine release by individual OADs, MRGPRX2 activation, and presence or absence of adverse cutaneous effects is not known. To investigate the question, ongoing research with recently pursued methodologies and strategies employing basophil and mast cell tests resulting from MRGPRX2 insights should help to elucidate whether or not an opioid's histamine-releasing potency, and its property of provoking an adverse reaction, are each a reflection of its activation of MRGPRX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Baldo
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | - Nghia H Pham
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
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De Andres J, Hayek S, Perruchoud C, Lawrence MM, Reina MA, De Andres-Serrano C, Rubio-Haro R, Hunt M, Yaksh TL. Intrathecal Drug Delivery: Advances and Applications in the Management of Chronic Pain Patient. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:900566. [PMID: 35782225 PMCID: PMC9246706 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.900566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of the biology of spinal systems in organizing and defining the content of exteroceptive information upon which higher centers define the state of the organism and its role in the regulation of somatic and automatic output, defining the motor response of the organism, along with the unique biology and spatial organization of this space, have resulted in an increased focus on therapeutics targeted at this extracranial neuraxial space. Intrathecal (IT) drug delivery systems (IDDS) are well-established as an effective therapeutic approach to patients with chronic non-malignant or malignant pain and as a tool for management of patients with severe spasticity and to deliver therapeutics that address a myriad of spinal pathologies. The risk to benefit ratio of IDD makes it a useful interventional approach. While not without risks, this approach has a significant therapeutic safety margin when employed using drugs with a validated safety profile and by skilled practioners. The present review addresses current advances in our understanding of the biology and dynamics of the intrathecal space, therapeutic platforms, novel therapeutics, delivery technology, issues of safety and rational implementation of its therapy, with a particular emphasis upon the management of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose De Andres
- Surgical Specialties Department, Valencia University Medical School, Valencia, Spain
- Anesthesia Critical Care and Pain Management Department, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jose De Andres
| | - Salim Hayek
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Christophe Perruchoud
- Pain Center and Department of Anesthesia, La Tour Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melinda M. Lawrence
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Miguel Angel Reina
- Department of Anesthesiology, Montepríncipe University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- CEU-San-Pablo University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ruben Rubio-Haro
- Anesthesia and Pain Management Department, Provincial Hospital, Castellon, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Pain Clinic, Vithas Virgen del Consuelo Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mathew Hunt
- Department of Physiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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7
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North American Neuromodulation Society Educational Curriculum for Intrathecal Drug Delivery Systems Implantation and Management. Neuromodulation 2022:S1094-7159(21)06945-2. [PMID: 35088723 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDSs) are used for the treatment of pain and spasticity. A wide range of educational criteria exist for these devices. The North American Neuromodulation Society (NANS) Education Committee developed a comprehensive IDDS curriculum to function as a standard for physician graduate education and assessment through training and into practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS A multidisciplinary and diverse task force gathered by the NANS Education Committee met in person and virtually over several sessions and developed an IDDS curriculum modeling their previous work on spinal cord stimulation and following the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Milestones. There were iterative revisions and adaptations to the curriculum, and the final version was approved by the NANS Board of Directors. RESULTS The curriculum was developed with distinction between implanting physicians and managing physician and physicians who perform both tasks. There is a lateral temporal progression from early learner to practitioner, with advanced learner in the middle. In addition, there is a modular vertical organization that divides the curriculum into the six educational competencies outlined by the ACGME. CONCLUSION A comprehensive, modular, graduated, and segmented educational curriculum for IDDSs was developed by NANS. We propose the curriculum to be the standard for guidance and assessment of trainees and physicians pursuing training in implanting or managing IDDSs.
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Ade T, Roh J, Sharma G, Mohan M, DeLozier SJ, Janes JL, Hayek SM. Comparative Effectiveness of Targeted Intrathecal Drug Delivery Using a Combination of Bupivacaine with Either Low-Dose Fentanyl or Hydromorphone in Chronic Back Pain Patients with Lumbar Postlaminectomy Syndrome. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 21:1921-1928. [PMID: 32393970 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnaa104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Targeted intrathecal drug delivery (TIDD) is an effective interventional pain management modality often used in postlaminectomy patients with refractory chronic low back pain. A combination of intrathecal bupivacaine with an opioid is often used. However, intrathecal catheter tip granulomas have occurred with use of morphine or hydromorphone but generally not with fentanyl. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of TIDD using bupivacaine/fentanyl vs bupivacaine/hydromorphone in patients with chronic intractable low back pain postlaminectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective comparative analysis of consecutive patients with lumbar postlaminectomy syndrome who were trialed and later received TIDD with a combination of bupivacaine/hydromorphone or bupivacaine/fentanyl between June 2009 and May 2016 at a single tertiary medical center. RESULTS We identified a cohort of 58 lumbar postlaminectomy patients receiving a TIDD admixture of either hydromorphone/bupivacaine (30 patients) or low-dose fentanyl/bupivacaine (28 patients) with at least two years of follow-up. The fentanyl group had significantly lower baseline opioid consumption and a lower rate of intrathecal opioid dose escalation. Both groups had similar and significant reductions in pain scores over the two-year follow-up period. No granulomas were observed. CONCLUSION TIDD using a low-dose fentanyl admixture with bupivacaine in patients with postlaminectomy syndrome and refractory chronic low back pain results in similar pain relief to TIDD with hydromorphone and bupivacaine. Low-dose intrathecal fentanyl leads to a lower rate of opioid escalation and may be safer than hydromorphone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Ade
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology/Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Justin Roh
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology/Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gautam Sharma
- Department of Anesthesiology/Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology/Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.,Mercy One Medical Center, Waterloo, Iowa, USA
| | - Sarah J DeLozier
- Clinical Research Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jessica L Janes
- Clinical Research Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Salim M Hayek
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology/Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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Capozza MA, Triarico S, Mastrangelo S, Attinà G, Maurizi P, Ruggiero A. Narrative review of intrathecal drug delivery (IDD): indications, devices and potential complications. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:186. [PMID: 33569488 PMCID: PMC7867880 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The management of chronic refractory pain (non-neoplastic and cancer-related pain) remains a therapeutic challenge. The continuous intrathecal (IT) administration of drugs may play an important role in the possible management options. Intrathecal drug delivery devices (IDDDs) may be effective for patients with refractory chronic pain. Therefore, they may be adopted for non-oncologic pain in patients with compression fractures, spondylolisthesis, spondylosis, back surgery failure syndrome and spinal stenosis. Oncologic patients can benefit from these treatments in a variable way according to tumor characteristics, prognosis, periprocedural imaging and risk of disease progression. In this review, we describe the most commonly used drugs (opioids and non-opioids), their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features and indications of use. The most used drugs are morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl, methadone, bupivacaine, clonidine, and ketamine. Patient evaluation before the device implantation should be based on clinical examination, medical records assessment and psychometric evaluation. The infusion pumps available on the market are both non-programmable (with continuous IT deliver of drugs) and programmable (with variable deliver of drugs according to their flow rate). Moreover, we describe the procedure of implantation and the potential complications of IT drug delivery (such as bleeding, infection, loss of cerebrospinal fluid, wound seroma, loss of catheter pump propellant).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Antonio Capozza
- Unità di Oncologia Pediatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Triarico
- Unità di Oncologia Pediatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Mastrangelo
- Unità di Oncologia Pediatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Attinà
- Unità di Oncologia Pediatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Palma Maurizi
- Unità di Oncologia Pediatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Ruggiero
- Unità di Oncologia Pediatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Kokubu S, Eddinger KA, Yamaguchi S, Huerta-Esquivel LL, Schiller PW, Yaksh TL. Characterization of Analgesic Actions of the Chronic Intrathecal Infusion of H-Dmt-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2 in Rat. Neuromodulation 2019; 22:781-789. [PMID: 30794333 PMCID: PMC6706328 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES DMT-DALDA (H-Dmt-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2; Dmt = 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine) is a selective mu opioid agonist. We sought to characterize efficacy, tolerance, dependence and side-effect profile when given by continuous intrathecal infusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were prepared with chronic intrathecal catheters and osmotic mini-pumps to deliver vehicle (saline), DMT-DALDA or morphine. Hind paw thermal escape latencies were assessed. In addition, effects upon intraplantar formalin-evoked flinching and withdrawal after 14 days of infusion were examined. The flare response after intradermal delivery was examined in the canine model. RESULTS 1) Intrathecal infusion of 0.3 to 30 pmol/μL/hour of DMT-DALDA or 37.5 nmol/μL/hour of morphine more than 7 or 14 days resulted in a dose-dependent increase in thermal escape latency. The maximum antinociceptive effect was observed between 1 and 4 days after start of infusion with preserved cornea, blink, placing and stepping. By days 12 to 14, response latencies were below baseline. 2) On days 2 to 4 of DMT-DALDA infusion, the pan opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (Nx), but not the delta-preferring antagonist naltrindole, antagonized the analgesic effects. 3) Assessment of formalin flinching on day 1 following IT DMT-DALDA Infusion showed significant analgesia in phases 1 and 2. On day 6 of infusion there was minimal effect, while on day 13, there was an increase in flinching. 4) On days 7 and 14 of infusion Nx resulted in prominent withdrawal signs indicating dependence and withdrawal. 5) Intradermal morphine and DMT-DALDA both yield a naltrexone-insensitive, cromolyn-sensitive flare in the canine model at similar concentrations. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that DMT-DALDA is a potent, spinally active agonist with a propensity to produce tolerance dependence and mast cell degranulation. While it was equiactive to morphine in producing mast cell degranulation, it was >1000 fold more potent in producing analgesia, suggesting a possible lower risk in producing a spinal mass at equianalgesic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Kokubu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, U.S.A
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kelly A. Eddinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, U.S.A
| | - Shigeki Yamaguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Lena Libertad Huerta-Esquivel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, U.S.A
- Université de Strasbourg, CEDEX Estrasburgo, Alsacia, France
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Peter W. Schiller
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, U.S.A
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Zhang T, Liu R, Che D, Pundir P, Wang N, Han S, Cao J, Lv Y, Dong H, Fang F, Wang J, Ma P, Zhao T, Lei T, Dong X, He L. A Mast Cell–Specific Receptor Is Critical for Granuloma Induced by Intrathecal Morphine Infusion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1701-1714. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Kokubu S, Eddinger KA, Nguyen TMD, Huerta-Esquivel LL, Yamaguchi S, Schiller PW, Yaksh TL. Characterization of the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal DALDA peptides following bolus intrathecal delivery. Scand J Pain 2019; 19:193-206. [PMID: 30367811 DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2018-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims We systematically characterized the potency and side effect profile of a series of small opioid peptides with high affinity for the mu opioid receptor. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats were prepared with intrathecal (IT) catheters, assessed with hind paw thermal escape and evaluated for side effects including Straub tail, truncal rigidity, and pinnae and corneal reflexes. In these studies, DMT-DALDA (dDAL) (H-Dmt-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2 MW=981), dDALc (H-Dmt-Cit-Phe-Lys-NH2 MW=868), dDALcn (H-Dmt-D-Cit-Phe-Nle-NH2 MW=739), TAPP (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Phe-NH2 MW=659), dDAL-TICP ([Dmt1]DALDA-(CH2)2-NH-TICP[psi]; MW=1519), and dDAL-TIPP (H-Dmt-D-Arg-Phe-Lys(Nε-TIPP)-NH2 were examined. In separate studies, the effects of approximately equiactive doses of IT DMT DALDA (10 pmol), morphine (30 nmol) and fentanyl (1 nmol) were examined on formalin-induced flinching at different pretreatment intervals (15 min - 24 h). Results (1) All agents resulted in a dose-dependent reversible effect upon motor function (Straub Tail>Truncal rigidity). (2) The ordering of analgesic activity (%MPE) at the highest dose lacking reliable motor signs after bolus delivery was: DMT-DALDA (80%±6/3 pmol); dDALc (75%±8/1 pmol); dDALcn (84%±10/300 pmol); TAPP (56%±12/10 nmol); dDAL-TICP (52%±27/300 pmol). (3) All analgesic effects were reversed by systemic (IP) naloxone (1 mg/kg). Naltrindole (3 mg/kg, IP) had no significant effect upon the maximum usable peptide dose. (4) Tolerance and cross-tolerance development after 5 daily boluses of DMT-DALDA (3 pmol) and morphine (30 nmol) revealed that both agents displayed a progressive decline over 5 days. (5) Cross-tolerance assessed at day 5 revealed a reduction in response to morphine in DMT-DALDA treated animal but not DMT-DALDA in the morphine treated animal, indicating an asymmetric cross-tolerance. (6) IT DMT-DALDA, morphine and fentanyl resulted in significant reductions in phase 1 and phase 2 flinching. With a 15 min pretreatment all drugs resulted in comparable reductions in flinching. However, at 6 h, the reduction in flinching after DMT-DALDA and morphine were comparably reduced while fentanyl was not different from vehicle. All effects on flinching were lost by 24 h. Conclusions These results emphasize the potent mu agonist properties of the DALDA peptidic structure series, their persistence similar to morphine and their propensity to produce tolerance. The asymmetric cross-tolerance between equiactive doses may reflect the relative intrinsic activity of morphine and DMT-DALDA. Implications These results suggest that the DALDA peptides with their potency and duration of action after intrathecal delivery suggest their potential utility for their further development as a spinal therapeutic to manage pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Kokubu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kelly A Eddinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thi M-D Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lena Libertad Huerta-Esquivel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Université de Strasbourg, Alsacia, France.,Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Shigeki Yamaguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Peter W Schiller
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, Phone: +(619) 543-3597, Fax: +(619) 543-6070
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13
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Yaksh TL, Eddinger KA, Kokubu S, Wang Z, DiNardo A, Ramachandran R, Zhu Y, He Y, Weren F, Quang D, Malkmus SA, Lansu K, Kroeze WK, Eliceiri B, Steinauer JJ, Schiller PW, Gmeiner P, Page LM, Hildebrand KR. Mast Cell Degranulation and Fibroblast Activation in the Morphine-induced Spinal Mass: Role of Mas-related G Protein-coupled Receptor Signaling. Anesthesiology 2019; 131:132-147. [PMID: 31225809 PMCID: PMC6590697 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the meningeally derived, fibroblast-rich, mass-produced by intrathecal morphine infusion is not produced by all opiates, but reduced by mast cell stabilizers, the authors hypothesized a role for meningeal mast cell/fibroblast activation. Using the guinea pig, the authors asked: (1) Are intrathecal morphine masses blocked by opiate antagonism?; (2) Do opioid agonists not producing mast cell degranulation or fibroblast activation produce masses?; and (3) Do masses covary with Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor signaling thought to mediate mast cell degranulation? METHODS In adult male guinea pigs (N = 66), lumbar intrathecal catheters connected to osmotic minipumps (14 days; 0.5 µl/h) were placed to deliver saline or equianalgesic concentrations of morphine sulfate (33 nmol/h), 2',6'-dimethyl tyrosine-(Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2) (abbreviated as DMT-DALDA; 10 pmol/h; μ agonist) or PZM21 (27 nmol/h; biased μ agonist). A second pump delivered subcutaneous naltrexone (25 µg/h) in some animals. After 14 to 16 days, animals were anesthetized and perfusion-fixed. Drug effects on degranulation of human cultured mast cells, mouse embryonic fibroblast activation/migration/collagen formation, and Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor activation (PRESTO-Tango assays) were determined. RESULTS Intrathecal infusion of morphine, DMT-DALDA or PZM21, but not saline, comparably increased thermal thresholds for 7 days. Spinal masses proximal to catheter tip, composed of fibroblast/collagen type I (median: interquartile range, 0 to 4 scale), were produced by morphine (2.3: 2.0 to 3.5) and morphine plus naltrexone (2.5: 1.4 to 3.1), but not vehicle (1.2: 1.1 to 1.5), DMT-DALDA (1.0: 0.6 to 1.3), or PZM21 (0.5: 0.4 to 0.8). Morphine in a naloxone-insensitive fashion, but not PZM21 or DMT-DALDA, resulted in mast cell degranulation and fibroblast proliferation/collagen formation. Morphine-induced fibroblast proliferation, as mast cell degranulation, is blocked by cromolyn. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor activation was produced by morphine and TAN67 (∂-opioid agonist), but not by PZM21, TRV130 (mu biased ligand), or DMT-DALDA. CONCLUSIONS Opiates that activate Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor will degranulate mast cells, activate fibroblasts, and result in intrathecal mass formation. Results suggest a mechanistically rational path forward to safer intrathecal opioid therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony L Yaksh
- From the Laboratory of Anesthesiology Research, Department of Anesthesiology (T.L.Y., K.A.E., S.K., R.R., Y.Z., Y.H., F.W., D.Q., S.A.M., J.J.S.) Department of Dermatology (Z.W., A.D.) Division of Trauma, Department of Surgery (B.P.E.), University of California, San Diego, California the Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L., W.K.K) Montreal Clinical Research Institute and the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.) Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Germany (P.G.) Implantables Research and Technology, Medtronic, Inc., Restorative Therapies Group, Minneapolis, Minnesota (L.M.P., K.R.H.)
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Hildebrand KR, Page LM, Billstrom TM, Steinauer JJ, Eddinger KA, Arjomand S, Yaksh TL. Characterization of Effect of Repeated Bolus or Continuous Intrathecal Infusion of Morphine on Spinal Mass Formation in the Dog. Neuromodulation 2019; 22:790-798. [PMID: 31124198 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We determined whether intrathecally delivering the same daily dose of morphine (MS) at a fixed concentration of 25 mg/mL by periodic boluses versus continuous infusion would reduce intrathecal mass (IMs) formation in dogs. METHODS Adult dogs (hound cross, n = 32) were implanted with intrathecal catheters connected to SynchroMed II infusion pumps. Animals were randomly assigned to receive infusion of 0.48 mL/day of saline or MS dosing (12 mg/day at 25 mg/mL) as boluses: x1 (q24hour), x2 (q12hour), x4 (q6hour), or x8 (q3hour) given at the rate of 1000 μL/hour, or as a continuous infusion (25 mg/mL/20 μL/hour). RESULTS With IT saline, minimal pathology was noted. In contrast, animals receiving morphine displayed spinally compressing durally derived masses with the maximal cross-sectional area being greatest near the catheter tip. Histopathology showed that IMs consisted of fibroblasts in a collagen (type 1) matrix comprised of newly formed collagen near the catheter and mature collagen on the periphery of the mass. The rank order of median cross-sectional mass area (mm2 ) was: Saline: 0.7 mm2 ; x2: 1.8 mm2 ; x4: 2.7 mm2 ; x1: 2.7 mm2 ; x8: 4.2 mm2 ; Continuous: 8.1 mm2 , with statistical difference from saline being seen with continuous (p < 0.0001) and x8 (p < 0.05). Bench studies with a 2D diffusion chamber confirmed an increase in dye distribution and lower peak concentrations after bolus delivery versus continuous infusion of dye. CONCLUSIONS Using multiple bolus dosing, IMs were reduced as compared to continuous infusion, suggesting relevance of bolus delivery in yielding reduced intrathecal masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Hildebrand
- Medtronic, Restorative Therapies Group, Targeted Drug Delivery, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Linda M Page
- Medtronic, Restorative Therapies Group, Targeted Drug Delivery, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tina M Billstrom
- Medtronic Physiological Research Laboratories, Coon Rapid, MN, USA
| | - Joanne J Steinauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kelly A Eddinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shervin Arjomand
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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15
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Pharmacology of Intrathecal Therapy. Neuromodulation 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805353-9.00066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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16
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Dhar D, Poree LR, Yaksh TL. Evolution of the Spinal Delivery of Opiate Analgesics. Neuromodulation 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805353-9.00065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Schmidt-Rondon E, Wang Z, Malkmus SA, Di Nardo A, Hildebrand K, Page L, Yaksh TL. Effects of opioid and nonopioid analgesics on canine wheal formation and cultured human mast cell degranulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 338:54-64. [PMID: 29111148 PMCID: PMC9841896 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cell (MC) degranulation has been implicated in the side effect profile of a variety of clinically useful agents. Thus, after intrathecal delivery, formation of space-occupying, meningeally-derived masses may be related to local MC degranulation. We systematically characterized degranulating effects of opioid and nonopioid analgesics on cutaneous flares in the dog and in primary human MC (hMC) cultures. METHODS Dogs were anesthetized with IV propofol and received intradermal (ID) injections (50μL). Flare diameters were measured at 30min. Drugs showing flare responses were tested after intramuscular (IM) cromolyn (10mg/kg), a MC stabilizer. Human primary MCs (human cord blood CD34+/CD45+ cells) were employed and β-hexosaminidase in cell-free supernatants were measured to assess degranulation. RESULTS A significant skin flare for several classes of agents was observed including opioids, ziconotide, ketamine, ST-91, neostigmine, adenosine, bupivacaine, lidocaine, MK-801 and 48/80. Tizanidine, fentanyl, alfentanil, gabapentin and baclofen produced no flare. Flare produced by all ID agents, except adenosine, bupivacaine and lidocaine, was reduced by cromolyn. Naloxone had no effect upon opiate or 48/80 evoked flares. In hMC studies, 48/80 resulted in a concentration-dependent release of β-hexosaminidase. The rank order of drug-induced hMC β-hexosaminidase release was similar to that for flares. CONCLUSIONS A variety of therapeutically useful drugs degranulate MCs. This action may account for side effects such as the intrathecal granuloma resulting from spinally-delivered opioids. This degranulating effect may be useful in predicting potential intrathecal toxicity in the development of novel agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schmidt-Rondon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Zhenping Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Shelle A. Malkmus
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Anna Di Nardo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Keith Hildebrand
- Medtronic, Inc., Neuromodulation, 7000 Central Avenue NE, RCE470, Minneapolis, MN 55432, United States
| | - Linda Page
- Medtronic, Inc., Neuromodulation, 7000 Central Avenue NE, RCE470, Minneapolis, MN 55432, United States
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, United States,Corresponding author at: Department of Anesthesiology 0818, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093-0818, United States, (T.L. Yaksh)
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18
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Emami A, Tepper J, Short B, Yaksh TL, Bendele AM, Ramani T, Cisternas AF, Chang JH, Mellon RD. Toxicology Evaluation of Drugs Administered via Uncommon Routes: Intranasal, Intraocular, Intrathecal/Intraspinal, and Intra-Articular. Int J Toxicol 2017; 37:4-27. [PMID: 29264927 DOI: 10.1177/1091581817741840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
As the need for nasal, ocular, spinal, and articular therapeutic compounds increases, toxicology assessments of drugs administered via these routes play an important role in human safety. This symposium outlined the local and systemic evaluation to support safety during the development of these drugs in nonclinical models with some case studies. Discussions included selection of appropriate species for the intended route; conducting nonclinical studies that closely mimic the intended use with adequate duration; functional assessment, if deemed necessary; evaluation of local tissues with special histological staining procedure; and evaluations of safety margins based on local and systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armaghan Emami
- 1 US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jeff Tepper
- 2 Tepper Nonclinical Consulting, San Carlos, CA, USA
| | - Brian Short
- 3 Brian Short Consulting, LLC, Trabuco Canyon, CA, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- 4 Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jay H Chang
- 1 US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Southwell DG, Osorio JA, Liverman CS, Friedman LM, Naidu RK, Poree LR, Henry MM, Jacques L. Intrathecal catheter-associated inflammatory mass in a neurofibromatosis type-1 patient receiving fentanyl and bupivacaine. Surg Neurol Int 2017; 8:159. [PMID: 28808608 PMCID: PMC5535511 DOI: 10.4103/sni.sni_80_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Catheter-associated inflammatory masses (CIMs) are a rare but serious complication of intrathecal drug delivery devices. CIM formation is influenced by local medication concentration, which is determined in part by flow dynamics at the catheter tip. Underlying spinal pathologies, such as neoplasms, may alter flow at the catheter tip, thereby contributing to CIM formation. Moreover, they may also complicate the clinical and radiologic diagnosis of a CIM. Case Description: A 36-year-old man with neurofibromatosis type 1 presented to our emergency department with complaints of increased back pain and leg weakness. To treat pain secondary to his multiple spinal masses, he had previously undergone placement of an implantable drug delivery system, which infused a compounded drug of fentanyl and bupivacaine. Imaging studies depicted numerous masses consistent with neurofibromatosis, including a compressive mass located circumferentially at the porous catheter terminus and proximal to the catheter tip. Surgical removal of this mass was performed; pathologic findings were consistent with a catheter tip granuloma. Conclusions: In the described case, CIM formation likely resulted from a combination of, 1) an unusually high fentanyl concentration, and, 2) altered infusate flow due to spinal neurofibromas. Consideration of underlying spinal pathologies, particularly mass lesions, is critical to the management of intrathecal drug delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek G Southwell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joseph A Osorio
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Lauren M Friedman
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ramana K Naidu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lawrence R Poree
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Melanie M Henry
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Line Jacques
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to an increase in implantable device-related anesthesia pain medicine claims, the authors investigated anesthesia liability associated with these devices. METHODS After institutional review board approval, the authors identified 148 pain medicine device claims from 1990 or later in the Anesthesia Closed Claims Project Database. Device-related damaging events included medication administration events, infections, hematomas, retained catheter fragments, cerebrospinal fluid leaks, cord or cauda equina trauma, device placed at wrong level, stimulator incorrectly programmed, delay in recognition of granuloma formation, and other issues. RESULTS The most common devices were implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS; 64%) and spinal cord stimulators (29%). Device-related care consisted of surgical device procedures (n = 107) and IDDS maintenance (n = 41). Severity of injury was greater in IDDS maintenance claims (56% death or severe permanent injury) than in surgical device procedures (26%, P < 0.001). Death and brain damage in IDDS maintenance claims resulted from medication administration errors (n = 13; 32%); spinal cord injury resulted from delayed recognition of granuloma formation (n = 9; 22%). The most common damaging events for surgical device procedures were infections, inadequate pain relief, cord trauma, retained catheter fragments, and subcutaneous hygroma. Care was more commonly assessed as less than appropriate (78%) and payments more common (63%) in IDDS maintenance than in surgical device procedure claims (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Half of IDDS maintenance claims were associated with death or permanent severe injury, most commonly from medication errors or failure to recognize progressive neurologic deterioration. Practitioners implanting or managing devices for chronic pain should exercise caution in these areas to minimize patient harm.
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22
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Pope JE, Deer TR, Amirdelfan K, McRoberts WP, Azeem N. The Pharmacology of Spinal Opioids and Ziconotide for the Treatment of Non-Cancer Pain. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:206-216. [PMID: 26861471 PMCID: PMC5412702 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160210142339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intrathecal drug delivery has undergone a revitalization following a better understanding of this delivery route and its pharmacokinetics. Driven by patient safety and outcomes, clinicians are motivated to rethink the traditional spinal infusion pump patient selection criteria and indications. We review the current understanding of the pharmacology of commonly employed intrathecal agents and the clinical relevance. Methods Search strategies for data acquisition included Medline database, PubMed, Google scholar, along with international and national professional meeting content, with key words including pharmacology of opioids, intrathecal therapy, ziconotide, pharmacokinetics, and intrathecal drug delivery. The search results were limited to the English language. Results Over 300 papers were identified. The literature was condensed and digested to evaluate the most commonly used medications in practice, sto serve as a foundation for review. We review on-label medications: ziconotide and morphine, and off label medications including fentanyl, sufentail, and hydromorphine. Conclusion Intrathecal therapy has level-one evidence for use for malignant pain and nonmalignant pain, with continued cost savings and improved safety. To most effectively serve our patients, a clear appreciation for the pharmacology of these commonly employed medication is paramount..
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Pope
- Center for Pain Relief, Charleston, WV, USA. United States
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23
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Deer TR, Pope JE, Hayek SM, Bux A, Buchser E, Eldabe S, De Andrés JA, Erdek M, Patin D, Grider JS, Doleys DM, Jacobs MS, Yaksh TL, Poree L, Wallace MS, Prager J, Rauck R, DeLeon O, Diwan S, Falowski SM, Gazelka HM, Kim P, Leong M, Levy RM, McDowell II G, McRoberts P, Naidu R, Narouze S, Perruchoud C, Rosen SM, Rosenberg WS, Saulino M, Staats P, Stearns LJ, Willis D, Krames E, Huntoon M, Mekhail N. The Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference (PACC): Recommendations on Intrathecal Drug Infusion Systems Best Practices and Guidelines. Neuromodulation 2017; 20:96-132. [DOI: 10.1111/ner.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anjum Bux
- Anesthesia and Chronic Pain Management; Ephraim McDowell Regional Medical Center; Danville KY USA
| | - Eric Buchser
- Anaesthesia and Pain Management Department; EHC Hosptial, Morges, and CHUV University Hospital; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Sam Eldabe
- The James Cook University Hospital; Middlesbrough UK
| | - Jose A. De Andrés
- Valencia School of Medicine; Hospital General Universitario; Valencia Spain
| | - Michael Erdek
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
| | | | - Jay S. Grider
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, UK HealthCare Pain Services; Lexington KY USA
| | | | | | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Anesthesiology and Pharmacology; University of California; San Diego CA USA
| | - Lawrence Poree
- Pain Clinic of Monterey Bay, University of California at San Francisco; San Francisco CA USA
| | | | - Joshua Prager
- Center for the Rehabilitation Pain Syndromes (CRPS) at UCLA Medical Plaza; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Richard Rauck
- Carolina Pain Institute, Wake Forest Baptist Health; Winston-Salem NC USA
| | - Oscar DeLeon
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, SUNY; Buffalo NY USA
| | - Sudhir Diwan
- Manhattan Spine and Pain Medicine; Lenox Hill Hospital; New York NY USA
| | | | | | - Philip Kim
- Bryn Mawr Hospital; Bryn Mawr PA, USA
- Christiana Hospital; Newark DE USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ramana Naidu
- San Francisco Medical Center, University of California; San Francisco CA USA
| | - Samir Narouze
- Summa Western Reserve Hospital; Cuyahoga Falls OH USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Staats
- Premier Pain Management Centers; Shrewsbury NJ, USA
- Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
| | | | | | - Elliot Krames
- Pacific Pain Treatment Center (ret.); San Francisco CA USA
| | - Marc Huntoon
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville TN USA
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Yaksh TL, Fisher CJ, Hockman TM, Wiese AJ. Current and Future Issues in the Development of Spinal Agents for the Management of Pain. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:232-259. [PMID: 26861470 PMCID: PMC5412694 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160307145542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting analgesic drugs for spinal delivery reflects the fact that while the conscious experience of pain is mediated supraspinally, input initiated by high intensity stimuli, tissue injury and/or nerve injury is encoded at the level of the spinal dorsal horn and this output informs the brain as to the peripheral environment. This encoding process is subject to strong upregulation resulting in hyperesthetic states and downregulation reducing the ongoing processing of nociceptive stimuli reversing the hyperesthesia and pain processing. The present review addresses the biology of spinal nociceptive processing as relevant to the effects of intrathecally-delivered drugs in altering pain processing following acute stimulation, tissue inflammation/injury and nerve injury. The review covers i) the major classes of spinal agents currently employed as intrathecal analgesics (opioid agonists, alpha 2 agonists; sodium channel blockers; calcium channel blockers; NMDA blockers; GABA A/B agonists; COX inhibitors; ii) ongoing developments in the pharmacology of spinal therapeutics focusing on less studied agents/targets (cholinesterase inhibition; Adenosine agonists; iii) novel intrathecal targeting methodologies including gene-based approaches (viral vectors, plasmids, interfering RNAs); antisense, and toxins (botulinum toxins; resniferatoxin, substance P Saporin); and iv) issues relevant to intrathecal drug delivery (neuraxial drug distribution), infusate delivery profile, drug dosing, formulation and principals involved in the preclinical evaluation of intrathecal drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony L. Yaksh
- University of California, San Diego, Anesthesia Research Lab 0818, 9500 Gilman Dr. LaJolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Casey J. Fisher
- University of California, San Diego, Anesthesia Research Lab 0818, 9500 Gilman Dr. LaJolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tyler M. Hockman
- University of California, San Diego, Anesthesia Research Lab 0818, 9500 Gilman Dr. LaJolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ashley J. Wiese
- University of California, San Diego, Anesthesia Research Lab 0818, 9500 Gilman Dr. LaJolla, CA 92093, USA
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Veizi IE, Hayek SM, Hanes M, Galica R, Katta S, Yaksh T. Primary Hydromorphone-Related Intrathecal Catheter Tip Granulomas: Is There a Role for Dose and Concentration? Neuromodulation 2016; 19:760-769. [PMID: 27505059 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrathecal drug delivery therapy has been used effectively in treating patients with intractable chronic pain. The development of an intrathecal catheter tip granuloma (ICTG) related to delivery of intrathecal opiates is a relatively infrequent, but potentially devastating complication. While there are many morphine-related ICTG cases described, reports of hydromorphone-related ICTG are limited. In addition, studies suggest a strong correlation between the use of higher doses and concentrations of intrathecal opiates and ICTG formation. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine the incidence and the association of intrathecal hydromorphone dose, concentration, duration of treatment and concomitant agents with ICTG formation. STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective analysis of 101 consecutive patients implanted with intrathecal infusion delivery devices. Data were collected from chart review, and records of pump refills from the division of Pain Medicine of University Hospitals or outsourced to a home pump refill service. RESULTS From a cohort of 101 consecutively implanted patients, 69 were treated with intrathecal hydromorphone and followed up postimplant for an average of 33.5 ± 24 months (range 0-93 months; 95% CI of 27-39 months). The incidence of ICTG in our patient population was 8.7% during this period of time postimplant with mean time to granuloma detection 35.1 ± 7.9 months. Patients developing granuloma (n = 6) were treated with a combination of intrathecal hydromorphone and bupivacaine infusion. Exposure time to intrathecal agents was not different between the granuloma and nongranuloma group. Monthly dose increase of hydromorphone was higher in granuloma group vs. non-granuloma group (58 ± 34 mcg/month n = 6 vs. 25 ± 8 mcg/month n = 63). Four out of six granuloma cases occurred with low dose and concentration of IT hydromorphone (160-370 mcg/day; 0.75-1.0 mg/mL concentration). Intrathecal bupivacaine dose was not different between groups. A subset of patients was treated with intrathecal fentanyl and bupivacaine. No intrathecal granulomas occurred in this patient cohort. CONCLUSION This is the first clinical report demonstrating an association of hydromorphone with intrathecal granulomas, particularly at low doses and concentrations of hydromorphone. This study supports the notion that using low dose of IT opioids might not protect against ICTG development but that the level of exposure and type of opioid used in IT space might be highly correlated with ICTG development. Further research and recommendations related to chronic intrathecal opioid infusions are necessary to raise awareness of significant incidence of ICTG and development of tests to isolate patient populations at high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Elias Veizi
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Louis Stokes Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Salim M Hayek
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Michael Hanes
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ryan Galica
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sivakanth Katta
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tony Yaksh
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
Intrathecal infusion of opioids in dogs, sheep, and humans produces local space-occupying masses. To develop a small-animal model, the authors examined effects of intrathecal catheterization and morphine infusion in guinea pigs.
Methods
Under isoflurane, polyethylene or polyurethane catheters were advanced from the cisterna magna to the lumbar enlargement. Drugs were delivered as a bolus through the externalized catheter or continuously by subcutaneous minipumps. Hind paw withdrawal to a thermal stimulus was assessed. Spinal histopathology was systematically assessed in a blinded fashion. To assist in determining catheter placement, ex vivo images were obtained using magnetic resonance imaging in several animals. Canine spinal tissue from previous intrathecal morphine studies was analyzed in parallel.
Results
(1) Polyethylene (n = 30) and polyurethane (n = 25) catheters were implanted in the lumbar intrathecal space. (2) Bolus intrathecal morphine produced a dose-dependent (20 to 40 μg/10 μl) increase in thermal escape latencies. (3) Absent infusion, a catheter-associated distortion of the spinal cord and a fibrotic investment were noted along the catheter tract (polyethylene > polyurethane). (4) Intrathecal morphine infusion (25 mg/ml/0.5 μl/h for 14 days) resulted in intrathecal masses (fibroblasts, interspersed collagen, lymphocytes, and macrophages) arising from meninges proximal to the catheter tip in both polyethylene- and polyurethane-catheterized animals. This closely resembles mass histopathology from intrathecal morphine canine studies.
Conclusions
Continuous intrathecal infusion of morphine leads to pericatheter masses that morphologically resemble those observed in dogs and humans. This small-animal model may be useful for studying spinal drug toxicology in general and the biology of intrathecal granuloma formation in particular.
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Codipietro L, Maino P. Aseptic Arachnoiditis in a Patient Treated With Intrathecal Morphine Infusion: Symptom Resolution on Switch to Ziconotide. Neuromodulation 2015; 18:217-20; discussion 220. [DOI: 10.1111/ner.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Efeitos neurotóxicos de levobupivacaína e fentanil sobre a medula espinhal de ratos. Braz J Anesthesiol 2015; 65:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjan.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Jose DA, Luciano P, Vicente V, Juan Marcos AS, Gustavo FC. Role of Catheter's Position for Final Results in Intrathecal Drug Delivery. Analysis Based on CSF Dynamics and Specific Drugs Profiles. Korean J Pain 2013; 26:336-46. [PMID: 24155999 PMCID: PMC3800705 DOI: 10.3344/kjp.2013.26.4.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrathecal drug delivery is an effective and safe option for the treatment of chronic pathology refractory to conventional pain therapies. Typical intrathecal administered drugs are opioids, baclofen, local anesthetics and adjuvant medications. Although knowledge about mechanisms of action of intrathecal drugs are every day more clear many doubt remain respect the correct location of intrathecal catheter in order to achieve the best therapeutic result. We analyze the factors that can affect drug distribution within the cerebrospinal fluid. Three categories of variables were identified: drug features, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics and patients features. First category includes physicochemical properties and pharmacological features of intrathecal administered drugs with special attention to drug lipophilicity. In the second category, the variables in CSF flow, are considered that can modify the drug distribution within the CSF with special attention to the new theories of liquoral circulation. Last category try to explain inter-individual difference in baclofen response with difference that are specific for each patients such as the anatomical area to treat, patient posture or reaction to inflammatory stimulus. We conclude that a comprehensive evaluation of the patients, including imaging techniques to study the anatomy and physiology of intrathecal environment and CSF dynamics, could become essential in the future to the purpose of optimize the clinical outcome of intrathecal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Andres Jose
- Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Multidisciplinary Pain Management Department, Valencia University General Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Perotti Luciano
- Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Multidisciplinary Pain Management Department, Valencia University General Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Villanueva Vicente
- Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Multidisciplinary Pain Management Department, Valencia University General Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Asensio Samper Juan Marcos
- Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Multidisciplinary Pain Management Department, Valencia University General Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fabregat-Cid Gustavo
- Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Multidisciplinary Pain Management Department, Valencia University General Hospital, Valencia, Spain
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Role of meningeal mast cells in intrathecal morphine-evoked granuloma formation. Anesthesiology 2013; 118:664-78. [PMID: 23426209 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e31828351aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrathecal morphine forms granulomas that arise from the adjacent arachnoid membrane. The authors propose that these inflammatory cells exit the meningeal vasculature secondary to meningeal mast cell degranulation. METHODS Three sets of experiments were accomplished in dogs: (1) ex vivo meningeal mast cell degranulation (histamine release was measured ex vivo from canine dura incubated with opiates); (2) in vivo cutaneous mast cell degranulation (flare areas on the dog abdomen were measured after subcutaneous opiates); and (3) in vivo granuloma pharmacology. Dogs with lumbar intrathecal catheters received infusion of intrathecal saline or intrathecal morphine. Intrathecal morphine dogs received (1) no other treatment (control); (2) twice-daily subcutaneous naltrexone; (3) intrathecal co-infusion of cromolyn; or (4) twice-daily subcutaneous cromolyn for the 24- to 28-day study course. RESULTS Morphine but not fentanyl evoked dural histamine release, which was blocked by cromolyn but not naloxone. Wheal/flare was produced by subcutaneous morphine, methadone, hydromorphone, but not fentanyl, and was unaffected by naltrexone but prevented by cromolyn. Granulomas occurred in all dogs receiving intrathecal morphine (15 of 15); subcutaneous naltrexone had no effect on granulomas (six of six) but was reduced by concurrent intrathecal cromolyn (zero of five) or twice-daily subcutaneous cromolyn (one of five). CONCLUSIONS The pharmacology of cutaneous/dural mast cell degranulation and intrathecal granulomas are comparable, not mediated by opioid receptors, and reduced by agents preventing mast cell degranulation. If an agent produces cutaneous mast cell degranulation at concentrations produced by intrathecal delivery, the agent may initiate granulomas.
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Narouze SN, Casanova J, Souzdalnitski D. Patients with a History of Spine Surgery or Spinal Injury may have a Higher Chance of Intrathecal Catheter Granuloma Formation. Pain Pract 2013; 14:57-63. [DOI: 10.1111/papr.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samer N. Narouze
- Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; OUCOM; Cuyahoga Falls Ohio USA
- Center for Pain Medicine Summa Western Reserve Hospital; Cuyahoga Falls Ohio USA
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Yaksh TL, Steinauer JJ, Veesart SL, Malkmus SA. Alfentanil: correlations between absence of effect upon subcutaneous mast cells and absence of granuloma formation after intrathecal infusion in the dog. Neuromodulation 2012; 16:459-66; discussion 466. [PMID: 23170763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2012.00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesize that intrathecal (IT) granulomas arising from the IT infusion of several opiates may result from the degranulation of meningeal mast cells (MC). Given functional covariance between cutaneous and meningeal MC, we propose that opioids that do not degranulate cutaneous MC will not produce a granuloma. An opioid meeting this criteria is the phenylpiperadine alfentanil HCl. METHODS Three experiments were accomplished in dogs. 1) Cutaneous MC degranulation. Flare areas on the dog abdomen were measured after intradermal alfentanil, morphine, or compound 48-80. 2) Dose ranging of analgesic effects of IT alfentanil infusion. Dogs with lumbar IT catheters received continuous infusion for 24 hours of different concentrations (1-20 mg/mL/d) of alfentanil and analgesic effects were assessed. 3) Granuloma inducing effects. Dogs received IT alfentanil (20 mg/mL/d; N = 5; 22-28 days) or morphine (12 mg/mL/d; N = 3; 22-30 days) and spinal cord harvested for histopathology after 22-30 days of infusion. RESULTS 1) Intradermal morphine (10 mg/mL) and compound 48-80 (1 mg/mL) but not alfentanil at concentrations up to 20 mg/mL produced a cutaneous flare. IT alfentanil infusion produced increases in thermal escape latency at concentrations as low as 2 mg/mL/day. A significant depression of arousal was noted in the dogs receiving 20 mg/mL. Over the 22- to 30-day infusion period, morphine (12 mg/mL/day) resulted in granulomas in all three animals examined whereas IT alfentanil at 20 mg/mL/day failed to initiate a granuloma in any animal. CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis linking MC degranulation and IT granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony L Yaksh
- Anesthesiology Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Arnold PM, Harsh V, Oliphant SM. Spinal cord compression secondary to intrathecal catheter-induced granuloma: a report of four cases. EVIDENCE-BASED SPINE-CARE JOURNAL 2012; 2:57-62. [PMID: 22956937 PMCID: PMC3427967 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1267087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The management of nonmalignant pain by morphine pump implantation has become an effective and increasingly frequent strategy of care. We report a rare complication of intrathecal granuloma formation adjacent to the intrathecal catheter tip resulting in spinal cord compression in four patients undergoing intrathecal treatment for chronic pain. Methods: Four patients presented with chronic back pain and lower extremity pain and weakness and were treated with morphine pump implantation (Fig 1). Each patient developed a mass at the level of the intrathecal catheter tip resulting in increased back pain and diminished neurological function. Following clinical examination and x-ray workup, the patients underwent surgical resection of the mass and removal of the intrathecal catheter. One patient received conservative saline therapy first, and another patient had granuloma resection first and removal of the intrathecal catheter at a later date. Pathological analysis showed granulation tissue with extensive necrosis and chronic inflammation, with negative culture results. No evidence of neoplasm was found. Results: Patients showed varying degrees of improvement following removal of the intrathecal mass. Two patients had moderate pain reduction following resection of the granuloma; a third had minimal pain improvement; and a fourth had significant pain improvement but continued lower extremity weakness. Conclusions: The formation of granulomas caused by intrathecal catheter implantation is a rare but serious complication. Imaging studies including magnetic resonance imaging with contrast and computed tomography with myelogram should be used to follow up a neurological examination consistent with spinal cord compression. Timely surgical intervention may result in marked improvement of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Arnold
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Wallace M, Yaksh TL. Characteristics of distribution of morphine and metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma with chronic intrathecal morphine infusion in humans. Anesth Analg 2012; 115:797-804. [PMID: 22822192 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3182645dfd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite widespread use of chronic intrathecal (IT) infusions of morphine, there is little systematic human work evaluating the steady state morphine concentrations or cerebrospinal (CSF) chemistry after long-term IT morphine delivery. We sought to address these issues in patients receiving chronic IT morphine infusion. METHODS Pain patients with implanted catheters and pumps (range: 127 to 2165 days), receiving a stable dosing (>1 week) of IT morphine by infusion, were entered into the study. The following sequence was performed: (1) estimation of pain score; (2) radiograph localization of catheter tip; (3) percutaneous sampling of lumbar CSF at the L4 to 5 or L5-S1 space. CSF/plasma samples were assayed for chemistry, and morphine and its 3/6 glucuronide metabolites (M3G, M6G) by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. RESULTS Nineteen patients were enrolled. CSF samples were obtained from 16 subjects. Three patients were not included in the primary analysis because 1 catheter was epidural, 1 catheter was fractured, and 1 had a granuloma at the catheter tip. Of the 13 sampled patients, the range of daily doses, rates, and concentrations were 1.6 to 25 mg/d and 0.1 to 1 mL/d, 5 to 50 mg/mL, respectively. The principal observations were as follows: (i) morphine, M3G, and M6G were present in the CSF and plasma and showed a significant regression slope when plotted versus daily dose; (ii) in contrast, the regression slope of the group ratio morphine:M3G:M6G plotted versus daily dose in CSF or plasma was not different from zero; (iii) plotting "normalized" CSF analyte concentration (e.g., concentration at site/daily IT morphine dose) against the segmental distance of the sampling site from the catheter tip revealed a significant decline in concentration of morphine, but not of conjugates as a function of distance from the catheter tip; (iv) plotting CSF protein, glucose, and red and white cell counts versus daily morphine dose or morphine concentration at the sampling site revealed no significant regression; and (v) patients with a catheter failure or a granuloma showed reduced concentrations of morphine in their CSF. CONCLUSION Chronic infusion of morphine shows high concentrations, which correlate with the infusion dose and the proximity of the sampling site to the infusion site with no effects on CSF chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wallace
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Walker SM, Yaksh TL. Neuraxial analgesia in neonates and infants: a review of clinical and preclinical strategies for the development of safety and efficacy data. Anesth Analg 2012; 115:638-62. [PMID: 22798528 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31826253f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuraxial drugs provide robust pain control, have the potential to improve outcomes, and are an important component of the perioperative care of children. Opioids or clonidine improves analgesia when added to perioperative epidural infusions; analgesia is significantly prolonged by the addition of clonidine, ketamine, neostigmine, or tramadol to single-shot caudal injections of local anesthetic; and neonatal intrathecal anesthesia/analgesia is increasing in some centers. However, it is difficult to determine the relative risk-benefit of different techniques and drugs without detailed and sensitive data related to analgesia requirements, side effects, and follow-up. Current data related to benefits and complications in neonates and infants are summarized, but variability in current neuraxial drug use reflects the relative lack of high-quality evidence. Recent preclinical reports of adverse effects of general anesthetics on the developing brain have increased awareness of the potential benefit of neuraxial anesthesia/analgesia to avoid or reduce general anesthetic dose requirements. However, the developing spinal cord is also vulnerable to drug-related toxicity, and although there are well-established preclinical models and criteria for assessing spinal cord toxicity in adult animals, until recently there had been no systematic evaluation during early life. Therefore, in the second half of this review, we present preclinical data evaluating age-dependent changes in the pharmacodynamic response to different spinal analgesics, and recent studies evaluating spinal toxicity in specific developmental models. Finally, we advocate use of neuraxial drugs with the widest demonstrable safety margin and suggest minimum standards for preclinical evaluation before adoption of new analgesics or preparations into routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen M Walker
- Portex Unit: Pain Research, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.
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Intrathecal catheter tip inflammatory mass lesions (granulomas): a case report with bone destruction and review of imaging findings. Emerg Radiol 2012; 20:77-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10140-012-1060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Deer TR, Prager J, Levy R, Rathmell J, Buchser E, Burton A, Caraway D, Cousins M, De Andrés J, Diwan S, Erdek M, Grigsby E, Huntoon M, Jacobs MS, Kim P, Kumar K, Leong M, Liem L, McDowell GC, Panchal S, Rauck R, Saulino M, Sitzman BT, Staats P, Stanton-Hicks M, Stearns L, Wallace M, Willis KD, Witt W, Yaksh T, Mekhail N. Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference 2012: recommendations for the management of pain by intrathecal (intraspinal) drug delivery: report of an interdisciplinary expert panel. Neuromodulation 2012; 15:436-64; discussion 464-6. [PMID: 22748024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2012.00476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of intrathecal (IT) infusion of analgesic medications to treat patients with chronic refractory pain has increased since its inception in the 1980s, and the need for clinical research in IT therapy is ongoing. The Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference (PACC) panel of experts convened in 2000, 2003, and 2007 to make recommendations on the rational use of IT analgesics based on preclinical and clinical literature and clinical experiences. METHODS The PACC panel convened again in 2011 to update the standard of care for IT therapies to reflect current knowledge gleaned from literature and clinical experience. A thorough literature search was performed, and information from this search was provided to panel members. Analysis of published literature was coupled with the clinical experience of panel members to form recommendations regarding the use of IT analgesics to treat chronic pain. RESULTS After a review of literature published from 2007 to 2011 and discussions of clinical experience, the panel created updated algorithms for the rational use of IT medications for the treatment of neuropathic pain and nociceptive pain. CONCLUSIONS The advent of new algorithmic tracks for neuropathic and nociceptive pain is an important step in improving patient care. The panel encourages continued research and development, including the development of new drugs, devices, and safety recommendations to improve the care of patients with chronic pain.
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Deer TR, Prager J, Levy R, Rathmell J, Buchser E, Burton A, Caraway D, Cousins M, De Andrés J, Diwan S, Erdek M, Grigsby E, Huntoon M, Jacobs MS, Kim P, Kumar K, Leong M, Liem L, McDowell GC, Panchal S, Rauck R, Saulino M, Sitzman BT, Staats P, Stanton-Hicks M, Stearns L, Wallace M, Willis KD, Witt W, Yaksh T, Mekhail N. Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference-2012: Consensus on Diagnosis, Detection, and Treatment of Catheter-Tip Granulomas (Inflammatory Masses). Neuromodulation 2012; 15:483-95; discussion 496. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2012.00449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Krames ES. A History of Intraspinal Analgesia, a Small and Personal Journey. Neuromodulation 2012; 15:172-93; discussion 193. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2011.00414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Michael A, Buffen E, Rauck R, Anderson W, McGirt M, Mendenhall HV. AnIn VivoCanine Study to Assess Granulomatous Responses in the MedStream Programmable Infusion System™ and the SynchroMed II Infusion System®. PAIN MEDICINE 2012; 13:175-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Farquhar-Smith P, Chapman S. Neuraxial (epidural and intrathecal) opioids for intractable pain. Br J Pain 2012; 6:25-35. [PMID: 26516463 PMCID: PMC4590095 DOI: 10.1177/2049463712439256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Neuraxial opioids are considered for use in patients who have resistant intractable pain that fails to respond to other treatment options or pain that responds to analgesia but for which the doses required result in unacceptable side-effects. 2. Neuraxial opiods can be considered for both chronic non-malignant pain and chronic cancer-related pain. 3. Effectiveness in chronic non-malignant pain and cancer pain is exerted through the use of either single-agent drugs (opioids) or a combination of drugs: opioids, local anaesthetics and other drugs such as clonodine and ziconotide. 4. Complications of long-term continuous infusion therapy are related to the insertion process (haematoma), the mechanical device (both pump and catheter) and the long-term effects of the drugs. 5. Patients will require ongoing ambulatory monitoring and supportive care.
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Veizi IE, Hayek SM, Narouze S, Pope JE, Mekhail N. Combination of Intrathecal Opioids with Bupivacaine Attenuates Opioid Dose Escalation in Chronic Noncancer Pain Patients. PAIN MEDICINE 2011; 12:1481-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fukushima S, Takenami T, Yagishita S, Nara Y, Hoka S, Okamoto H. Neurotoxicity of Intrathecally Administered Fentanyl in a Rat Spinal Model. PAIN MEDICINE 2011; 12:717-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intrathecal granuloma associated to the tip of catheters implanted in patients receiving long-term spinal infusion to alleviate chronic pain is a rare but potentially catastrophic complication. Its formation seems to be related to the intrathecal administration of opioid drugs, although not all opioids induce granuloma formation with the same frequency. METHODS In this clinical report, we describe an intrathecal granuloma that reoccur twice in the same patient after its surgical removal. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This case report highlights the incomplete knowledge about the mechanism of granuloma formation and discuss the alternatives in the management of catheter-tip granulomas. This is the first case report of a patient in whom an intrathecal granuloma reoccurred twice after initial surgical removal. We also present and discuss a potential management strategy to avoid further surgery and resume intrathecal therapy early.
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Validation of a preclinical spinal safety model: effects of intrathecal morphine in the neonatal rat. Anesthesiology 2010; 113:183-99. [PMID: 20526189 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e3181dcd6ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical studies demonstrate increased neuroapoptosis after general anesthesia in early life. Neuraxial techniques may minimize potential risks, but there has been no systematic evaluation of spinal analgesic safety in developmental models. We aimed to validate a preclinical model for evaluating dose-dependent efficacy, spinal cord toxicity, and long-term function after intrathecal morphine in the neonatal rat. METHODS Lumbar intrathecal injections were performed in anesthetized rats aged postnatal day (P) 3, 10, and 21. The relationship between injectate volume and segmental spread was assessed postmortem and by in vivo imaging. To determine the antinociceptive dose, mechanical withdrawal thresholds were measured at baseline and 30 min after intrathecal morphine. To evaluate toxicity, doses up to the maximum tolerated were administered, and spinal cord histopathology, apoptosis, and glial response were evaluated 1 and 7 days after P3 or P21 injection. Sensory thresholds and gait analysis were evaluated at P35. RESULTS Intrathecal injection can be reliably performed at all postnatal ages and injectate volume influences segmental spread. Intrathecal morphine produced spinally mediated analgesia at all ages with lower dose requirements in younger pups. High-dose intrathecal morphine did not produce signs of spinal cord toxicity or alter long-term function. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic ratio for intrathecal morphine (toxic dose/antinociceptive dose) was at least 300 at P3 and at least 20 at P21 (latter doses limited by side effects). These data provide relative efficacy and safety for comparison with other analgesic preparations and contribute supporting evidence for the validity of this preclinical neonatal safety model.
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De Andrés J, Tatay Vivò J, Palmisani S, Villanueva Pérez VL, Mínguez A. Intrathecal Granuloma Formation in a Patient Receiving Long-Term Spinal Infusion of Tramadol. PAIN MEDICINE 2010; 11:1059-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kress HG, Simpson KH, Marchettini P, Ver Donck A, Varrassi G. Intrathecal therapy: what has changed with the introduction of ziconotide. Pain Pract 2009; 9:338-47. [PMID: 19740270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2009.00308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Administering drugs into the intrathecal space is becoming more popular in the treatment of patients with intractable pain or intolerable side effects of systemic analgesic treatments. Although morphine and ziconotide are the only intrathecal analgesics currently approved by regulatory authorities in the U.S. (Food and Drug Administration) and Europe (national-level approval by individual countries for morphine and European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products approval for ziconotide), a wide variety of opioid and non-opioid drugs are being used in this way. There is no official guidance concerning the selection of these drugs or their use in combinations and a paucity of efficacy and safety data from randomized controlled trials. The polyanalgesic initiative aims to summarize the current knowledge and to facilitate rational choices of intrathecal drug and drug combinations for the management of chronic pain. The most recent polyanalgesic consensus recommendations were published in 2007. In this review, we shall examine these recommendations, which are tailored toward those practicing intrathecal analgesia in the U.S., and discuss how they should be implemented in Europe, where the healthcare systems and regulations of the medical authorities are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans G Kress
- Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Jourdain V, Cantin L, Prud’Homme M, Fournier-Gosselin MP. Intrathecal Morphine Therapy-Related Granulomas: Faster to Grow than Thought. Neuromodulation 2009; 12:164-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2009.00205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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