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Misso KK, Elisante J, Mganga D, Poppe V, Tarmohammed M, Nkoronko M, Msuya D. Bilateral chylothorax following neck dissection on a child—Diagnosis and management in resource-limited settings: a case report. J Surg Case Rep 2022; 2022:rjab600. [PMID: 35047180 PMCID: PMC8759501 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjab600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilateral chylothorax is a rare complication following neck dissection, with fewer than thirty cases being reported over the last century. A serious life-threatening condition mostly encountered during thoracic procedures and dissections. In our case, conservative management resulted in complete resolution. We report a case of a 4-year-old child who underwent deep neck dissection due to recurrent hemangioma. She developed bilateral chylothorax and a conservative approach led to complete resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy K Misso
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi Tanzania
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi Tanzania
| | - Joseph Elisante
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi Tanzania
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi Tanzania
| | - Daniel Mganga
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi Tanzania
| | - Vanessa Poppe
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi Tanzania
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi Tanzania
| | - Murad Tarmohammed
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi Tanzania
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi Tanzania
| | - Mugisha Nkoronko
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi Tanzania
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi Tanzania
| | - David Msuya
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi Tanzania
- Department of General Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi Tanzania
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Bellier A, Pardo Vargas JS, Cassiba J, Desbrest P, Guigui A, Chaffanjon P. Anatomical variations in distal portion of the thoracic duct-A systematic review. Clin Anat 2019; 33:99-107. [PMID: 31576619 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the anatomical variations in the termination of the thoracic duct (TD) in cadavers or patients by anatomical dissections and surgical or radiological procedures for better knowledge of the interindividual variations through a systematic review. The search strategy included PubMed and reference tracking. Studies were identified by searching the electronic Medline databases. The search terms included "TD," "Jugular Vein," "Subclavian Vein," or "Cervical," and the protocol used is reported herein. These search results yielded 20 qualitative review articles out of the 275 articles consulted. We collected all the important data from these 20 articles with 1,352 TD analyzed by varying sources in our search. Regarding the characteristics of the studies and the anatomy of the TD, the results were heterogeneous. The TD most commonly terminates in the internal jugular vein in 54.05% of cases (95% confidence interval [CI]: 54.03; 54.07), in the jugular-venous angle in 25.79% (95% CI: 25.77; 25.81), and in the subclavian vein in 8.16% of cases (95% CI: 8.14;8.18). Other terminations were found in 12% of cases. This systematic review provided an overview of the variations in the distal portion of the TD. This study can be helpful for surgeons in selecting the most appropriate methods to achieve successful surgical results and avoid complications, such as chylothorax; it also offers detailed information on the cervical termination of the TD in new diagnostic and therapeutic methods involving the TD. Clin. Anat. 32:99-107, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bellier
- Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Boulevard de la Chantourne, INSERM CIC1406, 38700, La Tronche, France.,Laboratoire d'Anatomie Des Alpes Françaises, Grenoble Alpes University, Place du commandant Nal, Domaine de La Merci, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Juan Sebastian Pardo Vargas
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie Des Alpes Françaises, Grenoble Alpes University, Place du commandant Nal, Domaine de La Merci, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Julie Cassiba
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie Des Alpes Françaises, Grenoble Alpes University, Place du commandant Nal, Domaine de La Merci, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Paul Desbrest
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie Des Alpes Françaises, Grenoble Alpes University, Place du commandant Nal, Domaine de La Merci, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Alicia Guigui
- Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Boulevard de la Chantourne, INSERM CIC1406, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Philippe Chaffanjon
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie Des Alpes Françaises, Grenoble Alpes University, Place du commandant Nal, Domaine de La Merci, 38700, La Tronche, France.,GIPSA-Lab-Department of Parole et Cognition, UMR 5216, Grenoble Campus, 11 rue des Mathématiques, BP46, 38402, Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex, France
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Merki V, Pichler J, Giger R, Mantokoudis G. Chylothorax in thyroid surgery: a very rare case and systematic review of the literature. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 45:52. [PMID: 27756377 PMCID: PMC5070362 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-016-0166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chylothorax is a very rare but major complication in thyroid surgery and should be apparent to clinicians in this field. Case presentation We report a case with chylothrax after thyroid surgery in our department that drew our attention. Methods Systematic review of the literature to evaluate the incidence and the contributing factors of chylothorax after thyroid surgery. Database (PubMed) and hand searches to identify patients with thyroid surgery and postoperative chylothorax. Keywords included chylothorax, thyroidectomy, thyroid surgery and complications. Two independent reviewers screened studies against inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patient characteristics, risk factors, symptoms, treatments and etiopathogenesis were investigated. Results We identified 13 articles in the literature describing 19 patients with chylothorax after thyroidectomy and described our own case. Ninety percent of the patients underwent thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer. Sixteen patients (80 %) underwent thyroidectomy with at least a left lateral neck dissection, 2 patients (10 %) underwent thyroidectomy with sternotomy, and in the remaining 2 patients (10 %), thyroidectomy with lateral neck dissection on both sides was performed with partial sternotomy. Our calculated incidence for chylothorax with total thyroidectomy and neck dissection was 1.85 %; for a thoracic approach the calculated incidence was 7.3 %. Conclusions There are no reports of chylothorax after thyroidectomy without at least a left lateral neck dissection due to advanced thyroid cancer and/or sternotomy due to the thyroid size. The extension of thyroid surgery seems to be the main risk factor in developing chylothorax either through direct surgical trauma or through increased intraductal pressure after thoracic duct ligation. An early diagnosis of chylothorax may avoid severe metabolic or cardiopulmonary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Merki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Pichler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Giger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Georgios Mantokoudis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
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Busquets JM, Rullan PJ, Trinidad-Pinedo J. Bilateral Chylothorax after Neck Dissection. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 130:492-5. [PMID: 15100652 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2003.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chylous fistula is a well-recognized complication of neck dissection, occurring in 1% to 2% of cases. 1 Cardiopulmonary complications, on the other hand, are rare. Bilateral chylothorax is an extremely rare occurrence following neck dissection. Severe respiratory, metabolic, and immunologic derangements can occur secondary to chylothorax. We report a case of bilateral chylothorax after neck dissection and cervical thoracic duct ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Busquets
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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Singh R, Krishnan S, George NA, Gowri BP, Iqbal Ahamed M, Sebastian P. Bilateral Chylothorax Following Neck Dissection: Case Report & Review of Literature. Indian J Surg Oncol 2016; 7:115-8. [PMID: 27065696 PMCID: PMC4811813 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-015-0445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilateral Chylothorax following neck dissection is an extremely rare complication. We report a case of bilateral chylothorax detected after neck dissection for carcinoma of lower alveolus. A 61 year Indian female underwent wide excision with segmental mandibulectomy with comprehensive neck dissection for carcinoma of left lower alveolus clinically staged T4N0. Evaluated for dyspnea in post operative period, she was found to have bilateral chylothorax that was managed conservatively. This case report presents potentially life threatening complication following neck dissection that often responds to non surgical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Singh
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695011 India
| | - Sharath Krishnan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695011 India
| | - Nebu Abraham George
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695011 India
| | | | - M. Iqbal Ahamed
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695011 India
| | - Paul Sebastian
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695011 India
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6
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Abstract
We report a case of bilateral chylothorax without evidence of chylous fistula in a 62-year-old man following total laryngectomy and bilateral selective neck dissection for laryngeal cancer. Chylous fistulae, a well-known complication of neck dissection, occurs following 1% to 2% of these surgeries. On rare occasions, the chyle leak may communicate with the pleural space, resulting in chylothorax. This is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication. Bilateral chylothorax following neck dissection is even rarer, with less than 25 cases reported in the literature. Early diagnosis is essential to prevent complications. Physicians should have a high index of suspicion, especially when the postoperative effusions do not respond to diuretics. Though no evidence-based treatment guidelines exist, expert opinion recommends conservative management as first-line therapy. Our patient was effectively treated by conservative management. We postulate a mechanism whereby bilateral chylothorax occurred in our patient without a chylous fistula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Matani
- University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - J. Rush Pierce
- University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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7
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Yang DJ, Ren GS, Wang XY. Bilateral chylothorax following left supraclavicular lymph node dissection for breast cancer: one case report and literature review. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2014; 33:317-20. [PMID: 24417875 PMCID: PMC4059869 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.013.10102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chylothorax is a rare complication of neck dissection, and bilateral chylothorax is even rarer. However, both are potentially serious and sometimes life-threatening, especially those that are associated with left neck dissection for head and neck neoplasms. We report one case of bilateral chylothorax following left supraclavicular dissection for breast cancer. This case was treated successfully with a new conservative management approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Juan Yang
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P. R. China.
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8
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Chylothorax after neck dissection for thyroid carcinomas: report of three cases. Surg Today 2011; 42:89-92. [PMID: 22075655 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-011-0015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Chylothorax is a rare complication of neck dissection. We report three cases of chylothorax after neck dissections for thyroid carcinoma and attribute this relatively high incidence to the assumption that most patients are asymptomatic. Thus, conventional chest X-ray or ultrasonography in the early postoperative period may be warranted to exclude asymptomatic chylothorax, especially if the thoracic duct is injured and ligated during the operation. We suggest that for chylothorax induced by ligation of the thoracic duct, which may be transient and resolve quickly, short-term thoracic drainage is enough.
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9
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Tsukahara K, Kawabata K, Mitani H, Yoshimoto S, Sugitani I, Yonekawa H, Beppu T, Fukushima H, Sasaki T. Three cases of bilateral chylothorax developing after neck dissection. Auris Nasus Larynx 2007; 34:573-6. [PMID: 17466474 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Only 16 cases of bilateral chylothorax following neck dissection have been reported within 10 decades. In this paper, three cases of bilateral chylothorax which developed after neck dissection are reported. In all cases, conservative treatment resulted in resolution of the condition. Diagnosis may be delayed in those who are on total parenteral nutrition, and therefore particular attention should be paid to those patients. It may be difficult to treat cases of chylothorax that develop following neck dissection performed after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoaki Tsukahara
- Division of Head and Neck, Cancer Institute Hospital, 3-10-6 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan.
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11
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Kamasaki N, Ikeda H, Wang ZL, Narimatsu Y, Inokuchi T. Bilateral chylothorax following radical neck dissection. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003; 32:91-3. [PMID: 12653241 DOI: 10.1054/ijom.2002.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bilateral chylothorax as a complication of radical neck dissection is extremely rare, but it is potentially serious and sometimes fatal. We found only 14 cases reported in the English literature. Here, we report a case of bilateral chylothorax following right modified and left radical neck dissections that was successfully treated with conservative management.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kamasaki
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagasaki University School of Dentistry, Nagasaki, Japan.
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12
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13
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Postma GN, Keyser JS. Management of Persistent Chylothorax. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 116:268-70. [PMID: 9051079 DOI: 10.1016/s0194-59989770340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aggressive management of persistent chylothorax is necessary for avoidance of significant morbidity and possible mortality. The failure of TPN and chest tubes to rapidly control a chylothorax should lead to consideration of thoracic duct ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Postma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Virginia, USA
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14
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Robinson K, Weinstein ES, Langsfeld M. Bilateral chylothorax following thoracic duct ligation: case report and review of the literature. Ann Vasc Surg 1996; 10:390-5. [PMID: 8879397 DOI: 10.1007/bf02286786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bilateral chylothorax following thoracic duct injury is a rare occurrence. Since 1907 there have been only six reports in the literature of this potentially serious complication. We report a case of bilateral chylothorax following ligation of the cervical thoracic duct during a left subclavian to carotid artery transposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Robinson
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131-5341, USA
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Bilateral chylothorax, as a complication of neck dissection, is extremely rare, and was first described in 1907. Ten cases are reported in the literature. METHODS This presentation illustrates an additional case of bilateral chylothorax occurring after neck dissection. Anatomic and physiologic considerations are presented and possible mechanisms of pathogenesis are discussed. RESULTS Chylothorax has two major complications: respiratory and metabolic. The modern concepts of treatment are summarized. CONCLUSIONS After neck dissection, the clinician should suspect chylothorax if the patient had respiratory embarrassment and an abnormal chest x-ray postoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Jabbar
- Department of Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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16
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La Hei ER, Menzie SJ, Thompson JF. Right chylothorax following left radical neck dissection. THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF SURGERY 1993; 63:77-9. [PMID: 8466469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1993.tb00041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of a right chylothorax following left radical neck dissection for melanoma is reported. Chylothorax following neck dissection is extremely rare, with only 12 cases documented in the literature. Seven of these were bilateral and three were unilateral (all left-sided); unilateral right chylothorax after neck dissection has not been reported previously. Chylothorax is more common after intrathoracic surgery or trauma. Regardless of its cause, the condition is potentially serious and sometimes fatal. Our patient was successfully managed without further surgery. The aetiology and management of chylothorax following neck dissection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R La Hei
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Oi K, Haraguchi N, Machida S, Beppu T, Ogawa A, Yeh YF, Sasaki T. Dyspnea resulting from accumulation of pleural effusion after radical neck dissection. A case report. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, AND ORAL PATHOLOGY 1989; 67:258-61. [PMID: 2648239 DOI: 10.1016/0030-4220(89)90348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The patient became dyspneic 3 days after radical neck dissection on the left side. A chest radiography showed bilateral pleural effusion.During the operation, a lymphatic leak was noted. In this case, the factor of an associated perforation of the pleural had not been demonstrated. Fresh frozen plasma was administered and positive end-expiratory pressure was applied. The patient had no residual pulmonary sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Oi
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Nagasaki University, Japan
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18
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Ng RS, Kerbavaz RJ, Hilsinger RL. Bilateral chylothorax from radical neck dissection. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1985; 93:814-7. [PMID: 3937109 DOI: 10.1177/019459988509300624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bilateral chylothorax is a rare complication occurring after head and neck surgery, with only six cases reported. The diagnosis is not difficult if a high index of suspicion is held. Early recognition and treatment prevent the devastating metabolic effects of excessive chyle loss and reduce the respiratory restriction that can progress to fatal anoxia. Dietary management with medium-chain triglycerides is essential to successful outcome. Repeated invasive therapy should be minimized.
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Har-El G, Segal K, Sidi J. Bilateral chylothorax complicating radical neck dissection: report of a case with no concurrent external chylous leakage. HEAD & NECK SURGERY 1985; 7:225-30. [PMID: 3972602 DOI: 10.1002/hed.2890070307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bilateral chylothorax as a complication of radical neck dissection is extremely rare. Six cases are reported in the English literature. All of these patients' cases were associated with a concurrent external chylous fistula, as evidenced by the appearance of a milky fluid confirmed to be chyle by chemical determination. Chyle had also been noted to leak during the operation. This presentation illustrates an additional case of bilateral chylothorax occurring after radical neck dissection, and the first case, to our knowledge, with no concurrent external lymph leakage. Anatomic and physiologic considerations are presented and possible mechanisms of pathogenesis are discussed. Chylothorax has two major complications--respiratory and metabolic. A short summary of the modern concepts of treatment is presented.
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20
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Coates HL, DeSanto LW. Bilateral chylothorax as a complication of radical neck dissection. J Laryngol Otol 1976; 90:967-70. [PMID: 825599 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215100082980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Cevese P, Vecchioni R, D'Amico D, Cordiano C, Biasiato R, Favia G, Farello G. Postoperative chylothorax. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5223(19)40429-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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EDDEY HH. Surgery in cancer of the mouth. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1960; 27:231-59. [PMID: 13725642 PMCID: PMC2413982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
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GOSSEL JD, MARTIN WJ, BEAHRS OH. Management of a complicated chylous fistula following radical dissection of the neck. Surg Clin North Am 1955; Mayo Clinic No.:1091-8. [PMID: 13246977 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6109(16)34650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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