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Zhou K, Han J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhu C. Routes of administration for adeno-associated viruses carrying gene therapies for brain diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:988914. [PMID: 36385771 PMCID: PMC9643316 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.988914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is a powerful tool to treat various central nervous system (CNS) diseases ranging from monogenetic diseases to neurodegenerative disorders. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have been widely used as the delivery vehicles for CNS gene therapies due to their safety, CNS tropism, and long-term therapeutic effect. However, several factors, including their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, the efficiency of transduction, their immunotoxicity, loading capacity, the choice of serotype, and peripheral off-target effects should be carefully considered when designing an optimal AAV delivery strategy for a specific disease. In addition, distinct routes of administration may affect the efficiency and safety of AAV-delivered gene therapies. In this review, we summarize different administration routes of gene therapies delivered by AAVs to the brain in mice and rats. Updated knowledge regarding AAV-delivered gene therapies may facilitate the selection from various administration routes for specific disease models in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhou
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for Children, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Pediatric Neurobehavior, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yafeng Wang
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for Children, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Pediatric Neurobehavior, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for Children, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Pediatric Neurobehavior, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Han Y, Park JH. Convection-enhanced delivery of liposomal drugs for effective treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 10:1876-1887. [PMID: 32367425 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00773-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) impedes the efficient delivery of systemically administered drugs to brain tumors, thus reducing the therapeutic efficacy. To overcome the limitations of intravascular delivery, convention-enhanced delivery (CED) was introduced to infuse drugs directly into the brain tumor using a catheter with a continuous positive pressure. However, tissue distribution and retention of the infused drugs are significantly hindered by microenvironmental factors of the tumor such as the extracellular matrix and lymphatic drainage system in the brain. Here, we leveraged a liposomal formulation to simultaneously improve tissue distribution and retention of drugs infused in the brain tumor via the CED method. Various liposomal formulations with different surface charge, PEGylation, and transition temperature (Tm) were prepared to test the cellular uptake in vitro, and the tissue distribution and retention in the brain. In in vitro studies, PEGylated liposomal formulations with a positive surface charge and high Tm showed the most efficient cellular uptake among the tested formulations. In in vivo studies, the liposomal formulations were infused directly into the brain via the CED method. PEGylated liposomal formulations with a positive surface charge and high Tm showed more efficient distribution and retention in both normal and tumor tissues while only-PEGylated formulations displayed rapid clearance from the tissues to cervical lymph nodes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the CED of liposomal everolimus prepared with the PEGylated formulation with a positive surface charge and high Tm resulted in superior therapeutic effects for glioblastoma treatment compared to other formulations. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunho Han
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Tordo J, O'Leary C, Antunes ASLM, Palomar N, Aldrin-Kirk P, Basche M, Bennett A, D'Souza Z, Gleitz H, Godwin A, Holley RJ, Parker H, Liao AY, Rouse P, Youshani AS, Dridi L, Martins C, Levade T, Stacey KB, Davis DM, Dyer A, Clément N, Björklund T, Ali RR, Agbandje-McKenna M, Rahim AA, Pshezhetsky A, Waddington SN, Linden RM, Bigger BW, Henckaerts E. A novel adeno-associated virus capsid with enhanced neurotropism corrects a lysosomal transmembrane enzyme deficiency. Brain 2019; 141:2014-2031. [PMID: 29788236 PMCID: PMC6037107 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are popular in vivo gene transfer vehicles. However, vector doses needed to achieve therapeutic effect are high and some target tissues in the central nervous system remain difficult to transduce. Gene therapy trials using AAV for the treatment of neurological disorders have seldom led to demonstrated clinical efficacy. Important contributing factors are low transduction rates and inefficient distribution of the vector. To overcome these hurdles, a variety of capsid engineering methods have been utilized to generate capsids with improved transduction properties. Here we describe an alternative approach to capsid engineering, which draws on the natural evolution of the virus and aims to yield capsids that are better suited to infect human tissues. We generated an AAV capsid to include amino acids that are conserved among natural AAV2 isolates and tested its biodistribution properties in mice and rats. Intriguingly, this novel variant, AAV-TT, demonstrates strong neurotropism in rodents and displays significantly improved distribution throughout the central nervous system as compared to AAV2. Additionally, sub-retinal injections in mice revealed markedly enhanced transduction of photoreceptor cells when compared to AAV2. Importantly, AAV-TT exceeds the distribution abilities of benchmark neurotropic serotypes AAV9 and AAVrh10 in the central nervous system of mice, and is the only virus, when administered at low dose, that is able to correct the neurological phenotype in a mouse model of mucopolysaccharidosis IIIC, a transmembrane enzyme lysosomal storage disease, which requires delivery to every cell for biochemical correction. These data represent unprecedented correction of a lysosomal transmembrane enzyme deficiency in mice and suggest that AAV-TT-based gene therapies may be suitable for treatment of human neurological diseases such as mucopolysaccharidosis IIIC, which is characterized by global neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Tordo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Claire O'Leary
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - André S L M Antunes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nuria Palomar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Aldrin-Kirk
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mark Basche
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Antonette Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zelpha D'Souza
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hélène Gleitz
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Annie Godwin
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca J Holley
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Helen Parker
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ai Yin Liao
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Rouse
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Amir Saam Youshani
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Larbi Dridi
- CHU Ste-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Carla Martins
- CHU Ste-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Thierry Levade
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique, and Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Kevin B Stacey
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel M Davis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam Dyer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nathalie Clément
- Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tomas Björklund
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robin R Ali
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ahad A Rahim
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Simon N Waddington
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.,Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - R Michael Linden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Brian W Bigger
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Els Henckaerts
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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4
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Lu VM, Rechberger JS, Himes BT, Daniels DJ. The 100 Most-Cited Articles About Convection-Enhanced Delivery to the Brain: A Bibliometric Analysis. World Neurosurg 2019; 129:497-502.e6. [PMID: 31150865 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.05.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) overcomes the blood-brain barrier to deliver therapy within the central nervous system. Our aim was to evaluate citation and other bibliometric characteristics of the 100 most-cited articles about CED to the brain to better understand the state of research efforts in the field. METHODS Elsevier's Scopus database was searched for the 100 most-cited articles that focused on CED to the brain. Articles were dichotomized as either primarily basic science (BSc) or clinical (CL) articles. Various bibliometric parameters were summarized, and BSc and CL articles were compared. RESULTS Of the 100 most-cited articles, 64 (64%) were BSc and 36 (36%) were CL. The most common indications reported were brain tumors (59%) and Parkinson disease (5%). Overall median values were as follows: citation count, 102 (range, 70-933); citation rate per year, 9.0 (range, 3.7-49.4); number of authors, 5 (range, 1-25); and publication year, 2006 (range, 1994-2015). Articles were published in a total of 48 different journals, and predominately originated in the United States (n = 78, 78%). BSc and CL articles were statistically comparable in terms of bibliometric parameters. CONCLUSIONS In the 100 most-cited articles about CED to the brain, there were more BSc articles compared with CL articles; however, they were comparable with respect to the reported bibliometric parameters. Given that the peak year of publication of these articles was more than a decade ago, we anticipate that the field will shift toward more CL articles once effective therapies to be delivered via CED are discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Lu
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Benjamin T Himes
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David J Daniels
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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5
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Naidoo J, Stanek LM, Ohno K, Trewman S, Samaranch L, Hadaczek P, O'Riordan C, Sullivan J, San Sebastian W, Bringas JR, Snieckus C, Mahmoodi A, Mahmoodi A, Forsayeth J, Bankiewicz KS, Shihabuddin LS. Extensive Transduction and Enhanced Spread of a Modified AAV2 Capsid in the Non-human Primate CNS. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2418-2430. [PMID: 30057240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to characterize transduction of non-human primate brain and spinal cord with a modified adeno-associated virus serotype 2, incapable of binding to the heparan sulfate proteoglycan receptor, referred to as AAV2-HBKO. AAV2-HBKO was infused into the thalamus, intracerebroventricularly or via a combination of both intracerebroventricular and thalamic delivery. Thalamic injection of this modified vector encoding GFP resulted in widespread CNS transduction that included neurons in deep cortical layers, deep cerebellar nuclei, several subcortical regions, and motor neuron transduction in the spinal cord indicative of robust bidirectional axonal transport. Intracerebroventricular delivery similarly resulted in widespread cortical transduction, with one striking distinction that oligodendrocytes within superficial layers of the cortex were the primary cell type transduced. Robust motor neuron transduction was also observed in all levels of the spinal cord. The combination of thalamic and intracerebroventricular delivery resulted in transduction of oligodendrocytes in superficial cortical layers and neurons in deeper cortical layers. Several subcortical regions were also transduced. Our data demonstrate that AAV2-HBKO is a powerful vector for the potential treatment of a wide number of neurological disorders, and highlight that delivery route can significantly impact cellular tropism and pattern of CNS transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerusha Naidoo
- Interventional Neuro Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lisa M Stanek
- CNS Genetic Diseases, Neuroscience Research TA, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Kousaku Ohno
- Interventional Neuro Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Savanah Trewman
- Interventional Neuro Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lluis Samaranch
- Interventional Neuro Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Piotr Hadaczek
- Interventional Neuro Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Sullivan
- CNS Genetic Diseases, Neuroscience Research TA, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Waldy San Sebastian
- Interventional Neuro Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John R Bringas
- Interventional Neuro Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Snieckus
- Interventional Neuro Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amin Mahmoodi
- Interventional Neuro Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amir Mahmoodi
- Interventional Neuro Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Forsayeth
- Interventional Neuro Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Krystof S Bankiewicz
- Interventional Neuro Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Sullivan JA, Stanek LM, Lukason MJ, Bu J, Osmond SR, Barry EA, O'Riordan CR, Shihabuddin LS, Cheng SH, Scaria A. Rationally designed AAV2 and AAVrh8R capsids provide improved transduction in the retina and brain. Gene Ther 2018; 25:205-219. [PMID: 29785047 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-018-0017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The successful application of adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene delivery vectors as a therapeutic paradigm will require efficient gene delivery to the appropriate cells in affected organs. In this study, we utilized a rational design approach to introduce modifications to the AAV2 and AAVrh8R capsids and the resulting variants were evaluated for transduction activity in the retina and brain. The modifications disrupted either capsid/receptor binding or altered capsid surface charge. Specifically, we mutated AAV2 amino acids R585A and R588A, which are required for binding to its receptor, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, to generate a variant referred to as AAV2-HBKO. In contrast to parental AAV2, the AAV2-HBKO vector displayed low-transduction activity following intravitreal delivery to the mouse eye; however, following its subretinal delivery, AAV2-HBKO resulted in significantly greater photoreceptor transduction. Intrastriatal delivery of AAV2-HBKO to mice facilitated widespread striatal and cortical expression, in contrast to the restricted transduction pattern of the parental AAV2 vector. Furthermore, we found that altering the surface charge on the AAVrh8R capsid by modifying the number of arginine residues on the capsid surface had a profound impact on subretinal transduction. The data further validate the potential of capsid engineering to improve AAV gene therapy vectors for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa M Stanek
- Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA, 01701-9322, USA
| | | | - Jie Bu
- Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA, 01701-9322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Seng H Cheng
- Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA, 01701-9322, USA
| | - Abraham Scaria
- Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA, 01701-9322, USA
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7
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Tenenbaum L, Humbert-Claude M. Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene Delivery in Parkinson's Disease: A Delicate Balance between Neuroprotection, Trophic Effects, and Unwanted Compensatory Mechanisms. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:29. [PMID: 28442998 PMCID: PMC5385337 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and Neurturin (NRTN) bind to a receptor complex consisting of a member of the GDNF family receptor (GFR)-α and the Ret tyrosine kinase. Both factors were shown to protect nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons and reduce motor symptoms when applied terminally in toxin-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) models. However, clinical trials based on intraputaminal GDNF protein administration or recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated NRTN gene delivery have been disappointing. In this review, several factors that could have limited the clinical benefits are discussed. Retrograde transport of GDNF/NRTN to the dopaminergic neurons soma is thought to be necessary for NRTN/GFR-α/Ret signaling mediating the pro-survival effect. Therefore, the feasibility of treating advanced patients with neurotrophic factors is questioned by recent data showing that: (i) tyrosine hydroxylase-positive putaminal innervation has almost completely disappeared at 5 years post-diagnosis and (ii) in patients enrolled in the rAAV-NRTN trial more than 5 years post-diagnosis, NRTN was almost not transported to the substantia nigra pars compacta. In addition to its anti-apoptotic and neurotrophic properties, GDNF also interferes with dopamine homeostasis via time and dose-dependent effects such as: stimulation of dopamine neuron excitability, inhibition of dopamine transporter activity, tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation, and inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase transcription. Depending on the delivery parameters, the net result of this intricate network of regulations could be either beneficial or deleterious. In conclusion, further unraveling of the mechanism of action of GDNF gene delivery in relevant animal models is still needed to optimize the clinical benefits of this new therapeutic approach. Recent developments in the design of regulated viral vectors will allow to finely adjust the GDNF dose and period of administration. Finally, new clinical studies in less advanced patients are warranted to evaluate the potential of AAV-mediated neurotrophic factors gene delivery in PD. These will be facilitated by the demonstration of the safety of rAAV administration into the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Tenenbaum
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Clinical Neuroscience Department, Center for Neuroscience Research, Lausanne University HospitalLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Humbert-Claude
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Clinical Neuroscience Department, Center for Neuroscience Research, Lausanne University HospitalLausanne, Switzerland
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Zhou Z, Singh R, Souweidane MM. Convection-Enhanced Delivery for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma Treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:116-128. [PMID: 27306036 PMCID: PMC5327456 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160614093615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a technique designed to deliver drugs directly into the brain or tumors. Its ability to bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB), one of the major hurdles in delivering drugs to the brain, has made it a promising drug delivery method for the treatment of primary brain tumors. A number of clinical trials utilizing CED of various therapeutic agents have been conducted to treat patients with supratentorial high-grade gliomas. Significant responses have been observed in certain patients in all of these trials. However, the insufficient ability to monitor drug distribution and pharmacokinetics hampers CED from achieving its potentials on a larger scale. Brainstem CED for diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) treatment is appealing because this tumor is compact and has no definitive treatment. The safety of brainstem CED has been established in small and large animals, and recently in early stage clinical trials. There are a few current clinical trials of brainstem CED in treating DIPG patients using targeted macromolecules such as antibodies and immunotoxins. Future advances for CED in DIPG treatment will come from several directions including: choosing the right agents for infusion; developing better agents and regimen for DIPG infusion; improving instruments and technique for easier and accurate surgical targeting and for allowing multisession or prolonged infusion to implement optimal time sequence; and better understanding and control of drug distribution, clearance and time sequence. CED-based therapies for DIPG will continue to evolve with new understanding of the technique and the disease.
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9
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Kirik D, Cederfjäll E, Halliday G, Petersén Å. Gene therapy for Parkinson's disease: Disease modification by GDNF family of ligands. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 97:179-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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10
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Zhou X, Huang J, Pan S, Xu M, He R, Ji Z, Hu Y. Neurodegeneration-Like Pathological and Behavioral Changes in an AAV9-Mediated p25 Overexpression Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 53:843-55. [PMID: 27258419 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianou Huang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- 421 Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suyue Pan
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaojing Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongni He
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Ji
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yafang Hu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Murlidharan G, Sakamoto K, Rao L, Corriher T, Wang D, Gao G, Sullivan P, Asokan A. CNS-restricted Transduction and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Deletion with an Engineered AAV Vector. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e338. [PMID: 27434683 PMCID: PMC5330941 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy using recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors is emerging as a promising approach to treat central nervous system disorders such as Spinal muscular atrophy, Batten, Parkinson and Alzheimer disease amongst others. A critical remaining challenge for central nervous system-targeted gene therapy, silencing or gene editing is to limit potential vector dose-related toxicity in off-target cells and organs. Here, we characterize a lab-derived AAV chimeric (AAV2g9), which displays favorable central nervous system attributes derived from both parental counterparts, AAV2 and AAV9. This synthetic AAV strain displays preferential, robust, and widespread neuronal transduction within the brain and decreased glial tropism. Importantly, we observed minimal systemic leakage, decreased sequestration and gene transfer in off-target organs with AAV2g9, when administered into the cerebrospinal fluid. A single intracranial injection of AAV2g9 vectors encoding guide RNAs targeting the schizophrenia risk gene MIR137 (encoding MIR137) in CRISPR/Cas9 knockin mice resulted in brain-specific gene deletion with no detectable events in the liver. This engineered AAV vector is a promising platform for treating neurological disorders through gene therapy, silencing or editing modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giridhar Murlidharan
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kensuke Sakamoto
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lavanya Rao
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Travis Corriher
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Khabou H, Desrosiers M, Winckler C, Fouquet S, Auregan G, Bemelmans AP, Sahel JA, Dalkara D. Insight into the mechanisms of enhanced retinal transduction by the engineered AAV2 capsid variant -7m8. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2712-2724. [PMID: 27259396 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we described a modified AAV2 vector-AAV2-7m8-having a capsid-displayed peptide insertion of 10 amino acids with enhanced retinal transduction properties. The insertion of the peptide referred to as 7m8 is responsible for high-level gene delivery into deep layers of the retina when virus is delivered into the eye's vitreous. Here, we further characterize AAV2-7m8 mediated gene delivery to neural tissue and investigate the mechanisms by which the inserted peptide provides better transduction away from the injection site. First, in order to understand if the peptide exerts its effect on its own or in conjunction with the neighboring amino acids, we inserted the 7m8 peptide at equivalent positions on three other AAV capsids, AAV5, AAV8, and AAV9, and evaluated its effect on their infectivity. Intravitreal delivery of these peptide insertion vectors revealed that only AAV9 benefited from 7m8 insertion in the context of the retina. We then investigated AAV2-7m8 and AAV9-7m8 properties in the brain, to better evaluate the spread and efficacy of viral transduction in view of the peptide insertion. While 7m8 insertion led to higher intensity gene expression, the spread of gene expression remained unchanged compared to the parental serotypes. Our results indicate that the 7m8 peptide insertion acts by increasing efficacy of cellular entry, with little effect on the spread of viral particles in neural tissue. The effects of peptide insertion are capsid and tissue dependent, highlighting the importance of the microenvironment in gene delivery using AAV. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2712-2724. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanen Khabou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris 75012, France
| | - Mélissa Desrosiers
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris 75012, France
| | - Céline Winckler
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris 75012, France
| | - Stéphane Fouquet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris 75012, France
| | - Gwenaëlle Auregan
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Alexis-Pierre Bemelmans
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris 75012, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC, 28 rue de Charenton, Paris, France
| | - Deniz Dalkara
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris 75012, France.
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13
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Unique glycan signatures regulate adeno-associated virus tropism in the developing brain. J Virol 2015; 89:3976-87. [PMID: 25631075 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02951-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are thought to spread through the central nervous system (CNS) by exploiting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flux and hijacking axonal transport pathways. The role of host receptors that mediate these processes is not well understood. In the current study, we utilized AAV serotype 4 (AAV4) as a model to evaluate whether ubiquitously expressed 2,3-linked sialic acid and the developmentally regulated marker 2,8-linked polysialic acid (PSA) regulate viral transport and tropism in the neonatal brain. Modulation of the levels of SA and PSA in cell culture studies using specific neuraminidases revealed possibly opposing roles of the two glycans in AAV4 transduction. Interestingly, upon intracranial injection into lateral ventricles of the neonatal mouse brain, a low-affinity AAV4 mutant (AAV4.18) displayed a striking shift in cellular tropism from 2,3-linked SA(+) ependymal lining to 2,8-linked PSA(+) migrating progenitors in the rostral migratory stream and olfactory bulb. In addition, this gain-of-function phenotype correlated with robust CNS spread of AAV4.18 through paravascular transport pathways. Consistent with these observations, altering glycan dynamics within the brain by coadministering SA- and PSA-specific neuraminidases resulted in striking changes to the cellular tropisms and transduction efficiencies of both parental and mutant vectors. We postulate that glycan signatures associated with host development can be exploited to redirect novel AAV vectors to specific cell types in the brain. IMPORTANCE Viruses invade the CNS through various mechanisms. In the current study, we utilized AAV as a model to study the dynamics of virus-carbohydrate interactions in the developing brain and their impact on viral tropism. Our findings suggest that carbohydrate content can be exploited to regulate viral transport and tropism in the brain.
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14
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Murlidharan G, Samulski RJ, Asokan A. Biology of adeno-associated viral vectors in the central nervous system. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:76. [PMID: 25285067 PMCID: PMC4168676 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising approach for treating a spectrum of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders by delivering corrective genes to the central nervous system (CNS). In particular, adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have emerged as promising tools for clinical gene transfer in a broad range of genetic disorders with neurological manifestations. In the current review, we have attempted to bridge our understanding of the biology of different AAV strains with their transduction profiles, cellular tropisms, and transport mechanisms within the CNS. Continued efforts to dissect AAV-host interactions within the brain are likely to aid in the development of improved vectors for CNS-directed gene transfer applications in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giridhar Murlidharan
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; Gene Therapy Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Richard J Samulski
- Gene Therapy Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, USA
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Gene Therapy Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; Department of Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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15
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Ojala DS, Amara DP, Schaffer DV. Adeno-associated virus vectors and neurological gene therapy. Neuroscientist 2014; 21:84-98. [PMID: 24557878 DOI: 10.1177/1073858414521870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has strong potential for treating a variety of genetic disorders, as demonstrated in recent clinical trials. There is unfortunately no scarcity of disease targets, and the grand challenge in this field has instead been the development of safe and efficient gene delivery platforms. To date, approximately two thirds of the 1800 gene therapy clinical trials completed worldwide have used viral vectors. Among these, adeno-associated virus (AAV) has emerged as particularly promising because of its impressive safety profile and efficiency in transducing a wide range of cell types. Gene delivery to the CNS involves both considerable promise and unique challenges, and better AAV vectors are thus needed to translate CNS gene therapy approaches to the clinic. This review discusses strategies for vector design, potential routes of administration, immune responses, and clinical applications of AAV in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Ojala
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dominic P Amara
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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16
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Melisko ME, Kunwar S, Prados M, Berger MS, Park JW. Brain metastases of breast cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 5:253-68. [PMID: 15877523 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.5.2.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastases of breast cancer remain a difficult problem for clinical management. Their incidence appears to be increasing, which is likely due to longer survival times for advanced breast cancer patients as well as additional and improved tools for detection. Molecular features of tumors associated with this syndrome are not yet understood. In general, survival may be improving for brain metastases due to better local control in the CNS, as well as improvements in systemic disease management. Selected patients with brain metastases are able to undergo surgical resection, which has been associated with extended disease control in some patients. However, whole-brain radiation has been the mainstay for treatment for most patients. Stereotactic radiosurgery is playing an increasing role in the primary treatment of brain metastases, as well as for salvage after whole-brain radiation. Recent series have reported median survivals of 13 months or longer with stereotactic radiosurgery. Further improvements in radiation-based approaches may come from ongoing studies of radiosensitizing agents. The ability of systemic treatments to impact brain metastases has been debated, and specific treatment regimens have yet to be defined. New approaches include chemotherapy combinations, biologic therapies and novel drug-delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Melisko
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
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17
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Osting S, Bennett A, Power S, Wackett J, Hurley SA, Alexander AL, Agbandje-Mckena M, Burger C. Differential effects of two MRI contrast agents on the integrity and distribution of rAAV2 and rAAV5 in the rat striatum. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2014; 1:4. [PMID: 26015943 PMCID: PMC4365861 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2013.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been proposed as a method to optimize intracerebral targeting and for tracking infusate distribution in gene therapy trials for nervous system disorders. We thus investigated possible effects of two MRI contrast agents, gadoteridol (Gd) and galbumin (Gab), on the distribution and levels of transgene expression in the rat striatum and their effect on integrity and stability of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) particles. MRI studies showed that contrast agent distribution did not predict rAAV distribution. However, green fluorescent protein (GFP) immunoreactivity revealed an increase in distribution of rAAV5-GFP, but not rAAV2-GFP, in the presence of Gd when compared with viral vector injected alone. In contrast, Gab increased the distribution of rAAV2-GFP not rAAV5-GFP. These observations pointed to a direct effect of infused contrast agent on the rAAV particles. Negative-stain electron microscopy (EM), DNAase treatment, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to monitor rAAV2 and rAAV5 particle integrity and stability following contrast agent incubation. EMs of rAAV2-GFP and rAAV5-GFP particles pretreated with Gd appear morphologically similar to the untreated sample; however, Gab treatment resulted in surface morphology changes and aggregation. A compromise of particle integrity was suggested by sensitivity of the packaged genome to DNAase treatment following Gab incubation but not Gd for both vectors. However, neither agent significantly affected particle stability when analyzed by DSC. An increase in T m was observed for AAV2 in lactated Ringer's buffer. These results thus highlight potential interactions between MRI contrast agents and AAV that might affect vector distribution and stability, as well as the stabilizing effect of lactated Ringer's solution on AAV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Osting
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Antonette Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Shelby Power
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jordan Wackett
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Samuel A Hurley
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew L Alexander
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin, USA ; Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Corinna Burger
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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18
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Hullinger R, Ugalde J, Purón-Sierra L, Osting S, Burger C. The MRI contrast agent gadoteridol enhances distribution of rAAV1 in the rat hippocampus. Gene Ther 2013; 20:1172-7. [PMID: 24048419 PMCID: PMC3855498 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Contrast agents are commonly used in combination with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to monitor the distribution of molecules in the brain. Recent experiments conducted in our laboratory have shown that co-infusion of recombinant Adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (rAAV5) and the MRI contrast agent gadoteridol (Gd) enhances vector transduction of in the rat striatum. The goal of this study was to determine whether gadoteridol may also be used as a tool to enhance transduction efficiency of rAAV1 and rAAV5 within the rat hippocampus. We show that Gd/rAAV1-GFP but not Gd/rAAV5-GFP co-infusion results in significantly higher distribution of the transgene both in the injected hemisphere as well as in the contralateral side and adjacent areas of cortex along the injection track. We also show that Gd/rAAV1-GFP co-infusion has no deleterious effect on hippocampal function as assessed by two tests of spatial memory formation. This work indicates that gadoteridol can be exploited as a method to increase transduction efficiency of AAV1 in the hippocampus for animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hullinger
- 1] Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Medical Sciences Center, 1300 University Ave, Room 73 Bardeen, Madison, WI, USA [2] Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
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19
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Barua NU, Gill SS, Love S. Convection-enhanced drug delivery to the brain: therapeutic potential and neuropathological considerations. Brain Pathol 2013; 24:117-27. [PMID: 23944716 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) describes a direct method of drug delivery to the brain through intraparenchymal microcatheters. By establishing a pressure gradient at the tip of the infusion catheter in order to exploit bulk flow through the interstitial spaces of the brain, CED offers a number of advantages over conventional drug delivery methods-bypass of the blood-brain barrier, targeted distribution through large brain volumes and minimization of systemic side effects. Despite showing early promise, CED is yet to fulfill its potential as a mainstream strategy for the treatment of neurological disease. Substantial research effort has been dedicated to optimize the technology for CED and identify the parameters, which govern successful drug distribution. It seems likely that successful clinical translation of CED will depend on suitable catheter technology being used in combination with drugs with optimal physicochemical characteristics, and on neuropathological analysis in appropriate preclinical models. In this review, we consider the factors most likely to influence the success or failure of CED, and review its application to the treatment of high-grade glioma, Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil U Barua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK
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20
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Stoica L, Ahmed SS, Gao G, Sena-Esteves M. Gene transfer to the CNS using recombinant adeno-associated virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 14:14D.5.1-14D.5.18. [PMID: 23686825 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc14d05s29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are great tools for gene transfer due to their ability to mediate long-term gene expression. rAAVs have been used successfully as gene transfer vehicles in multiple animal models of CNS disorders, and several clinical trials are currently underway. rAAV vectors have been used at various stages of development with no apparent toxicity. There are multiple ways of delivering AAV vectors to the mouse CNS, depending on the stage of development. In neonates, intravascular injections into the facial vein are often used. In adults, direct injections into target regions of the brain are achieved with great spatiotemporal control through stereotaxic surgeries. Recently, discoveries of new AAV vectors with the ability to cross the blood brain barrier have made it possible to target the adult CNS by intravascular injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorelei Stoica
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Masssachusetts, USA
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21
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Arnett ALH, Beutler LR, Quintana A, Allen J, Finn E, Palmiter RD, Chamberlain JS. Heparin-binding correlates with increased efficiency of AAV1- and AAV6-mediated transduction of striated muscle, but negatively impacts CNS transduction. Gene Ther 2013; 20:497-503. [PMID: 22855092 PMCID: PMC4004370 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gene delivery vectors derived from adeno-associated virus (AAV) have great potential as therapeutic agents. rAAV1 and rAAV6, efficiently target striated muscle, but the mechanisms that determine their tropism remain unclear. It is known that AAV6, but not AAV1, interacts with heparin-sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). HSPGs are not primary receptors for AAV6, but heparin interactions may affect tissue tropism and transduction. To investigate these possibilities, we generated rAAV1 and rAAV6 capsids that do or do not bind heparin. We evaluated the transduction profile of these vectors in vivo across multiple routes of administration, and found that heparin-binding capability influences tissue transduction in striated muscle and neuronal tissues. Heparin-binding capsids transduce striated muscle more efficiently than non-binding capsids, via both intramuscular and intravenous injection. However, rAAV6 achieved greater muscle transduction than the heparin-binding rAAV1 variant, suggesting that there are additional factors that influence differences in transduction efficiency between AAV1 and AAV6. Interestingly, the opposite trend was found when vectors were delivered via intracranial injection. Non-binding vectors achieved robust and widespread gene expression, whereas transduction via heparin-binding serotypes was substantially reduced. These data indicate that heparin-binding capability is an important determinant of transduction that should be considered in the design of rAAV-mediated gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. H. Arnett
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisa R. Beutler
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Albert Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James Allen
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric Finn
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard D. Palmiter
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Chamberlain
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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22
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Liu B, Traini R, Killinger B, Schneider B, Moszczynska A. Overexpression of parkin in the rat nigrostriatal dopamine system protects against methamphetamine neurotoxicity. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:359-72. [PMID: 23313192 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a central nervous system psychostimulant with a high potential for abuse. At high doses, METH causes a selective degeneration of dopaminergic terminals in the striatum, sparing other striatal terminals and cell bodies. We previously detected a deficit in parkin after binge METH in rat striatal synaptosomes. Parkin is an ubiquitin-protein E3 ligase capable of protecting dopamine neurons from diverse cellular insults. Whether the deficit in parkin mediates the toxicity of METH and whether parkin can protect from toxicity of the drug is unknown. The present study investigated whether overexpression of parkin attenuates degeneration of striatal dopaminergic terminals exposed to binge METH. Parkin overexpression in rat nigrostriatal dopamine system was achieved by microinjection of adeno-associated viral transfer vector 2/6 encoding rat parkin (AAV2/6-parkin) into the substantia nigra pars compacta. The microinjections of AAV2/6-parkin dose-dependently increased parkin levels in both the substantia nigra pars compacta and striatum. The levels of dopamine synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase, remained at the control levels; therefore, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was used as an index of dopaminergic terminal integrity. In METH-exposed rats, the increase in parkin levels attenuated METH-induced decreases in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that parkin can protect striatal dopaminergic terminals against METH neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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23
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McConnell KI, Gomez EJ, Suh J. The identity of the cell adhesive protein substrate affects the efficiency of adeno-associated virus reverse transduction. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:4073-9. [PMID: 22771459 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Delivering genes from surfaces, called substrate-mediated gene delivery or reverse transduction, is a useful method to achieve spatial localization of gene delivery. We tested the compatibility of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors with various cell adhesive proteins to mediate gene delivery from surfaces. Our studies demonstrate that AAV vectors can be successfully adsorbed on collagen I, elastin, and laminin substrates leading to robust gene delivery to overlying cells. Notably, AAV immobilization on laminin yields the highest efficiency of gene expression. This increased gene expression cannot be explained by increases in the levels of virus deposition, transcriptional activity of cells, or virus vector uptake into cells. Further refinement of our knowledge of AAV interactions with extracellular matrix proteins may have important implications in a variety of applications ranging from tissue engineering to in vivo gene therapy.
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24
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Messina EL, Nienaber J, Daneshmand M, Villamizar N, Samulski J, Milano C, Bowles DE. Adeno-associated viral vectors based on serotype 3b use components of the fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling complex for efficient transduction. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 23:1031-42. [PMID: 22680698 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus type 3b (AAV3b) has been largely ignored by gene therapists because of the inability of vectors based on this serotype to transduce target tissues efficiently. Here we describe a phenomenon unique to AAV3b in that vectors based on this serotype mediate enhanced transduction in the presence of heparin. Among the many biological functions attributed to heparin, its interaction with, and ability to regulate, several growth factors (GFs) and growth factor receptors (GFRs) has been well characterized. Using GFR-overexpressing cell lines, soluble GFs and heparins, as well as specific GFR inhibitors, we have demonstrated a requirement for fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR2) and FGF1 in the heparin-mediated augmentation of AAV3b vector transduction. In contrast to AAV2, we establish that heparin can be used as an adjunct with AAV3b to further increase transduction in a variety of cells and target tissues, additionally suggesting that AAV3b may be an attractive viral vector for clinical use during procedures in which heparin is used. In summary, AAV3b exhibits FGFR2-dependent, markedly enhanced transduction efficiency in the presence of heparin and FGFs, which could make it a useful vector for gene therapy in a variety of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Messina
- Cardiothoracic Division, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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25
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de Backer MWA, Garner KM, Luijendijk MCM, Adan RAH. Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 789:357-76. [PMID: 21922421 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-310-3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors can be used to locally or systemically enhance or silence gene expression. They are relatively nonimmunogenic and can transduce dividing and nondividing cells, and different rAAV serotypes may transduce diverse cell types. Therefore, rAAV vectors are excellent tools to study the function of neuropeptides in local brain areas. In this chapter, we describe a protocol to produce high-titer, in vivo grade, rAAV vector stocks. The protocol includes an Iodixanol gradient, an anion exchange column and a desalting/concentration step and can be used for every serotype. In addition, a short protocol for rAAV injections into the brain and directions on how to detect and localize transduced cells are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke W A de Backer
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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White E, Bienemann A, Megraw L, Bunnun C, Wyatt M, Taylor H, Gill S. Distribution properties of lentiviral vectors administered into the striatum by convection-enhanced delivery. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 23:115-27. [PMID: 21793715 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Before the successful use of lentiviral vectors in clinical trials it is essential that strategies for direct vector delivery into the brain be evaluated in vivo, particularly as these vectors are significantly larger than the brain extracellular space. To date no such studies have been undertaken. In this study, convection-enhanced delivery (CED) was employed in an attempt to achieve widespread lentiviral delivery in the striatum. Infusions of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and HIV vector constructs expressing the reporter gene β-galactosidase (β-Gal) were undertaken into the striatum at a range of flow rates and viral titers. In rats, all EIAV and HIV infusions led to the extensive transduction of cells in perivascular spaces throughout the brain. Although infusions were performed under standardized conditions, the number and volume of distribution of transduced cells were highly variable, with approximately one-third of EIAV infusions leading to no concentrated cell transduction in the striatum. Heparin coinfusion had no effect on EIAV distribution, although coinfusion of nimodipine resulted in a significant reduction in the number and volume of distribution of transduced cells. Intrastriatal EIAV delivery in pigs led to extensive transduction of mainly neurons, which could be effectively visualized in real time by T(2)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. No infusions were associated with a significant inflammatory response. Therefore, despite its large size, lentiviral vectors can be administered by CED to the striatum in both small and large animal models. However, the variability in vector distribution under standardized conditions and widespread vector distribution through the perivascular spaces raise serious concerns regarding the practicality of lentivirus-mediated gene therapy in the brain in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward White
- Department of Neurosurgery, Frenchay Hospital , Bristol BS16 1LE, United Kingdom
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The use of convection-enhanced delivery with liposomal toxins in neurooncology. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:369-97. [PMID: 22069714 PMCID: PMC3202827 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes have long been effective delivery vehicles for transport of toxins to peripheral cancers. The combination of convection-enhanced delivery (CED) with liposomal toxins was originally proposed to circumvent the limited delivery of intravascular liposomes to the central nervous system (CNS) due to the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). CED offers markedly improved distribution of infused therapeutics within the CNS compared to direct injection or via drug eluting polymers, both of which depend on diffusion for parenchymal distribution. This review examines the basis for improved delivery of liposomal toxins via CED within the CNS, and discusses preclinical and clinical experience with these therapeutic techniques. How CED and liposomal technologies may influence future neurooncologic treatments are also considered.
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White E, Bienemann A, Megraw L, Bunnun C, Gill S. Evaluation and optimization of the administration of a selectively replicating herpes simplex viral vector to the brain by convection-enhanced delivery. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 18:358-69. [PMID: 21372854 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The direct intraparenchymal administration of oncolytic viral vectors by convection-enhanced delivery (CED) represents a promising new treatment strategy for malignant gliomas. However, there is no evidence to suggest that oncolytic viruses as large as herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) can be administered by CED, as this has not been systematically examined in an animal model. In this study, the administration of a herpes simplex viral vector, HSV1, has been evaluated in detail in the gray and white matter of both rat and pig models, using high flow-rate infusions, co-infusing heparin or preinfusing the tissue with an isotonic albumin solution. Rat HSV-1 infusions at both slow (0.5 μl min(-1)) and high infusion rates (2.5 μl min(-1)) led to extensive tissue damage and negligible cell transduction. Co-infusion with heparin led to extensive hemorrhage. Preinfusion of tissue with an isotonic albumin solution facilitated widespread vector distribution and cell transduction in white matter only. Using this approach in pig brain led to widespread vector distribution with extensive transduction of astrocytes and activated microglia. In rat brain, enhanced green fluorescent protein expression peaked 48 h after vector administration and was associated with a vigorous immune response. These findings indicate that direct infusions of HSV-1-based viral vectors into the brain lead to minimal vector distribution, negligible cell transduction and extensive damage. Tissue preinfusion with an isotonic solution prior to vector administration represents an effective technique for achieving widespread HSV-1 distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- E White
- Department of Neurosurgery, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK
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White E, Bienemann A, Sena-Esteves M, Taylor H, Bunnun C, Castrique E, Gill S. Evaluation and optimization of the administration of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (serotypes 2/1, 2/2, 2/rh8, 2/9, and 2/rh10) by convection-enhanced delivery to the striatum. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:237-51. [PMID: 20836701 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors is a promising approach for delivery of therapeutic transgenes to the brain. In this study we have systematically examined vector dosing in vivo. Infusions of rAAV serotypes 2/1, 2/2, 2/rh8, 2/9, and 2/rh10 expressing an enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter gene were undertaken into the striatum of rats and pigs using CED. Vector distribution, as defined by the volume of distribution and number of transduced cells following each infusion, was determined using stereological methods. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the transductional tropism of serotypes and to evaluate for the presence of immune cell infiltration into the brain. Vector distribution was highly variable between serotypes. Infusion rate had no significant effect on vector distribution or the occurrence of tissue damage. For serotypes 2/1, 2/2 and 2/rh10, as the vector concentration was increased beyond 10(12) vg/ml, no increase in vector distribution was observed. In contrast, for serotypes 2/rh8 and 2/9, retrograde axonal transport was observed above this threshold concentration. Cell transduction was principally neuronal for all serotypes and was associated with a low-level immune response. In planning clinical trials it is critical that these observations are considered in order to achieve optimal vector dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward White
- Department of Neurosurgery, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK
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Haar PJ, Broaddus WC, Chen ZJ, Fatouros PP, Gillies GT, Corwin FD. Quantification of convection-enhanced delivery to the ischemic brain. Physiol Meas 2010; 31:1075-89. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/31/9/001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Su X, Kells AP, Salegio EA, Salegio EA, Richardson RM, Hadaczek P, Beyer J, Bringas J, Pivirotto P, Forsayeth J, Bankiewicz KS. Real-time MR imaging with Gadoteridol predicts distribution of transgenes after convection-enhanced delivery of AAV2 vectors. Mol Ther 2010; 18:1490-5. [PMID: 20551915 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapies that utilize convention-enhanced delivery (CED) will require close monitoring of vector infusion in real time and accurate prediction of drug distribution. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent, Gadoteridol (Gd), was used to monitor CED infusion and to predict the expression pattern of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) protein after administration of adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) vector encoding human pre-pro-GDNF complementary DNA. The nonhuman primate (NHP) thalamus was utilized for modeling infusion to allow delivery of volumes more relevant to planned human studies. AAV2 encoding human aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) was coinfused with AAV2-GDNF/Gd to confirm regions of AAV2 transduction versus extracellular GDNF diffusion. There was a close correlation between Gd distribution and GDNF or AADC expression, and the ratios of expression areas of GDNF or AADC versus Gd were both close to 1. Our data support the use of Gd and MRI to monitor AAV2 infusion via CED and to predict the distribution of GDNF protein after AAV2-GDNF administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Su
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
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Luther N, Cheung NK, Souliopoulos EP, Karampelas I, Karempelas I, Bassiri D, Edgar MA, Guo HF, Pastan I, Gutin PH, Souweidane MM. Interstitial infusion of glioma-targeted recombinant immunotoxin 8H9scFv-PE38. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:1039-46. [PMID: 20371725 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have the potential to target therapy for high-grade gliomas. Monoclonal antibody 8H9 is specific for membrane protein B7H3 and is reactive with most human high-grade gliomas. We tested the 8H9scFv-PE38 recombinant Pseudomonas immunotoxin in a preclinical model of high-grade glioma. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 8H9scFv-PE38 in vitro was determined using glioblastoma cell lines U87 and U251. Maximum tolerated infusion dose of 8H9scFv-PE38 following interstitial infusion to the striatum and pons was defined using athymic rats. Maximum tolerated infusion dose of 8H9scFv-PE38 or PBS control were interstitially delivered to athymic rats xenografted with U87 in the striatum or brain stem. Radiographic response and survivals were measured and compared between treatment groups. The in vitro IC(50) of 8H9scFv-PE38 for U87 was 1,265 ng/mL and, for U251, 91 ng/mL. The maximum tolerated infusion doses of interstitially infused 8H9scFv-PE38 to the striatum and brain stem were 0.75 and 1.8 mug, respectively. For rats harboring intracranial U87 xenografts, infusion of 8H9scFv-PE38 increased mean survival (striatum, 43.4 versus 24.6 days; brain stem, 80.6 versus 45.5 days; n = 28 total) and produced three long-term survivors past 120 days. None of the 14 placebo-treated animals survived >54 days. Tumors also showed volumetric response to infusion of 8H9scFv-PE38 by magnetic resonance imaging. Interstitial infusion of 8H9scFv-PE38 shows potential for the treatment of hemispherical and brain stem glioma. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(4); 1039-46. (c)2010 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Luther
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Room A-969, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA.
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Hida K, Won SY, Di Pasquale G, Hanes J, Chiorini JA, Ostermeier M. Sites in the AAV5 capsid tolerant to deletions and tandem duplications. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 496:1-8. [PMID: 20102698 PMCID: PMC2840209 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) have shown much promise in clinical trials for the treatment of a variety of diseases. However, the ability to manipulate and engineer the viral surface for enhanced efficiency is necessary to overcome such barriers as pre-existing immunity and transduction of non-target cells that currently limit AAV applications. Although single amino acid changes and peptide insertions at select sites have been explored previously, the tolerance of AAV to small deletions and tandem duplications of sequence has not been globally addressed. Here, we have generated a large, diverse library of >10(5) members containing deletions and tandem duplications throughout the viral capsid of AAV5. Four unique mutants were identified that maintain the ability to form viral particles, with one showing improved transduction on both 293T and BEAS-2B cells. This approach may find potential use for the generation of novel variants with improved and altered properties or in the identification of sites that are tolerant to insertions of targeting ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Hida
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Sang Y. Won
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Giovanni Di Pasquale
- Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Justin Hanes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - John A. Chiorini
- Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Marc Ostermeier
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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Hau P, Jachimczak P, Bogdahn U. Treatment of malignant gliomas with TGF-beta2 antisense oligonucleotides. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2010; 9:1663-74. [PMID: 19895249 DOI: 10.1586/era.09.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs) have been widely used to determine gene function, validate drug targets and as novel therapeutics for human diseases. In this review, we describe the development of AS-ODNs, including their modifications, pharmacokinetics and toxicity in animal models and humans, and their preclinical and clinical development in the therapy of human high-grade gliomas. The most advanced AS-ODN for the therapy of high-grade gliomas is a phosphorothioate-modified AS-ODN, AP 12009 (trabedersen), which targets mRNA encoding TGF-beta2. AP 12009 is administered intratumorally using convection-enhanced delivery. A series of Phase I and II clinical trials have evaluated the toxicity profile and optimal dose of the substance. A randomized, controlled international Phase III study was initiated in March 2009 and will compare trabedersen 10 microM versus conventional alkylating chemotherapy in patients with recurrent or refractory anaplastic astrocytoma after standard radio- and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hau
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Medical School, Regensburg, Germany.
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35
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Pasha S, Gupta K. Various drug delivery approaches to the central nervous system. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:113-35. [PMID: 20017662 DOI: 10.1517/17425240903405581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), an insurmountable obstacle, in particular, and other barriers in brain and periphery contribute to hindrance of the successful diagnosis and treatment of a myriad of central nervous system pathologies. This review discusses several strategies adopted to define a rational drug delivery approach to the CNS along with a short description of the strategies implemented by the authors' group to enhance the analgesic activity, a CNS property, of chimeric peptide of Met-enkephalin and FMRFa (YGGFMKKKFMRFa-YFa). AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Various approaches for drug delivery to the CNS with their beneficial and non-beneficial aspects, supported by an extensive literature survey published recently, up to August 2009. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will have the privilege of gaining an understanding of previous as well as recent approaches to breaching the CNS barriers. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Among the various strategies discussed, the potential for efficacious CNS drug targeting in future lies either with the non-invasively administered multifunctional nanosystems or these nanosystems without characterstics such as long systemic circulating capability and avoiding reticuloendothelial system scavenging system of the body, endogenous transporters and efflux inhibitors administered by convection-enhanced delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Pasha
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Peptide Synthesis Laboratory, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India.
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Adeno-associated viral vector serotypes 1 and 5 targeted to the neonatal rat and pig striatum induce widespread transgene expression in the forebrain. Exp Neurol 2009; 222:70-85. [PMID: 20025873 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Viral vector-mediated gene transfer has emerged as a powerful means to target transgene expression in the central nervous system. Here we characterized the efficacy of serotypes 1 and 5 recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) after stereotaxic delivery to the neonatal rat and minipig striatum. The efficiency of GFP expression and the phenotype of GFP-positive cells were assessed within the forebrain at different time points up to 12 months after surgery. Both rAAV1-GFP and rAAV5-GFP delivery resulted in transduction of the striatum as well as striatal input and output areas, including large parts of the cortex. In both species, rAAV5 resulted in a more widespread transgene expression compared to rAAV1. In neonatal rats, rAAV5 also transduced several other areas such as the olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, and septum. Phenotypic analysis of the GFP-positive cells, performed using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, showed that most of the GFP-positive cells by either serotype were NeuN-positive neuronal profiles. The rAAV5 vector further displayed the ability to transduce non-neuronal cell types in both rats and pigs, albeit at a low frequency. Our results show that striatal delivery of rAAV5 vectors in the neonatal brain represents a useful tool to express genes of interest both in the basal ganglia and the neocortex. Furthermore, we apply, for the first time, viral vector-mediated gene transfer to the pig brain providing the opportunity to study effects of genetic manipulation in this non-primate large animal species. Finally, we generated an atlas of the Göttingen minipig brain for guiding future studies in this large animal species.
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Hadaczek P, Forsayeth J, Mirek H, Munson K, Bringas J, Pivirotto P, McBride JL, Davidson BL, Bankiewicz KS. Transduction of nonhuman primate brain with adeno-associated virus serotype 1: vector trafficking and immune response. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 20:225-37. [PMID: 19292604 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We used convection-enhanced delivery (CED) to characterize gene delivery mediated by adeno-associated virus type 1 (AAV1) by tracking expression of hrGFP (humanized green fluorescent protein from Renilla reniformis) into the striatum, basal forebrain, and corona radiata of monkey brain. Four cynomolgus monkeys received single infusions into corona radiata, putamen, and caudate. The other group (n = 4) received infusions into basal forebrain. Thirty days after infusion animals were killed and their brains were processed for immunohistochemical evaluation. Volumetric analysis of GFP-positive brain areas was performed. AAV1-hrGFP infusions resulted in approximately 550, 700, and 73 mm(3) coverage after infusion into corona radiata, striatum, and basal forebrain, respectively. Aside from targeted regions, other brain structures also showed GFP signal (internal and external globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus), supporting the idea that AAV1 is actively trafficked to regions distal from the infusion site. In addition to neuronal transduction, a significant nonneuronal cell population was transduced by AAV1 vector; for example, oligodendrocytes in corona radiata and astrocytes in the striatum. We observed a strong humoral and cell-mediated response against AAV1-hrGFP in transduced monkeys irrespective of the anatomic location of the infusion, as evidenced by induction of circulating anti-AAV1 and anti-hrGFP antibodies, as well as infiltration of CD4(+) lymphocytes and upregulation of MHC-II in regions infused with vector. We conclude that transduction of antigen-presenting cells within the CNS is a likely cause of this response and that caution is warranted when foreign transgenes are used as reporters in gene therapy studies with vectors with broader tropism than AAV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Hadaczek
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA.
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Ciron C, Cressant A, Roux F, Raoul S, Cherel Y, Hantraye P, Déglon N, Schwartz B, Barkats M, Heard JM, Tardieu M, Moullier P, Colle MA. Human α-Iduronidase Gene Transfer Mediated by Adeno-Associated Virus Types 1, 2, and 5 in the Brain of Nonhuman Primates: Vector Diffusion and Biodistribution. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 20:350-60. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Françoise Roux
- Centre de Boisbonne, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, 44037 Nantes, France
| | - Sylvie Raoul
- CHU Nord, Service de Neurochirurgie, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Yan Cherel
- UMR INRA 703, Ecole Vétérinaire de Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Hantraye
- CEA, Institute of Biomedical Imaging (I2BM) and Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), 91401 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CNRS, URA2210, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Nicole Déglon
- CEA, Institute of Biomedical Imaging (I2BM) and Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), 91401 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CNRS, URA2210, 91401 Orsay, France
| | | | | | | | - Marc Tardieu
- Université Paris 11, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique), and INSERM U802, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Philippe Moullier
- INSERM U649, 44000 Nantes, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang Pays de Loire, 44000 Nantes, France
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Convection-enhanced delivery of nanocarriers for the treatment of brain tumors. Biomaterials 2009; 30:2302-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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40
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Varenika V, Kells AP, Valles F, Hadaczek P, Forsayeth J, Bankiewicz KS. Controlled dissemination of AAV vectors in the primate brain. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2009; 175:163-72. [PMID: 19660655 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are currently the preeminent gene therapy vehicles for neurological application. However, issues regarding the trafficking of AAV vectors within the primate brain, and consequently control over the targeting of transgene expression, remain a matter of investigation. Studies in nonhuman primates have shown that distribution of AAV vectors is largely mediated by the flow of cerebrospinal fluid within perivascular space, trafficking of vector along axonal projections, and AAV receptor binding. Together these processes can result in transduction of cells in areas distant from the parenchymal site of infusion. Additionally, we have addressed the unique surgical issues concerning delivery of AAV vectors by convection-enhanced delivery and are working toward tailored delivery by means of real-time MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Varenika
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Hadaczek P, Forsayeth J, Mirek H, Munson K, Bringas J, Pivirotto P, McBride J, Davidson B, Bankiewicz K. Transduction of non-human primate brain with adeno-associated virus serotype 1: vector trafficking and immune response. Hum Gene Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/hgt.2008.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Varenika V, Dickinson P, Bringas J, LeCouteur R, Higgins R, Park J, Fiandaca M, Berger M, Sampson J, Bankiewicz K. Detection of infusate leakage in the brain using real-time imaging of convection-enhanced delivery. J Neurosurg 2008; 109:874-80. [PMID: 18976077 DOI: 10.3171/jns/2008/109/11/0874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The authors have shown that convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of gadoteridol-loaded liposomes (GDLs) into different regions of normal monkey brain results in predictable, widespread distribution of this tracking agent as detected by real-time MR imaging. They also have found that this tracking technique allows monitoring of the distribution of similar nanosized agents such as therapeutic liposomes and viral vectors. A limitation of this procedure is the unexpected leakage of liposomes out of targeted parenchyma or malignancies into sulci and ventricles. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of CED after the onset of these types of leakage. METHODS The authors documented this phenomenon in a study of 5 nonhuman primates and 7 canines, comprising 54 CED infusion sessions. Approximately 20% of these infusions resulted in leakage into cerebral ventricles or sulci. All of the infusions and leakage events were monitored with real-time MR imaging. The authors created volume-distributed versus volume-infused graphs for each infusion session. These graphs revealed the rate of distribution of GDL over the course of each infusion and allowed the authors to evaluate the progress of CED before and after leakage. RESULTS The distribution of therapeutics within the target structure ceased to increase or resulted in significant attenuation after the onset of leakage. CONCLUSIONS An analysis of the cases in this study revealed that leakage undermines the efficacy of CED. These findings reiterate the importance of real-time MR imaging visualization during CED to ensure an accurate, robust distribution of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Varenika
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Luther N, Cheung NKV, Dunkel IJ, Fraser JF, Edgar MA, Gutin PH, Souweidane MM. INTRAPARENCHYMAL AND INTRATUMORAL INTERSTITIAL INFUSION OF ANTI-GLIOMA MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY 8H9. Neurosurgery 2008; 63:1166-74; discussion 1174. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000334052.60634.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neal Luther
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Nai-Kong V. Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ira J. Dunkel
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Justin F. Fraser
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Mark A. Edgar
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Philip H. Gutin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mark M. Souweidane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Fiandaca MS, Varenika V, Eberling J, McKnight T, Bringas J, Pivirotto P, Beyer J, Hadaczek P, Bowers W, Park J, Federoff H, Forsayeth J, Bankiewicz KS. Real-time MR imaging of adeno-associated viral vector delivery to the primate brain. Neuroimage 2008; 47 Suppl 2:T27-35. [PMID: 19095069 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We are developing a method for real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) visualization of convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) to the primate brain. By including gadolinium-loaded liposomes (GDL) with AAV, we can track the convective movement of viral particles by continuous monitoring of distribution of surrogate GDL. In order to validate this approach, we infused two AAV (AAV1-GFP and AAV2-hAADC) into three different regions of non-human primate brain (corona radiata, putamen, and thalamus). The procedure was tolerated well by all three animals in the study. The distribution of GFP determined by immunohistochemistry in both brain regions correlated closely with distribution of GDL determined by MRI. Co-distribution was weaker with AAV2-hAADC, although in vivo PET scanning with FMT for AADC activity correlated well with immunohistochemistry of AADC. Although this is a relatively small study, it appears that AAV1 correlates better with MRI-monitored delivery than does AAV2. It seems likely that the difference in distribution may be due to differences in tissue specificity of the two serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo S Fiandaca
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 1855 Folsom Street, Room 226, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
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45
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MacKay JA, Li W, Huang Z, Dy EE, Huynh G, Tihan T, Collins R, Deen DF, Szoka FC. HIV TAT Peptide Modifies the Distribution of DNA Nanolipoparticles Following Convection-enhanced Delivery. Mol Ther 2008; 16:893-900. [DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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46
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Abstract
Stereotaxic surgery has been an invaluable tool in systems neuroscience, applied in many experiments for the creation of site-targeted lesions, injection of anatomical tracers or implantation of electrodes or microdialysis probes. In this protocol, we describe stereotaxic surgery optimized for gene delivery by recombinant adeno-associated viruses and lentiviruses in mice and rats. This method allows the manipulation of gene expression in the rodent brain with excellent spatiotemporal control; essentially any brain region of choice can be targeted and cells (or a subpopulation of cells) in that region can be stably genetically altered at any postnatal developmental stage up to adulthood. Many aspects of the method, its versatility, ease of application and high reproducibility, make it an attractive approach for studying genetic, cellular and circuit functions in the brain. The entire protocol can be completed in 1-2 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Cetin
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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47
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Szerlip NJ, Walbridge S, Yang L, Morrison PF, Degen JW, Jarrell ST, Kouri J, Kerr PB, Kotin R, Oldfield EH, Lonser RR. Real-time imaging of convection-enhanced delivery of viruses and virus-sized particles. J Neurosurg 2007; 107:560-7. [PMID: 17886556 DOI: 10.3171/jns-07/09/0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Despite recent evidence showing that convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of viruses and virus-sized particles to the central nervous system (CNS) is possible, little is known about the factors influencing distribution of these vectors with convection. To better define the delivery of viruses and virus-sized particles in the CNS, and to determine optimal parameters for infusion, the authors coinfused adeno-associated virus ([AAV], 24-nm diameter) and/or ferumoxtran-10 (24 nm) by using CED during real-time magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. METHODS Sixteen rats underwent intrastriatal convective coinfusion with 4 microl of 35S-AAV capsids (0.5-1.0 x 10(14) viral particles/ml) and increasing concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 mg/ml) of a similar sized iron oxide MR imaging agent (ferumoxtran-10). Five nonhuman primates underwent either convective coinfusion of 35S-AAV capsids and 1 mg/ml ferumoxtran-10 (striatum, one animal) or infusion of 1 mg/ml ferumoxtran-10 alone (striatum in two animals; frontal white matter in two). Clinical effects, MR imaging studies, quantitative autoradiography, and histological data were analyzed. RESULTS Real-time, T2-weighted MR imaging of ferumoxtran-10 during infusion revealed a clearly defined hypointense region of perfusion. Quantitative autoradiography confirmed that MR imaging of ferumoxtran-10 at a concentration of 1 mg/ml accurately tracked viral capsid distribution in the rat and primate brain (the mean difference in volume of distribution [Vd] was 7 and 15% in rats and primates, respectively). The Vd increased linearly with increasing volume of infusion (Vi) (R2 = 0.98). The mean Vd/Vi ratio was 4.1 +/- 0.2 (mean +/- standard error of the mean) in gray and 2.3 +/- 0.1 in white matter (p < 0.01). The distribution of infusate was homogeneous. Postinfusion MR imaging revealed leakback along the cannula track at infusion rates greater than 1.5 microl/minute in primate gray and white matter. No animal had clinical or histological evidence of toxicity. CONCLUSIONS The CED method can be used to deliver AAV capsids and similar sized particles to the CNS safely and effectively over clinically relevant volumes. Moreover, real-time MR imaging of ferumoxtran-10 during infusion reveals that AAV capsids and similar sized particles have different convective delivery properties than smaller proteins and other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Szerlip
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1414, USA
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Kwon I, Schaffer DV. Designer gene delivery vectors: molecular engineering and evolution of adeno-associated viral vectors for enhanced gene transfer. Pharm Res 2007; 25:489-99. [PMID: 17763830 PMCID: PMC2265771 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gene delivery vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) are highly promising due to several desirable features of this parent virus, including a lack of pathogenicity, efficient infection of dividing and non-dividing cells, and sustained maintenance of the viral genome. However, several problems should be addressed to enhance the utility of AAV vectors, particularly those based on AAV2, the best characterized AAV serotype. First, altering viral tropism would be advantageous for broadening its utility in various tissue or cell types. In response to this need, vector pseudotyping, mosaic capsids, and targeting ligand insertion into the capsid have shown promise for altering AAV specificity. In addition, library selection and directed evolution have recently emerged as promising approaches to modulate AAV tropism despite limited knowledge of viral structure-function relationships. Second, pre-existing immunity to AAV must be addressed for successful clinical application of AAV vectors. "Shielding" polymers, site-directed mutagenesis, and alternative AAV serotypes have shown success in avoiding immune neutralization. Furthermore, directed evolution of the AAV capsid is a high throughput approach that has yielded vectors with substantial resistance to neutralizing antibodies. Molecular engineering and directed evolution of AAV vectors therefore offer promise for generating 'designer' gene delivery vectors with enhanced properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inchan Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, 201 Gilman Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-1462 USA
| | - David V. Schaffer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, 201 Gilman Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-1462 USA
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Neeves KB, Sawyer AJ, Foley CP, Saltzman WM, Olbricht WL. Dilation and degradation of the brain extracellular matrix enhances penetration of infused polymer nanoparticles. Brain Res 2007; 1180:121-32. [PMID: 17920047 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates methods of manipulating the brain extracellular matrix (ECM) to enhance the penetration of nanoparticle drug carriers in convection-enhanced delivery (CED). A probe was fabricated with two independent microfluidic channels to infuse, either simultaneously or sequentially, nanoparticles and ECM-modifying agents. Infusions were performed in the striatum of the normal rat brain. Monodisperse polystyrene particles with a diameter of 54 nm were used as a model nanoparticle system. Because the size of these particles is comparable to the effective pore size of the ECM, their transport may be significantly hindered compared with the transport of low molecular weight molecules. To enhance the transport of the infused nanoparticles, we attempted to increase the effective pore size of the ECM by two methods: dilating the extracellular space and degrading selected constituents of the ECM. Two methods of dilating the extracellular space were investigated: co-infusion of nanoparticles and a hyperosmolar solution of mannitol, and pre-infusion of an isotonic buffer solution followed by infusion of nanoparticles. These treatments resulted in an increase in the nanoparticle distribution volume of 51% and 123%, respectively. To degrade hyaluronan, a primary structural component of the brain ECM, a pre-infusion of hyaluronidase (20,000 U/mL) was followed after 30 min by infusion of nanoparticles. This treatment resulted in an increase in the nanoparticle distribution of 64%. Our results suggest that both dilation and enzymatic digestion can be incorporated into CED protocols to enhance nanoparticle penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith B Neeves
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Koerber JT, Jang JH, Yu JH, Kane RS, Schaffer DV. Engineering adeno-associated virus for one-step purification via immobilized metal affinity chromatography. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 18:367-78. [PMID: 17437357 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a promising vehicle for gene therapy, which will rely on the generation of high-titer, high-purity recombinant vectors. However, numerous purification protocols can involve challenging optimization or scalability issues, and most AAV serotypes do not bind heparin or sialic acid, used for AAV2/3 or AAV4/5 purification, requiring the development of new chromatography strategies. Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) allows for robust protein purification via affinity tags such as the hexahistidine (His(6)) sequence. Through the combination of a diverse AAV2 library and rational peptide insertions, we have located an optimal His(6) tag insertion site within the viral capsid. This mutant and a related AAV8 variant can be purified from clarified cell lysate in a single gravity column step at infectious particle yields exceeding 90%. Furthermore, injection of IMAC-purified vector into the brain demonstrates that it mediates high-efficiency gene delivery in vivo, equivalent to that of wild-type capsid, with minimal immune cell activation. This affinity chromatography method may offer advantages in ease of purification, final vector purity, and process scalability. Moreover, a combined rational design and high-throughput library selection approach can aid in the design of enhanced viral gene delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Koerber
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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