1
|
Birudukota N, Mudgal MM, Shanbhag V. Discovery and development of azasteroids as anticancer agents. Steroids 2019; 152:108505. [PMID: 31568765 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide following cardiovascular diseases. Cancer can be treated by a variety of techniques including surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. Choice of the method can be made based on type, physiologic location and the stage of disease progression. Among chemical methods, steroids find broad applications. Azasteroids have N- substitutions in steroidal rings. This structural modification renders azasteroids advantageous in increased effectiveness and reduced side effects. Numerous accounts of cancer efficacy of this family of compounds are available in literature. The progress made in the discovery, synthetic efforts and development of azasteroids as anticancer agents is broadly outlined in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraju Birudukota
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Mukesh Madan Mudgal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Venkatesh Shanbhag
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Therapeutic journery of nitrogen mustard as alkylating anticancer agents: Historic to future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:401-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
3
|
Chen F, Xu G, Qin X, Jin X, Gou S. Hybrid of DNA-targeting Chlorambucil with Pt(IV) Species to Reverse Drug Resistance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:221-239. [PMID: 28916659 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.243451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hybrids of Pt(IV) species were designed and prepared by addition of a chlorambucil unit to the axial positions of the Pt(IV) complexes derived from DN603 and DN604. In vitro studies of two hybrids against two pairs of cisplatin sensitive and resistant cancer cell lines indicated that compound 5 had superior antitumor activity to cisplatin and chlorambucil via suppressing DNA damage repair to reverse drug resistance. Mechanistic investigation suggested that the potent antitumor activity of compound 5 arose from its major suppression of CK2-mediated MRE11-RAD50-NBS1(MRN) complex promotion of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. In nude mice with A549/CDDP xenografts, compound 5 exhibited higher anticancer efficacy than cisplatin and chlorambucil by reversing drug resistance, displayed improved effectiveness, and had no toxicity effects. Overall, compound 5 is a promising drug candidate, which could promote the anticancer activity and reverse drug resistance by attenuating CK2-induced MRN-dependent DSB repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feihong Chen
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Qin
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiufeng Jin
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Conjugation of platinum(IV) complexes with chlorambucil to overcome cisplatin resistance via a "joint action" mode toward DNA. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 137:167-175. [PMID: 28586717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two platinum(IV) complexes were designed and prepared by conjugation of cisplatin and oxaliplatin units with a DNA-damaging agent, chlorambucil, respectively. By taking a joint action to enhance the damage of DNA, the conjugates displayed potent antitumor activity against all the tested cancer cell lines comparable to cisplatin and oxaliplatin, and notably could overcome cisplatin resistance at certain degree. Complex 4, a hybrid of cisplatin and chlorambucil, arrested the cell cycle at the S and G2 phases, distinctive from those of cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Apoptosis studies revealed that complex 4 could induce cell apoptosis significantly in both SGC7901 and SGC7901/CDDP cells. Moreover, further investigation indicated that complex 4 suppressed the drug resistance by the improvement of the platinum uptake and the inhibition of PRAP-1 protein. These results show that the "joint action" on DNA is an effective strategy to overcome cisplatin resistance.
Collapse
|
5
|
Merlani MI, Amiranashvili LS, Kemertelidze EP. Synthesis of Several 5α-D-Homosteroid Derivatives Based on Tigogenin. Chem Nat Compd 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-014-0992-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
6
|
Saha P, Debnath C, Bérubé G. Steroid-linked nitrogen mustards as potential anticancer therapeutics: a review. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:271-300. [PMID: 23692738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustards, an important class of drugs for cancer therapy, are known as DNA alkylating agents. The nitrogen mustards are highly reactive and, as a consequence, lack of selectivity and produce several adverse side effects. In order to minimize these undesirable effects, the attachment of nitrogen mustards to a steroidal hormone with affinity for its receptor can lead to highly selective and less toxic antineoplastic therapeutics. This review will focus on the design, synthesis and evaluation of such steroid-nitrogen mustard hybrids as antineoplastic agents. Among these compounds, modified steroids with aromatic nitrogen mustards linked by an ester function were found to have better DNA alkylating properties, improved selectivity as well as low toxicity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Synthesis and biological testing of steroid derivatives as inhibitors".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pijus Saha
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bogiatzi S, Pagonopoulou O, Simopoulou M, Kareli D, Kouskoukis A, Koutka Z, Ipsilantis P, Lialiaris T. The cytogenetic action of ifosfamide, mesna, and their combination on peripheral rabbit lymphocytes: an in vivo/in vitro cytogenetic study. Cytotechnology 2013; 66:753-60. [PMID: 23949582 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ifosfamide (IFO) is an alkylating nitrogen mustard, administrated as an antineoplasmic agent. It is characterized by its intense urotoxic action, leading to hemorrhagic cystitis. This side effect of IFO raises the requirement for the co-administration with sodium 2-sulfanylethanesulfonate (Mesna) aiming to avoid or minimize this effect. IFO and Mesna were administrated separately on rabbit's lymphocytes in vivo, which were later developed in vitro. Cytogenetic markers for sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), proliferation rate index (PRI) and Mitotic Index were recorded. Mesna's action, in conjunction with IFO reduces the frequency of SCEs, in comparison with the SCEs recordings obtained when IFO is administered alone. In addition to this, when high concentrations of Mesna were administered alone significant reductions of the PRI were noted, than with IFO acting at the same concentration on the lymphocytes. Mesna significantly reduces IFO's genotoxicity, while when administered in high concentrations it acts in an inhibitory fashion on the cytostatic action of the drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Bogiatzi
- Departments of Genetics, Demokritos University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Steroidal esters of the aromatic nitrogen mustard 2-[4-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino-phenyl]butanoic acid (2-PHE-BU). Anticancer Drugs 2013. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328357f687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
9
|
Mourelatos C, Kareli D, Dafa E, Argyraki M, Koutsourea A, Papakonstantinou I, Fousteris M, Pairas G, Nikolaropoulos S, Lialiaris T. Cytogenetic and antineoplastic effects by newly synthesised steroidal alkylators in lymphocytic leukaemia P388 cells in vivo. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 746:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
10
|
Efthimiou M, Ouranou D, Stephanou G, Demopoulos NA, Nikolaropoulos SS, Alevizos P. Comparative study of genetic activity of chlorambucil's active metabolite steroidal esters: the role of steroidal skeleton on aneugenic potential. Mutat Res 2010; 689:1-11. [PMID: 20403366 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
p-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylacetic acid (PHE), a nitrogen mustard analogue and chlorambucil's active metabolite used as chemotherapeutic agent, has been shown that, in addition to its clastogenic activity, induces chromosome delay. In the present study an efford has been made (a) to investigate if the steroidal analogues of PHE (EA-92, EA-97, AK-333, AK-409 and AK-433) exert the same genetic activity as the parent compound, (b) to further analyze the aneugenic activity of nitrogen mustard analogues, (c) to investigate the mechanism by which they exert aneugenic potential and (d) to correlate the genetic activity with chemical structure. For this purpose the Cytokinesis Block Micronucleus (CBMN) assay was conducted in human lymphocytes in vitro and the micronucleus (MN) frequency was determined to investigate their genetic activity. The mechanism of micronucleation was determined in combination with Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) using pancentromeric DNA probe. Since one of the mechanisms that chemicals cause aneuploidy is through alterations in the mitotic spindle, we also investigated the effect of the above compounds on the integrity and morphology of the mitotic spindle using double immunofluorescence of beta- and gamma-tubulin in C(2)C(12) mouse cell line. We found that PHE and its steroidal analogues, EA-92, EA-97, AK-333, AK-409 and AK-433, affect cell proliferation in human lymphocytes and C(2)C(12) mouse cells. All studied compounds are capable of inducing chromosome breakage events, as indicated by the enhanced C(-)MN frequencies. The less lipophilic compounds are the most genetically active molecules. PHE and only two of the studied analogues, AK-409 and AK-433, the most hydrophilic ones, showed aneugenic potential, by increasing the frequencies of MN containing a whole chromosome. The aneugenic potential of the above referred analogues is associated with amplification of centrosome number, since they caused high multipolar metaphase frequencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Efthimiou
- Division of Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Rion, 26 500 Patras, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lialiaris T, Kotsiou E, Pouliliou S, Kareli D, Makrinou H, Kouskoukis A, Papachristou F, Koukourakis M. Cytoprotective activity of amifostine on cultured human lymphocytes exposed to irinotecan. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2445-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
12
|
Fousteris MA, Koutsourea AI, Arsenou ES, Papageorgiou A, Mourelatos D, Nikolaropoulos SS. Structure–antileukemic activity relationship study of B- and D-ring modified and nonmodified steroidal esters of 4-methyl-3-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino benzoic acid: a comparative study. Anticancer Drugs 2007; 18:997-1004. [PMID: 17704649 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e3281822629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed as a rational continuation of our research regarding the functional requirements essential for the antileukemic activity of compounds comprising an alkylating moiety and a modified steroid. The steroidal esteric derivatives of 4-methyl-3-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino benzoic acid were tested on leukemias P388 and L1210 in vivo and in normal human lymphocytes in vitro. Among them the B-lactamic steroidal esters proved more potent antileukemic agents than the 7-oxidized and those with a simple B-ring, but not more effective inducers of DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in vitro. We speculate that these results indicate a different mechanism of action induced by the lactamized B steroidal ring, in comparison to the 7-keto or the D-lactamic groups, which involves the interaction of the -NHCO- moiety with cellularcomponents essential for tumor growth. 4-Methyl-3-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino benzoic acid proved a more proper module for the B-lactams than chlorambucil and phenyl acetic acid's nitrogen mustard probably because the esteric bond is less cleaved by the esterases, resulting in an increased concentration of the drug in the vinicity of the target site essential for an antineoplasmatic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manolis A Fousteris
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kryczka T, Kazimierczuk Z, Kozłowska M, Chrapusta SJ, Vilpo L, Vilpo J, Stachnik K, Janisz M, Grieb P. Two novel nucleoside ester derivatives of chlorambucil as potential antileukemic prodrugs: a preliminary study. Anticancer Drugs 2007; 18:301-10. [PMID: 17264763 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328011512d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
2-Chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (cladribine) and chlorambucil are two drugs used in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies. We have synthesized 5'-O-esters of cladribine and its parental nucleoside 2'-deoxyadenosine with chlorambucil (2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil and 2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil, respectively) and compared some properties of the esters with regard to their potential use as antileukemic prodrugs. The 5'-O-ester bond showed no spontaneous hydrolysis at pH 7.4, but was susceptible to hydrolysis by porcine liver esterase and enzymes present in human lymphocyte lysate and blood plasma. Both 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil and 2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil were taken up more avidly than their parental nucleosides by normal and malignant human lymphoid cells. 2-Chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil was by an order of magnitude more toxic than 2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil to human leukemic MOLT4 cells in culture. On the other hand, 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil cytotoxicity did not exceed that of its parental 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine in MOLT4 cells, whereas 2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil was considerably more cytotoxic than free chlorambucil in a variety of myeloid and lymphoid human malignant cell lines. Moreover, acute toxicity of 2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil was lower than that of chlorambucil in mice. In summary, 2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil, but not 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil, shows promise for clinical utility as a chlorambucil prodrug and thus warrants a more detailed study in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kryczka
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Medical Research Center, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|