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p38 MAPK Endogenous Inhibition Improves Neurological Deficits in Global Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Mice. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:3300327. [PMID: 35811833 PMCID: PMC9259354 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3300327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a complex pathophysiological process that can lead to neurological function damage and the formation of cerebral infarction. The p38 MAPK pathway has attracted considerable attention in cerebral I/R injury (IRI), but little research has been carried out on its direct role in vivo. In this study, to observe the effects of p38 MAPK endogenous inhibition on cerebral IRI, p38 heterozygous knockdown (p38KI/+) mice were used. We hypothesized that p38 signaling might be involved in I/R injury and neurological damage reduction and that neurological behavioral deficits improve when p38 MAPK is inhibited. First, we examined the neurological damage and neurological behavioral deficit effects of I/R injury in WT mice. Cerebral I/R injury was induced by the bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) method. The cerebral infarction area and volume were assessed and analyzed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. p38 MAPK and caspase-3 were detected by western blotting. Neuronal apoptosis was measured using TUNEL staining. Neurological deficits were detected by behavioral testing. Furthermore, to assess whether these neuroprotective effects occurred when p38 MAPK was inhibited, p38 heterozygous knockdown (p38KI/+) mice were used. We found that p38 MAPK endogenous inhibition rescued hippocampal cell apoptosis, reduced ischemic penumbra, and improved neurological behavioral deficits. These findings showed that p38 MAPK endogenous inhibition had a neuroprotective effect on IRI and that p38 MAPK may be a potential therapeutic target for cerebral IRI.
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Differential role of SIRT1/MAPK pathway during cerebral ischemia in rats and humans. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6339. [PMID: 33737560 PMCID: PMC7973546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia (CI) is a severe cause of neurological dysfunction and mortality. Sirtuin-1 (Silent information regulator family protein 1, SIRT1), an oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent protein deacetylase, plays an important role in protection against several neurodegenerative disorders. The present study aims to investigate the protective role of SIRT1 after CI in experimental young and aged rats and humans. Also, the study examines the possible regulatory mechanisms of neuronal death in CI settings. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate changes in the expression of SIRT1, JNK/ERK/MAPK/AKT signaling, and pro-apoptotic caspase-3 in experimental rats and CI patients. The study findings demonstrated that, in aged experimental rats, SIRT1 activation positively influenced JNK and ERK phosphorylation and modulated neuronal survival in AKT-dependent manner. Further, the protection conferred by SIRT1 was effectively reversed by JNK inhibition and increased pro-apoptotic caspase-3 expression. In young experimental rats, SIRT1 activation decreased the phosphorylation of stress-induced JNK, ERK, caspase-3, and increased the phosphorylation of AKT after CI. Inhibition of SIRT1 reversed the protective effect of resveratrol. More importantly, in human patients, SIRT1 expression, phosphorylation of JNK/ERK/MAPK/AKT signaling and caspase-3 were up-regulated. In conclusion, SIRT1 could possibly be involved in the modulation of JNK/ERK/MAPK/AKT signaling pathway in experimental rats and humans after CI.
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3
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Klug NR, Chechneva OV, Hung BY, O'Donnell ME. High glucose-induced effects on Na +-K +-2Cl - cotransport and Na +/H + exchange of blood-brain barrier endothelial cells: involvement of SGK1, PKCβII, and SPAK/OSR1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C619-C634. [PMID: 33406028 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00177.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia exacerbates edema formation and worsens neurological outcome in ischemic stroke. Edema formation in the early hours of stroke involves transport of ions and water across an intact blood-brain barrier (BBB), and swelling of astrocytes. We showed previously that high glucose (HG) exposures of 24 hours to 7 days increase abundance and activity of BBB Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransport (NKCC) and Na+/H+ exchange 1 (NHE1). Further, bumetanide and HOE-642 inhibition of these transporters significantly reduces edema and infarct following middle cerebral artery occlusion in hyperglycemic rats, suggesting that NKCC and NHE1 are effective therapeutic targets for reducing edema in hyperglycemic stroke. The mechanisms underlying hyperglycemia effects on BBB NKCC and NHE1 are not known. In the present study we investigated whether serum-glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) and protein kinase C beta II (PKCβII) are involved in HG effects on BBB NKCC and NHE1. We found transient increases in phosphorylated SGK1 and PKCβII within the first hour of HG exposure, after 5-60 min for SGK1 and 5 min for PKCβII. However, no changes were observed in cerebral microvascular endothelial cell SGK1 or PKCβII abundance or phosphorylation (activity) after 24 or 48 h HG exposures. Further, we found that HG-induced increases in NKCC and NHE1 abundance were abolished by inhibition of SGK1 but not PKCβII, whereas the increases in NKCC and NHE activity were abolished by inhibition of either kinase. Finally, we found evidence that STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase and oxidative stress-responsive kinase-1 (SPAK/OSR1) participate in the HG-induced effects on BBB NKCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Klug
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Olga V Chechneva
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Benjamin Y Hung
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Martha E O'Donnell
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California
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Xian XH, Gao JX, Qi J, Fan SJ, Zhang M, Li WB. Activation of p38 MAPK participates in the sulbactam-induced cerebral ischemic tolerance mediated by glial glutamate transporter-1 upregulation in rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20601. [PMID: 33244020 PMCID: PMC7692545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that sulbactam can play a neuroprotection role in hippocampal neurons by upregulating the expression and function of glial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) during ischemic insult. Here, using rat global cerebral ischemia model, we studied in vivo the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in the sulbactam-induced GLT-1 upregulation and neuroprotection against ischemia. The hippocampal CA1 field was selected as observing target. The expressions of phosphorylated-p38 MAPK and GLT-1 were assayed with western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The condition of delayed neuronal death (DND) was assayed with neuropathological evaluation under thionin staining. It was shown that administration of sulbactam protected CA1 hippocampal neurons against ischemic insult accompanied with significantly upregulation in the expressions of phosphorylated-p38 MAPK and GLT-1. The time course analysis showed that sulbactam activated p38 MAPK before the GLT-1 upregulation in either normal or global cerebral ischemic rats. Furthermore, inhibiting p38 MAPK activation by SB203580 blocked the GLT-1 upregulation and neuroprotection induced by sulbactam. The above results suggested that p38 MAPK, at least partly, participated in the sulbactam-induced brain tolerance to ischemia mediated by GLT-1 upregulation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Xian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Xia Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Juan Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China. .,Neuroscience Research Center of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Bin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China. .,Neuroscience Research Center of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Sharma HS, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Muresanu DF, Nozari A, Castellani RJ, Lafuente JV, Wiklund L, Sharma A. Protein kinase inhibitors in traumatic brain injury and repair: New roles of nanomedicine. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 258:233-283. [PMID: 33223036 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes physical injury to the cell membranes of neurons, glial and axons causing the release of several neurochemicals including glutamate and cytokines altering cell-signaling pathways. Upregulation of mitogen associated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) occurs that is largely responsible for cell death. The pharmacological blockade of these pathways results in cell survival. In this review role of several protein kinase inhibitors on TBI induced oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier breakdown, brain edema formation, and resulting brain pathology is discussed in the light of current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Song YJ, Shi Y, Cui MM, Li M, Wen XR, Zhou XY, Lou HQ, Wang YL, Qi DS, Tang M, Zhang XB. H 2S attenuates injury after ischemic stroke by diminishing the assembly of CaMKII with ASK1-MKK3-p38 signaling module. Behav Brain Res 2020; 384:112520. [PMID: 32006563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a leading cause of learning and memory dysfunction. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to confer neuroprotection in various neurodegenerative diseases, including cerebral I/R-induced hippocampal CA1 injury. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been completely understood. In the present study, rats were pretreated with SAM/NaHS (SAM, an H2S agonist, and NaHS, an H2S donor) only or SAM/NaHS combined with CaM (an activator of CaMKII) prior to cerebral ischemia. The Morris water maze test demonstrated that SAM/NaHS could alleviate learning and memory impairment induced by cerebral I/R injury. Cresyl violet staining was used to show the survival of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. SAM/NaHS significantly increased the number of surviving cells, whereas CaM weakened the protection induced by SAM/NaHS. The immunohistochemistry results indicated that the number of Iba1-positive microglia significantly increased after cerebral I/R. Compared with the I/R group, the number of Iba1-positive microglia in the SAM/NaHS groups significantly decreased. Co-Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting were conducted to demonstrate that SAM/NaHS suppressed the assembly of CaMKII with the ASK1-MKK3-p38 signal module after cerebral I/R, which decreased the phosphorylation of p38. In contrast, CaM significantly inhibited the effects of SAM/NaHS. Taken together, the results suggested that SAM/NaHS could suppress cerebral I/R injury by downregulating p38 phosphorylation via decreasing the assembly of CaMKII with the ASK1-MKK3-p38 signal module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jian Song
- Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Yue Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China; School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Miao-Miao Cui
- Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Xiang-Ru Wen
- Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - He-Qing Lou
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Yu-Lan Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Da-Shi Qi
- Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Man Tang
- School of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China.
| | - Xun-Bao Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China; School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China.
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7
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Bach A, Clausen BH, Kristensen LK, Andersen MG, Ellman DG, Hansen PB, Hasseldam H, Heitz M, Özcelik D, Tuck EJ, Kopanitsa MV, Grant SG, Lykke-Hartmann K, Johansen FF, Lambertsen KL, Strømgaard K. Selectivity, efficacy and toxicity studies of UCCB01-144, a dimeric neuroprotective PSD-95 inhibitor. Neuropharmacology 2019; 150:100-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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Freitas-Andrade M, Wang N, Bechberger JF, De Bock M, Lampe PD, Leybaert L, Naus CC. Targeting MAPK phosphorylation of Connexin43 provides neuroprotection in stroke. J Exp Med 2019; 216:916-935. [PMID: 30872361 PMCID: PMC6446879 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates that astrocytic connexin43 gap junction hemichannels are largely controlled by four C-terminal tail–located serine residues and provides mechanistic insight on how phosphorylation of these residues affects recovery from stroke. Connexin43 (Cx43) function is influenced by kinases that phosphorylate specific serine sites located near its C-terminus. Stroke is a powerful inducer of kinase activity, but its effect on Cx43 is unknown. We investigated the impact of wild-type (WT) and knock-in Cx43 with serine to alanine mutations at the protein kinase C (PKC) site Cx43S368A, the casein kinase 1 (CK1) sites Cx43S325A/328Y/330A, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) sites Cx43S255/262/279/282A (MK4) on a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) stroke model. We demonstrate that MK4 transgenic animals exhibit a significant decrease in infarct volume that was associated with improvement in behavioral performance. An increase in astrocyte reactivity with a concomitant decrease in microglial reactivity was observed in MK4 mice. In contrast to WT, MK4 astrocytes displayed reduced Cx43 hemichannel activity. Pharmacological blockade of Cx43 hemichannels with TAT-Gap19 also significantly decreased infarct volume in WT animals. This study provides novel molecular insights and charts new avenues for therapeutic intervention associated with Cx43 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moises Freitas-Andrade
- Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nan Wang
- Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John F Bechberger
- Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marijke De Bock
- Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul D Lampe
- Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian C Naus
- Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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9
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Zhou Y, Ji J, Chen C, Hong F. Retardation of Axonal and Dendritic Outgrowth Is Associated with the MAPK Signaling Pathway in Offspring Mice Following Maternal Exposure to Nanosized Titanium Dioxide. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2709-2715. [PMID: 30701967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to nanosized titanium oxide (nano-TiO2) has been proven to suppress brain growth in mouse offspring; however, whether retardation of axonal or dendritic outgrowth is associated with activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway remains unclear. In the present study, pregnant mice were exposed to nano-TiO2 at 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg body weight, and the molecular mechanism of axonal or dendritic outgrowth retardation was investigated. The results suggested that nano-TiO2 crossed the blood-fetal barrier and blood-brain barrier and deposited in the brain of offspring, which retarded axonal and dendritic outgrowth, including the absence of axonal outgrowth, and decreased dendritic filament length, dendritic branching number, and dendritic spine density. Importantly, maternal exposure to nano-TiO2 increased phosphorylated (p)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2, +24.35% to +59.4%), p-p38 (+60.82% to 181.85%), and p-c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK, +28.28% to 97.28%) expression in the hippocampus of the offspring. These findings suggested that retardation of axonal and dendritic outgrowth in mouse offspring caused by maternal exposure to nano-TiO2 may be related to excessive activation of the ERK1/2/MAPK signaling pathway. Therefore, the potential toxicity of nano-TiO2 is a concern, especially in pregnant woman or children who are exposed to nano-TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutrition Function Evaluation , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
- School of Life Sciences , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
| | - Jianhui Ji
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutrition Function Evaluation , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
- School of Life Sciences , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutrition Function Evaluation , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
- School of Life Sciences , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
| | - Fashui Hong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutrition Function Evaluation , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
- School of Life Sciences , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
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10
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Mahaki H, Tanzadehpanah H, Jabarivasal N, Sardanian K, Zamani A. A review on the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) on cytokines of innate and adaptive immunity. Electromagn Biol Med 2018; 38:84-95. [PMID: 30518268 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2018.1545668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) is produced extensively in modern technologies. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that ELF-EMF has both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the immune system response. This review was conducted on effects of ELF-EMF on cytokines of innate and adaptive immunity. Mechanisms of ELF-EMF, which may modulate immune cell responses, were also studied. Physical and biological parameters of ELF-EMF can interact with each other to create beneficial or harmful effect on the immune cell responses by interfering with the inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines. According to the studies, it is supposed that short-term (2-24 h/d up to a week) exposure of ELF-EMF with strong density may increase innate immune response due to an increase of innate immunity cytokines. Furthermore, long-term (2-24 h/d up to 8 years) exposure to low-density ELF-EMF may cause a decrease in adaptive immune response, especially in Th1 subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanie Mahaki
- a Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran.,b Research Center for Molecular Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Hamid Tanzadehpanah
- b Research Center for Molecular Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Naghi Jabarivasal
- c Department of Medical Physics , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Khosro Sardanian
- a Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran.,b Research Center for Molecular Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Alireza Zamani
- a Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran.,d Molecular Immunology Research Group, Research Center for Molecular Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
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11
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Xing Y, Yang SD, Wang MM, Dong F, Feng YS, Zhang F. Electroacupuncture Alleviated Neuronal Apoptosis Following Ischemic Stroke in Rats via Midkine and ERK/JNK/p38 Signaling Pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:26-36. [PMID: 30062439 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) intervention administered at rats of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/reperfusion. Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups, consisting of sham group, MCAO/R group, and EA group. EA treatment at Quchi and Zusanli acupoints was applied in rats of EA group at 24 h after MCAO once per day for 3 days. Our results indicated that EA treatment reduced infarct volumes and neurological deficits, as well alleviated the apoptotic cells in peri-infarct cortex, indicating that EA exerted neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemic rats. Moreover, EA treatment may effectively reverse the upregulation of caspase-3 and Bim and alleviate the inhibition of Bcl-2 following 72-h ischemic stroke. EA may significantly reverse the promoted relative density level of p-ERK1/2, p-JNK, and p-p38 in the EA group compared with the MCAO/R group. In addition, the growth factor midkine (MK) was upregulated at 72 h after MCAO/R, and EA treatment may significantly prompt expression of MK. Our study demonstrated that EA exerted neuroprotective effect against neuronal apoptosis and the mechanism might involve in upregulation of MK and mediation of ERK/JNK/p38 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Dong Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Man Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Shuo Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China. .,Hebei Provincial Orthopedic Biomechanics Key Laboratory, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Identification of novel biomarkers for prediction of neurological prognosis following cardiac arrest. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16144-16157. [PMID: 28147324 PMCID: PMC5369953 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early prognostication of neurological outcome in comatose patients after cardiac arrest (CA) is important for devising patient treatment strategies. However, there is still a lack of sensitive and specific biomarkers for easy identification of these patients. We evaluated whether molecular signatures from blood of CA patients might help to improve the prediction of neurological outcome. Methods We examined 22 comatose patients resuscitated after CA and obtained peripheral blood samples 48 hours after CA. To identify novel blood biomarkers, we aimed to measure neurological outcomes according to the Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) score at 6 months after CA and to determine blood transcriptome-based molecular signature of poor neurological outcome group. Results According to the CPC score, 10 patients exhibited a CPC score of one and 12 patients, a CPC score four to five. Blood transcriptomics revealed differently expressed profiles between the good outcome group and poor outcome group. A total of 150 genes were down-regulated and 237 genes were up-regulated in the poor neurological outcome group compared with good outcome group. From the blood transcriptome-based signatures, we identified that MAPK3, BCL2 and AKT1 were more specific and sensitive diagnostic biomarkers in poor neurological outcome with an area under the curve of 0.867 (p<0.0001), 0.800 (p=0.003), and 0.767 (p=0.016) respectively. Conclusions We identify three biomarkers as potential predictors of neurological outcome following CA. Further assessment of the prognostic value of transcriptomic analysis in larger cohorts of CA patients is needed.
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Cai H, Ma Y, Jiang L, Mu Z, Jiang Z, Chen X, Wang Y, Yang GY, Zhang Z. Hypoxia Response Element-Regulated MMP-9 Promotes Neurological Recovery via Glial Scar Degradation and Angiogenesis in Delayed Stroke. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1448-1459. [PMID: 28396199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) plays a beneficial role in the delayed phase of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). However, the mechanism is obscure. Here, we constructed hypoxia response element (HRE)-regulated MMP-9 to explore its effect on glial scars and neurogenesis in delayed ischemic stroke. Adult male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice underwent MCAO and received a stereotactic injection of lentivirus carrying HRE-MMP-9 or normal saline (NS)/lentivirus-GFP 7 days after ischemia. We found that HRE-MMP-9 improved neurological outcomes, reduced ischemia-induced brain atrophy, and degraded glial scars (p < 0.05). Furthermore, HRE-MMP-9 increased the number of microvessels in the peri-infarct area (p < 0.001), which may have been due to the accumulation of endogenous endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in the peri-infarct area after glial scar degradation. Finally, HRE-MMP-9 increased the number of bromodeoxyuridine-positive (BrdU+)/NeuN+ cells and the expression of PSD-95 in the peri-infarct area (p < 0.01). These changes could be blocked by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) inhibitor SU5416 and MMP-9 inhibitor 2-[[(4-phenoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]methyl]-thiirane (SB-3CT). Our results provided a novel mechanism by which glial scar degradation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGFR2-dependent angiogenesis may be key procedures for neurological recovery in delayed ischemic stroke after HRE-MMP-9 treatment. Therefore, HRE-MMP-9 overexpression in the delayed ischemic brain is a promising approach for neurological recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Cai
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Neurology, Yangzhou University Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, Jiangsu Province, 225000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhihao Mu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
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Gonzalez P, Rodríguez FJ. Analysis of the expression of the Wnt family of proteins and its modulatory role on cytokine expression in non activated and activated astroglial cells. Neurosci Res 2016; 114:16-29. [PMID: 27562517 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the essential functions of astrocytes and the emerging relevance of the Wnt family of proteins in the CNS under physiological and pathological conditions, the astroglial expression of this family of proteins and its potential modulatory role on astroglial activation is almost unknown. Thus, we have evaluated the expression of all Wnt ligands, receptors and regulators, and the activation state of Wnt-related signaling pathways in non-activated and differentially activated astroglial cultures. We found that numerous Wnt ligands, receptors and regulators were expressed in non-activated astrocytes, while the Wnt-dependent pathways were constitutively active. Moreover, the expression of most detectable Wnt-related molecules and the activity of the Wnt-dependent pathways suffered post-activation variations which frequently depended on the activation system. Finally, the analysis of the effects exerted by Wnt1 and 5a on the astroglial expression of prototypical genes related to astroglial activation showed that both Wnt ligands increased the astroglial expression of interleukin 1β depending on the experimental context, while did not modulate tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, transforming growth factor β1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression. These results strongly suggest that the Wnt family of proteins is involved in how astrocytes modulate and respond to the physiological and pathological CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, National Hospital for Paraplegics, Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, National Hospital for Paraplegics, Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
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Ferulic Acid Administered at Various Time Points Protects against Cerebral Infarction by Activating p38 MAPK/p90RSK/CREB/Bcl-2 Anti-Apoptotic Signaling in the Subacute Phase of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155748. [PMID: 27187745 PMCID: PMC4871485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ferulic acid (FA) administered at various time points before or after 30 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) followed by 7 d of reperfusion and to examine the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in the cortical penumbra. Methods FA was intravenously administered to rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg 24 h before ischemia (B-FA), 2 h before ischemia (P-FA), immediately after ischemic insult (I-FA), 2 h after reperfusion (R-FA), or 24 h after reperfusion (D-FA). Results Our study results indicated that P-FA, I-FA, and R-FA effectively reduced cerebral infarct areas and neurological deficits. P-FA, I-FA, and R-FA significantly downregulated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), mitochondrial Bax, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-3 expression, and effectively restored the phospho-p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK)/p38 MAPK ratio, phospho-90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (p-p90RSK) expression, phospho-Bad (p-Bad) expression, the phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB)/CREB ratio, the cytosolic and mitochondrial Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and the cytosolic Bcl-xL/Bax ratio in the cortical penumbra 7 d after reperfusion. SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, administered 30 min prior to ischemia abrogated the downregulating effects of I-FA on cerebral infarction, and mitochondrial Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression, and the upregulating effects of I-FA on the p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK ratio, p-p90RSK expression, p-Bad expression, and the p-CREB/CREB, and cytosolic and mitochondrial Bcl-2/Bax ratios. Conclusions Our study results thus indicate that P-FA, I-FA, and R-FA effectively suppress reactive astrocytosis and exert neuroprotective effects against cerebral infarction by activating p38 MAPK signaling. The regulating effects of P-FA, I-FA, and R-FA on Bax-induced apoptosis result from activation of the p38 MAPK/p90RSK/CREB/Bcl-2 signaling pathway, and eventually contribute to inhibition of the cytochrome c-mediated caspase-3-dependent apoptotic pathway in the cortical penumbra 7 d after reperfusion.
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Yen TL, Chen RJ, Jayakumar T, Lu WJ, Hsieh CY, Hsu MJ, Yang CH, Chang CC, Lin YK, Lin KH, Sheu JR. Andrographolide stimulates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2-heme oxygenase 1 signaling in primary cerebral endothelial cells for definite protection against ischemic stroke in rats. Transl Res 2016; 170:57-72. [PMID: 26746802 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stroke pathogenesis involves complex oxidative stress-related pathways. The nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathways have been considered molecular targets in pharmacologic intervention for ischemic diseases. Andrographolide, a labdane diterpene, has received increasing attention in recent years because of its various pharmacologic activities. We determined that andrographolide modulates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-Nrf2-HO-1 signaling cascade in primary cerebral endothelial cells (CECs) to provide positive protection against middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced ischemic stroke in rats. In the present study, andrographolide (10 μM) increased HO-1 protein and messenger RNA expressions, Nrf2 phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation in CECs, and these activities were disrupted by a p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, but not by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor PD98059 or c-Jun amino-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125. Similar results were observed in confocal microscopy analysis. Moreover, andrographolide-induced Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expressions were significantly inhibited by Nrf2 small interfering RNA. Moreover, HO-1 knockdown attenuated the protective effect of andrographolide against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced CEC death. Andrographolide (0.1 mg/kg) significantly suppressed free radical formation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and brain infarction in MCAO-insulted rats, and these effects were reversed by the HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX. The mechanism is attributable to HO-1 activation, as directly evidenced by andrographolide-induced pronounced HO-1 expression in brain tissues, which was highly localized in the cerebral capillary. In conclusion, andrographolide increased Nrf2-HO-1 expression through p38 MAPK regulation, confirming that it provides protection against MCAO-induced brain injury. These findings provide strong evidence that andrographolide could be a therapeutic agent for treating ischemic stroke or neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Lin Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Jade Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thanasekaran Jayakumar
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Jung Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ying Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chien Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Cardiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Kuang Lin
- Biostatistics Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Central Laboratory, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Su Q, Pu H, Hu C. Neuroprotection by combination of resveratrol and enriched environment against ischemic brain injury in rats. Neurol Res 2016; 38:60-8. [PMID: 26883584 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2015.1133027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Both resveratrol (RV) and enriched environment (EE) exert beneficial effects on neurological functional recovery after an ischemic brain injury. METHODS The neuroprotective effect of combined treatment of RV and EE was examined in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), aiming to further promote neurological functional recovery. RESULTS The combined therapy of RV and EE clearly improved locomotor activity and behaviour examination, compared to the monotherapy of RV or EE alone. Stroke severity was also markedly ameliorated by the co-treatment. Mechanistic study revealed that the combined treatment reduced oxidative stress. Moreover, the detrimental ERK1/2 signalling upregulated by MCAO injury was markedly suppressed by the co-treatment, compared to RV or EE monotherapy. DISCUSSION Altogether, the combined therapy of RV and EE showed a clearly enhanced neuroprotective effect, compared to RV or EE monotherapy, which might be a new strategy for the treatment of ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- a Department of Rehabilitation Medicine , Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital , 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi 214002 , China
| | - Huaifang Pu
- b Department of Neurology , Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital , 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi 214002 , China
| | - Cailian Hu
- c Department of Pediatrics , Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital , 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi 214002 , China
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JNK Inhibition Reduced Retinal Ganglion Cell Death after Ischemia/Reperfusion In Vivo and after Hypoxia In Vitro. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 854:677-83. [PMID: 26427475 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17121-0_90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are key regulators that have been linked to cell survival and death. Among the main classes of MAPKs, c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) has been shown to mediate cell stress responses associated with apoptosis. In Vitro, hypoxia induced a significant increase in 661W cell death that paralleled increased activity of JNK and c-jun. 661W cells cultured in presence of the inhibitor of JNK (D-JNKi) were less sensitive to hypoxia-induced cell death. In vivo, elevation in intraocular pressure (IOP) in the rat promoted cell death that correlated with modulation of JNK activation. In vivo inhibition of JNK activation with D-JNKi resulted in a significant and sustained decrease in apoptosis in the ganglion cell layer, the inner nuclear layer and the photoreceptor layer. These results highlight the protective effect of D-JNKi in ischemia/reperfusion induced cell death of the retina.
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Sun Y, Zhang L, Chen Y, Zhan L, Gao Z. Therapeutic Targets for Cerebral Ischemia Based on the Signaling Pathways of the GluN2B C Terminus. Stroke 2015; 46:2347-53. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.009314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sun
- From the Department of Pharmacy (Y.S., Y.C., L. Zhan, Z.G.), Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering (Y.S., Z.G.), and State Key Laboratory Breeding Base—Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug (Z.G.), Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China; and Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (L. Zhang)
| | - Linan Zhang
- From the Department of Pharmacy (Y.S., Y.C., L. Zhan, Z.G.), Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering (Y.S., Z.G.), and State Key Laboratory Breeding Base—Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug (Z.G.), Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China; and Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (L. Zhang)
| | - You Chen
- From the Department of Pharmacy (Y.S., Y.C., L. Zhan, Z.G.), Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering (Y.S., Z.G.), and State Key Laboratory Breeding Base—Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug (Z.G.), Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China; and Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (L. Zhang)
| | - Liying Zhan
- From the Department of Pharmacy (Y.S., Y.C., L. Zhan, Z.G.), Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering (Y.S., Z.G.), and State Key Laboratory Breeding Base—Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug (Z.G.), Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China; and Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (L. Zhang)
| | - Zibin Gao
- From the Department of Pharmacy (Y.S., Y.C., L. Zhan, Z.G.), Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering (Y.S., Z.G.), and State Key Laboratory Breeding Base—Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug (Z.G.), Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China; and Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (L. Zhang)
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Neuroinflammation mediates synergy between cerebral ischemia and amyloid-β to cause synaptic depression. J Neurosci 2015; 34:13571-3. [PMID: 25297086 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3196-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Ruan Z, Wang HM, Huang XT, Fu Y, Wu J, Ye CY, Li JL, Wu L, Gong Q, Zhao WM, Zhang HY. A novel caffeoyl triterpene attenuates cerebral ischemic injury with potent anti-inflammatory and hypothermic effects. J Neurochem 2015; 133:93-103. [PMID: 25626516 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the intense efforts in searching for stroke therapies, an urgent need still exists to explore novel neuroprotective agents for ischemic stroke that have high efficacy and wide therapeutic time-window. Here, we provide the first demonstration that 28-O-caffeoyl betulin (B-CA), a novel derivative of naturally occurring caffeoyl triterpene, could significantly alleviate brain infarction and neurological deficit when given as late as 6 h after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Moreover, post-ischemia B-CA administration exhibited long-term (14 days post stroke) protective effects on both brain infarction and functional (i.e., motor and sensory) deficits. Protective B-CA effects correlated with decreased inflammatory responses as indicated by inhibition of microglia and astrocyte activation [stained with ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody, respectively], as well as suppression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and cyclooxygenase-2 overproduction in the ipsilateral cortex of ischemic rat. B-CA administration caused significant hypothermia in the focal cerebral ischemic rat, which may contribute to its ameliorative effects on brain damage and inflammation. In view of its potency in wide therapeutic time-window, robust anti-inflammatory and hypothermic effects, this novel caffeoyl triterpene derivative may lead toward the development of effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ruan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Mou J, Liu X, Pei D. Overexpression of C-terminal fragment of glutamate receptor 6 prevents neuronal injury in kainate-induced seizure via disassembly of GluR6-PSD-95-MLK3 signaling module. Neural Regen Res 2015; 9:2059-65. [PMID: 25657722 PMCID: PMC4316469 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.147932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that when glutamate receptor (GluR)6 C terminus-containing peptide conjugated with the human immunodeficiency virus Tat protein (GluR6)-9c is delivered into hippocampal neurons in a brain ischemic model, the activation of mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) is inhibited via GluR6-postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95). In the present study, we investigated whether the recombinant adenovirus (Ad) carrying GluR6c could suppress the assembly of the GluR6-PSD95-MLK3 signaling module and decrease neuronal cell death induced by kainate in hippocampal CA1 subregion. A seizure model in Sprague-Dawley rats was induced by intraperitoneal injections of kainate. The effect of Ad-Glur6-9c on the phosphorylation of JNK, MLK3 and mitogen-activated kinase kinase 7 (MKK7) was observed with western immunoblots and immunohistochemistry. Our findings revealed that overexpression of GluR6c inhibited the interaction of GluR6 with PSD95 and prevented the kainate-induced activation of JNK, MLK3 and MKK7. Furthermore, kainate-mediated neuronal cell death was significantly suppressed by GluR6c. Taken together, GluR6 may play a pivotal role in neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Targeted Drug and Clinical Application, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dongsheng Pei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Karelina K, Liu Y, Alzate-Correa D, Wheaton KL, Hoyt KR, Arthur JSC, Obrietan K. Mitogen and stress-activated kinases 1/2 regulate ischemia-induced hippocampal progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis. Neuroscience 2014; 285:292-302. [PMID: 25451279 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pathophysiological conditions such as cerebral ischemia trigger the production of new neurons from the neurogenic niche within the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus. The functional significance of ischemia-induced neurogenesis is believed to be the regeneration of lost cells, thus contributing to post-ischemia recovery. However, the cell signaling mechanisms by which this process is regulated are still under investigation. Here, we investigated the role of mitogen and stress-activated protein kinases (MSK1/2) in the regulation of progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia. Using the endothelin-1 model of ischemia, wild-type (WT) and MSK1(-/-)/MSK2(-/-) (MSK dKO) mice were injected with BrdU and sacrificed 2 days, 4 weeks, or 6 weeks later for the analysis of progenitor cell proliferation, neurogenesis, and neuronal morphology, respectively. We report a decrease in SGZ progenitor cell proliferation in MSK dKO mice compared to WT mice. Moreover, MSK dKO mice exhibited reduced neurogenesis and a delayed maturation of ischemia-induced newborn neurons. Further, structural analysis of neuronal arborization revealed reduced branching complexity in MSK dKO compared to WT mice. Taken together, this dataset suggests that MSK1/2 plays a significant role in the regulation of ischemia-induced progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis. Ultimately, revealing the cell signaling mechanisms that promote neuronal recovery will lead to novel pharmacological approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Karelina
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - D Alzate-Correa
- Division of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K L Wheaton
- Division of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K R Hoyt
- Division of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - J S C Arthur
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - K Obrietan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Blood-brain barrier Na transporters in ischemic stroke. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 71:113-46. [PMID: 25307215 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells form a barrier that is highly restrictive to passage of solutes between blood and brain. Many BBB transport mechanisms have been described that mediate transcellular movement of solutes across the barrier either into or out of the brain. One class of BBB transporters that is all too often overlooked is that of the ion transporters. The BBB has a rich array of ion transporters and channels that carry Na, K, Cl, HCO3, Ca, and other ions. Many of these are asymmetrically distributed between the luminal and abluminal membranes, giving BBB endothelial cells the ability to perform vectorial transport of ions across the barrier between blood and brain. In this manner, the BBB performs the important function of regulating the volume and composition of brain interstitial fluid. Through functional coupling of luminal and abluminal transporters and channels, the BBB carries Na, Cl, and other ions from blood into brain, producing up to 30% of brain interstitial fluid in healthy brain. During ischemic stroke cerebral edema forms by processes involving increased activity of BBB luminal Na transporters, resulting in "hypersecretion" of Na, Cl, and water into the brain interstitium. This review discusses the roles of luminal BBB Na transporters in edema formation in stroke, with an emphasis on Na-K-Cl cotransport and Na/H exchange. Evidence that these transporters provide effective therapeutic targets for reduction of edema in stroke is also discussed, as are recent findings regarding signaling pathways responsible for ischemia stimulation of the BBB Na transporters.
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Adenosine A2A receptors modulate acute injury and neuroinflammation in brain ischemia. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:805198. [PMID: 25165414 PMCID: PMC4138795 DOI: 10.1155/2014/805198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular concentration of adenosine in the brain increases dramatically during ischemia. Adenosine A2A receptor is expressed in neurons and glial cells and in inflammatory cells (lymphocytes and granulocytes). Recently, adenosine A2A receptor emerged as a potential therapeutic attractive target in ischemia. Ischemia is a multifactorial pathology characterized by different events evolving in the time. After ischemia the early massive increase of extracellular glutamate is followed by activation of resident immune cells, that is, microglia, and production or activation of inflammation mediators. Proinflammatory cytokines, which upregulate cell adhesion molecules, exert an important role in promoting recruitment of leukocytes that in turn promote expansion of the inflammatory response in ischemic tissue. Protracted neuroinflammation is now recognized as the predominant mechanism of secondary brain injury progression. A2A receptors present on central cells and on blood cells account for important effects depending on the time-related evolution of the pathological condition. Evidence suggests that A2A receptor antagonists provide early protection via centrally mediated control of excessive excitotoxicity, while A2A receptor agonists provide protracted protection by controlling massive blood cell infiltration in the hours and days after ischemia. Focus on inflammatory responses provides for adenosine A2A receptor agonists a wide therapeutic time-window of hours and even days after stroke.
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Yuen N, Lam TI, Wallace BK, Klug NR, Anderson SE, O'Donnell ME. Ischemic factor-induced increases in cerebral microvascular endothelial cell Na/H exchange activity and abundance: evidence for involvement of ERK1/2 MAP kinase. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C931-42. [PMID: 24647544 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00021.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain edema forms rapidly in the early hours of ischemic stroke by increased secretion of Na, Cl, and water into the brain across an intact blood-brain barrier (BBB), together with swelling of astrocytes as they take up the ions and water crossing the BBB. Our previous studies provide evidence that luminal BBB Na-K-Cl cotransport (NKCC) and Na/H exchange (NHE) participate in ischemia-induced edema formation. NKCC1 and two NHE isoforms, NHE1 and NHE2, reside predominantly at the luminal BBB membrane. NKCC and NHE activities of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (CMEC) are rapidly stimulated by the ischemic factors hypoxia, aglycemia, and AVP, and inhibition of NKCC and NHE activities by bumetanide and HOE642, respectively, reduces brain Na uptake and edema in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke. The present study was conducted to further explore BBB NHE responses to ischemia. We examined whether ischemic factor-stimulated NHE activity is sustained over several hours, when the majority of edema forms during stroke. We also examined whether ischemic factors alter NHE1 and/or NHE2 protein abundance. Finally, we conducted initial studies of ERK1/2 MAP kinase involvement in BBB NHE and NKCC responses to ischemic factors. We found that hypoxia, aglycemia, and AVP increase CMEC NHE activity through 5 h and that NHE1, but not NHE2, abundance is increased by 1- to 5-h exposures to these factors. Furthermore, we found that these factors rapidly increase BBB ERK1/2 activity and that ERK1/2 inhibition reduces or abolishes ischemic factor stimulation of NKCC and NHE activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Yuen
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Tina I Lam
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Breanna K Wallace
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Nicholas R Klug
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Steven E Anderson
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Martha E O'Donnell
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California
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Zhang YY, Li HX, Chen YY, Fang H, Yu YN, Liu J, Jing ZW, Wang Z, Wang YY. Convergent and divergent pathways decoding hierarchical additive mechanisms in treating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 20:253-63. [PMID: 24351012 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral ischemia is considered to be a highly complex disease resulting from the complicated interplay of multiple pathways. Disappointedly, most of the previous studies were limited to a single gene or a single pathway. The extent to which all involved pathways are translated into fusing mechanisms of a combination therapy is of fundamental importance. AIMS We report an integrative strategy to reveal the additive mechanism that a combination (BJ) of compound baicalin (BA) and jasminoidin (JA) fights against cerebral ischemia based on variation of pathways and functional communities. RESULTS We identified six pathways of BJ group that shared diverse additive index from 0.09 to 1, which assembled broad cross talks from seven pathways of BA and 16 pathways of JA both at horizontal and vertical levels. Besides a total of 60 overlapping functions as a robust integration background among the three groups based on significantly differential subnetworks, additive mechanism with strong confidence by networks altered functions. CONCLUSIONS These results provide strong evidence that the additive mechanism is more complex than previously appreciated, and an integrative analysis of pathways may suggest an important paradigm for revealing pharmacological mechanisms underlying drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Zhang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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The roles of p38 MAPK/MSK1 signaling pathway in the neuroprotection of hypoxic postconditioning against transient global cerebral ischemia in adult rats. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:1338-49. [PMID: 24352802 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Postconditioning has regenerated interest as a mechanical intervention against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, but its molecular mechanisms remain unknown. We previously reported that hypoxic postconditioning (HPC) ameliorated neuronal death induced by transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI) in hippocampal CA1 subregion of adult rats. This study tested the hypothesis that p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)/mitogen- and stress-response kinase 1 (MSK1) signaling pathway plays a role in the HPC-induced neuroprotection. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 10 min ischemia induced by applying the four-vessel occlusion method. HPC with 120 min was applied at 24 h after reperfusion. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the expression of phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and MSK1, as well as cleaved caspase-3. We found that HPC induced a significant increase of phosphorylated p38 MAPK and MSK1 in neurons of hippocampal CA1 region and a significant decrease in glial cells after tGCI as well. Furthermore, HPC attenuated caspase-3 cleavation triggered by tGCI in CA1 region. Moreover, p38 MAPK inhibition by SB203580 significantly decreased the phosphorylation of MSK1, increased cleaved caspase-3 expression, and abolished the neuroprotection of HPC. These findings suggested that p38 MAPK/MSK1 signaling axis contributed to HPC-mediated neuroprotection against tGCI, at least in part, by regulating the activation of caspase-3.
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Ribosomal S6 kinase regulates ischemia-induced progenitor cell proliferation in the adult mouse hippocampus. Exp Neurol 2013; 253:72-81. [PMID: 24291236 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-induced progenitor cell proliferation is a prominent example of the adult mammalian brain's ability to regenerate injured tissue resulting from pathophysiological processes. In order to better understand and exploit the cell signaling mechanisms that regulate ischemia-induced proliferation, we examined the role of the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade effector ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) in this process. Here, using the endothelin-1 ischemia model in wild type mice, we show that the activated form of RSK is expressed in the progenitor cells of the subgranular zone (SGZ) after intrahippocampal cerebral ischemia. Further, RSK inhibition significantly reduces ischemia-induced SGZ progenitor cell proliferation. Using the neurosphere assay, we also show that both SGZ- and subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived adult neural stem cells (NSC) exhibit a significant reduction in proliferation in the presence of RSK and MAPK inhibitors. Taken together, these data reveal RSK as a regulator of ischemia-induced progenitor cell proliferation, and as such, suggest potential therapeutic value may be gained by specifically targeting the regulation of RSK in the progenitor cell population of the SGZ.
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Yu K, Wu Y, Hu Y, Zhang Q, Xie H, Liu G, Chen Y, Guo Z, Jia J. Neuroprotective effects of prior exposure to enriched environment on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats: the possible molecular mechanism. Brain Res 2013; 1538:93-103. [PMID: 24084470 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that exposure to an enriched environment (EE) after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury is neuroprotective in animal models. Recent studies have demonstrated that animals housed in an enriched environment condition after an experimental stroke obtained a better functional outcome than those housed in a standard condition. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of neuroprotective effects of enriched environment exposure prior to injury. The current study examined the neuroprotective effects of prior enriched environment exposure after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, weighing 55-65g at the beginning of the experiment, were randomly assigned to a pre-ischemic enriched environment (PIEE) or pre-ischemic standard condition (PISC) group for 1 month. They were weighed on days1, 7, 18, and 28, and their locomotor activity was tracked during the period between 9:00am and 3:00pm daily. After 1 month, ischemia was induced by occluding the middle cerebral artery for 90min, followed by reperfusion. After approximately 24h of the operation, functional outcomes were assessed using the beam-walking test and a neurological evaluation scale in all rats. We measured the expression of extracellular signal regulated protein kinases1/2 (ERK1/2) by western blotting and gene expression levels of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthasen (iNOS) by Real-Time PCR in the cortical area affected by ischemia. Finally, we measured the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, which is a biomarker of oxidative stress. The results showed that rats in the PIEE group had lighter weight than those in the PISC group. The functional outcomes of rats in the PIEE group were better than those in the PISC group, and substances associated with inflammation, such as MDA, nNOS, iNOS, and phospho-ERK1/2, were lower in the PIEE group compared with the PISC group. These results indicate that enriched environment may provide neuroprotection via ischemic preconditioning and enhance resilience to cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Cao L, Cao YX, Xu CB, Edvinsson L. Altered endothelin receptor expression and affinity in spontaneously hypertensive rat cerebral and coronary arteries. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73761. [PMID: 24023902 PMCID: PMC3759417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension is associated with arterial hyperreactivity, and endothelin (ET) receptors are involved in vascular pathogenesis. The present study was performed to examine the hypothesis that ET receptors were altered in cerebral and coronary arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methodology/Principal Findings Cerebral and coronary arteries were removed from SHR. Vascular contraction was recorded using a sensitive myograph system. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to quantify mRNA and protein expression of receptors and essential MAPK pathway molecules. The results demonstrated that both ETA and ETB receptor-mediated contractile responses in SHR cerebral arteries were shifted to the left in a nonparallel manner with increased maximum contraction compared with Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. In SHR coronary arteries, the ETA receptor-mediated contraction curve was shifted to the left in parallel with an increased pEC50 compared with the arteries in WKY rats. There was no significant increase in ETB receptor-mediated contraction in SHR coronary arteries. ETA receptor mRNA and protein expression was increased in SHR cerebral arteries compared with the arteries in WKY rats. However, ETA receptor mRNA and protein levels in coronary arteries and ETB receptor protein levels in cerebral and coronary arteries remained unchanged in SHR compared with WKY rats. Meanwhile, phosphorylated ERK1/2 protein was significantly increased in SHR brain and heart vessels. Conclusions/Significance In SHR cerebral arteries, ETA receptor expression was upregulated. ETA receptor affinity was increased in coronary arteries, and ETB receptor affinity was increased in cerebral arteries. The ERK1/2 activation may be involved in the receptor alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Yong-Xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi’an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cang-Bao Xu
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Sweden
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Sweden
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Geldanamycin treatment during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion attenuates p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and tissue damage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2013; 118:39-43. [PMID: 23564101 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1434-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor geldanamycin was found to be neuroprotective in various experimental models of brain disease. The effect was attributed to the induction of heat-shock proteins and/or disruption of cellular signaling. METHODS In Sprague-Dawley rats, the middle cerebral artery was occluded for 90 min using the intraluminal suture method. Geldanamycin (300 mg/kg) or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally 15 min before onset of ischemia or reperfusion. Animals were sacrificed at 2, 4 or 24 h after ischemia onset and brain samples were processed for infarct volume measurement, Western blot analysis or immunofluorescent staining of Hsp90, Raf-1, p38, and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). RESULTS Geldanamycin treatment during ischemia or reperfusion reduced infarct volume by 79 and 61 % respectively. Geldanamycin decreased Raf-1 and activated p44/42 MAPK proteins, but did not alter levels of activated p38 MAPK during early reperfusion. Hsp90 was co-localized with Raf-1 and activated p44/42 MAPK in the cytoplasm of ischemic neurons. CONCLUSION Geldanamycin-induced protection against transient focal cerebral ischemia may in part be based upon depletion of Raf-1 and blockade of p44/42 MAPK activation.
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Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhao Z, Xue Y. Effects of green tea polyphenols on caveolin-1 of microvessel fragments in rats with cerebral ischemia. Neurol Res 2013; 32:963-70. [DOI: 10.1179/016164110x12700393823570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Genovese T, Impellizzeri D, Ahmad A, Cornelius C, Campolo M, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Post-ischaemic thyroid hormone treatment in a rat model of acute stroke. Brain Res 2013; 1513:92-102. [PMID: 23500636 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating brain injury that is a leading cause of adult disability with limited treatment options. We examined the effects of prohormone thyroxine (T4) and the underlying mechanisms in the post-ischaemic rat brain after transient focal cerebral ischemia-induced brain injury. Ischaemic injury was induced for 2h by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) followed by 24-h reperfusion. T4 (1.1μg/100g BW) was administered by intraperitoneally injection twice, at 1 after the onset of ischemia and 6h after reperfusion. Cerebral infarct area and infarct volume were measured 24h after MCAo. Furthermore, the mechanism of neuroprotective effect of T4 was investigated with a focus on inflammatory cells, neurotrophins, and transcriptional factors. T4 significantly reduced cerebral infarction, which were accompanied by decreased expression of proapotptic Bax and increased antiapoaptotic Bcl-2 protein. T4 suppressed the activation of astrocytes and microglia, increased the expression of neurotrophic factors (BDNF, GDNF), and altered inflammatory-related prooxidative enzymes (iNOS and COX-2) in ischaemic brain. Moreover, T4 downregulated the phosphorylation of p38 and prevented injury-induced increase of PKCδ. These results revealed that T4 has a promising therapeutic effect in ischaemic stroke treatment protecting the brain from I/R injury, probably by its anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Genovese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Wang Z, Ma N, Riley J, Armstead WM, Liu R. Salvinorin A administration after global cerebral hypoxia/ischemia preserves cerebrovascular autoregulation via kappa opioid receptor in piglets. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41724. [PMID: 22911847 PMCID: PMC3404042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral hypoxia/ischemia (HI) is not uncommon during the perinatal period. If occurring, it can result in severe neurologic disabilities that persist throughout life. Salvinorin A, a non-opioid Kappa opioid receptors (KOR) selective agonist, has the potential to address this devastating situation. We have demonstrated that salvinorin A administration before HI, preserves pial artery autoregulative function through both the KOR and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) pathways. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that administration of salvinorin A after HI could preserve cerebral autoregulation via KOR and ERK pathway. Methodology/Principal Findings The response of the pial artery to hypercapnia, hypotension and isoproterenol were monitored before and 1 hour after HI in piglets equipped with a cranial window. Four groups of drug administration were performed after HI. The control group had DMSO (1 µl/kg, i.v.) administrated immediately after HI. Two salvinorin A treated groups had salvinorin A (10 µg/kg, i.v.) administrated 0 and 30 min after HI, respectively. The 4th group had salvinorin A and the KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine (Nor-BIN, 1 µM topical) co-administrated 0 min after HI (n = 5). The dilation responses of the pial artery to hypercapnia and hypotension were impaired after global HI and were preserved with salvinorin A administration immediately or 30 min after HI. The preservation of autoregulation was abolished when nor-BIN was administered. Levels of phosphor-ERK(pERK)/ERK in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured before and 1 hour after HI. After HI, the pERK/ERK levels significantly increased in both DMSO control group and salvinorin A and nor-BIN co-administration group. The elevated levels of pERK/ERK were not observed with salvinorin A only groups. Conclusions Salvinorin A administration 0 and 30 min after HI preserves autoregulation of pial artery to hypercapnia and hypotension via kappa opioid receptor and ERK pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intravenous
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cerebral Arteries/drug effects
- Cerebral Arteries/enzymology
- Cerebral Arteries/pathology
- Cerebral Arteries/physiopathology
- Cerebrovascular Circulation/drug effects
- Diterpenes, Clerodane/administration & dosage
- Diterpenes, Clerodane/pharmacology
- Diterpenes, Clerodane/therapeutic use
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/cerebrospinal fluid
- Homeostasis/drug effects
- Hypercapnia/complications
- Hypercapnia/pathology
- Hypercapnia/physiopathology
- Hypotension/complications
- Hypotension/drug therapy
- Hypotension/pathology
- Hypotension/physiopathology
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/complications
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/drug therapy
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/physiopathology
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Pia Mater/blood supply
- Pia Mater/drug effects
- Pia Mater/physiopathology
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Sus scrofa
- Vasodilation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John Riley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William M. Armstead
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RL); (WMA)
| | - Renyu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RL); (WMA)
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Pérez-Álvarez MJ, Maza MDC, Anton M, Ordoñez L, Wandosell F. Post-ischemic estradiol treatment reduced glial response and triggers distinct cortical and hippocampal signaling in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:157. [PMID: 22747981 PMCID: PMC3414748 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estradiol has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in several neurodegenerative conditions, including cerebral ischemia. The presence of this hormone prior to ischemia attenuates the damage associated with such events in a rodent model (middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)), although its therapeutic value when administered post-ischemia has not been assessed. Hence, we evaluated the effects of estradiol treatment after permanent MCAO (pMCAO) was induced in rats, studying the PI3K/AKT/GSK3/β-catenin survival pathway and the activation of SAPK-JNK in two brain areas differently affected by pMCAO: the cortex and hippocampus. In addition, we analyzed the effect of estradiol on the glial response to injury. METHODS Male rats were subjected to pMCAO and estradiol (0.04 mg/kg) was administered 6, 24, and 48 h after surgery. The animals were sacrificed 6 h after the last treatment, and brain damage was evaluated by immunohistochemical quantification of 'reactive gliosis' using antibodies against GFAP and Iba1. In addition, Akt, phospho-Akt(Ser473), phospho-Akt(Thr308), GSK3, phospho-GSK3(Ser21/9), β-catenin, SAPK-JNK, and pSAPK-JNK(Thr183/Tyr185) levels were determined in western blots of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and regional differences in neuronal phospho-Akt expression were determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The increases in the percentage of GFAP- (5.25-fold) and Iba1- (1.8-fold) labeled cells in the cortex and hippocampus indicate that pMCAO induced 'reactive gliosis'. This effect was prevented by post-ischemic estradiol treatment; diminished the number of these cells to those comparable with control animals. pMCAO down-regulated the PI3K/AkT/GSK3/β-catenin survival pathway to different extents in the cortex and hippocampus, the activity of which was restored by estradiol treatment more efficiently in the cerebral cortex (the most affected region) than in the hippocampus. No changes in the phosphorylation of SAPK-JNK were observed 54 h after inducing pMCAO, whereas pMCAO did significantly decrease the phospho-Akt(Ser473) in neurons, an effect that was reversed by estradiol. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that post-pMCAO estradiol treatment attenuates ischemic injury in both neurons and glia, events in which the PI3K/AKT/GSK3/β-catenin pathway is at least partly involved. These findings indicate that estradiol is a potentially useful treatment to enhance recovery after human ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Pérez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología (Unidad docente Fisiología Animal), Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria del Carmen Maza
- Departamento de Biología (Unidad docente Fisiología Animal), Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Anton
- Departamento de Biología (Unidad docente Fisiología Animal), Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Ordoñez
- Departamento de Biología (Unidad docente Fisiología Animal), Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Wandosell
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CIBERNED-CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, C/Nicolás Cabrera n° 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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Wallace BK, Jelks KA, O'Donnell ME. Ischemia-induced stimulation of cerebral microvascular endothelial cell Na-K-Cl cotransport involves p38 and JNK MAP kinases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 302:C505-17. [PMID: 22049209 PMCID: PMC3287160 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00261.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have provided evidence that, in the early hours of ischemic stroke, a luminal membrane blood-brain barrier (BBB) Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC) participates in ischemia-induced cerebral edema formation. Inhibition of BBB NKCC activity by intravenous bumetanide significantly reduces edema and infarct in the rat permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic stroke. We demonstrated previously that the BBB cotransporter is stimulated by hypoxia, aglycemia, and AVP, factors present during cerebral ischemia. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been known. Ischemic conditions have been shown to activate p38 and JNK MAP kinases (MAPKs) in brain, and the p38 and JNK inhibitors SB-239063 and SP-600125, respectively, have been found to reduce brain damage following middle cerebral artery occlusion and subarachnoid hemorrhage, respectively. The present study was conducted to determine whether one or both of these MAPKs participates in ischemic factor stimulation of BBB NKCC activity. Cultured cerebral microvascular endothelial cell NKCC activity was evaluated as bumetanide-sensitive (86)Rb influx. Activities of p38 and JNK were assessed by Western blot and immunofluorescence methods using antibodies that detect total vs. phosphorylated (activated) p38 or JNK. We report that p38 and JNK are present in cultured cerebral microvascular endothelial cells and in BBB endothelial cells in situ and that hypoxia (7% O(2) and 2% O(2)), aglycemia, AVP, and O(2)-glucose deprivation (5- to 120-min exposures) all rapidly activate p38 and JNK in the cells. We also provide evidence that SB-239063 and SP-600125 reduce or abolish ischemic factor stimulation of BBB NKCC activity. These findings support the hypothesis that ischemic factor stimulation of the BBB NKCC involves activation of p38 and JNK MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna K Wallace
- Dept. of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Univ. of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Cao L, Xu CB, Zhang Y, Cao YX, Edvinsson L. Secondhand smoke exposure induces Raf/ERK/MAPK-mediated upregulation of cerebrovascular endothelin ETA receptors. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:109. [PMID: 22044770 PMCID: PMC3219602 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking enhances the risk of stroke. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. The present study established an in vivo rat secondhand cigarette smoking (SHS) model and examined the hypothesis that SHS upregulates endothelin receptors with increased cerebrovascular contraction via the Raf/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway. RESULTS Rats were exposed to SHS for up to 8 weeks. The cerebral artery vasoconstriction was recorded by a sensitive myograph. The mRNA and protein expressions for endothelin receptors in cerebral arteries were studied by real-time PCR and Western blot. Compared to fresh air exposed rats, cerebral arteries from SHS rats exhibited stronger contractile responses (P < 0.05) mediated by endothelin type A (ETA) receptors. The expressions of mRNA and protein for ETA receptors in the cerebral arteries from SHS rats were higher (P < 0.05) than that in control. SHS did not affect endothelin type B (ETB) receptor-mediated contractions, mRNA or protein levels. The results suggest that SHS upregulates ETA, but not ETB receptors in vivo. After SHS exposure, the mRNA levels of Raf-1 and ERK1/2, the protein expression of phosphorylated (p)-Raf-1 and p-ERK1/2 were increased (P < 0.05). Raf-1 inhibitor, GW5074 suppressed the enhanced ETA receptor-mediated contraction, mRNA and protein levels induced by SHS. In addition, GW5074 inhibited the SHS-caused increased mRNA and phosphorylated protein levels of Raf-1 and ERK1/2, suggesting that SHS induces activation of the Raf/ERK/MAPK pathway. CONCLUSIONS SHS upregulates cerebrovascular ETA receptors via the Raf/ERK/MAPK pathway, which provides novel understanding of mechanisms involved in SHS-associated stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Science in Lund, Lund University, Sweden
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Wang S, Dai ZG, Dong XW, Guo SX, Liu Y, Wang ZP, Zeng YM. Duplicate preconditioning with sevoflurane in vitro improves neuroprotection in rat brain via activating the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase. Neurosci Bull 2011; 26:437-44. [PMID: 21113194 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-010-6024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sevoflurane preconditioning has been demonstrated to reduce cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Besides, different protocols would usually lead to different results. The objective of this study was to determine whether dual exposure to sevoflurane improves the effect of anesthetic preconditioning against oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) injury in vitro. METHODS Rat hippocampal slices under normoxic conditions (95% O2/5% CO2) were pre-exposed to sevoflurane 1, 2 and 3 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for 30 min, once or twice, with 15-min washout after each exposure. The slices were then subjected to 13-min OGD treatment (95% N2/5% CO2, glucose-free), followed by 30-min reoxygenation. The population spikes (PSs) were recorded in the CA1 region of rat hippocampus. The percentage of PS amplitude at the end of 30-min reoxygenation to that before OGD treatment was calculated, since it could indicate the recovery degree of neuronal function. In addition, to assess the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in preconditioning, U0126, an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (MEK-ERK1/2, ERK1/2 MAPK), and SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, were separately added 10 min before sevoflurane exposure. RESULTS Preconditioning once with sevoflurane 1, 2, and 3 MAC increased the percentage of PS amplitude at the end of 30-min reoxygenation to that before OGD treatment, from (15.13+/-3.79)% (control) to (31.88+/-5.36)%, (44.00+/-5.01)%, and (49.50+/-6.25)%, respectively, and twice preconditioning with sevoflurane 1, 2, and 3 MAC increased the percentage to (38.53+/-4.36)%, (50.74+/-7.05)% and (55.86+/-6.23)%, respectively. The effect of duplicate preconditioning with sevoflurane 3 MAC was blocked by U0126 [(16.23+/-4.62)%]. CONCLUSION Sevoflurane preconditioning can induce neuroprotection against OGD injury in vitro, and preconditioning twice enhances this effect. Besides, the activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (MEK-ERK1/2, ERK1/2 MAPK) may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi Medical School, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832008, China.
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Otani N, Nawashiro H, Nagatani K, Takeuchi S, Kobayashi H, Shima K. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways Following Traumatic Brain Injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/nm.2011.23028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Upregulation of transcription factor NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response pathway in rat brain under short-term chronic hypobaric hypoxia. Funct Integr Genomics 2010; 11:119-37. [PMID: 20922447 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-010-0195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to high altitude (and thus hypobaric hypoxia) induces electrophysiological, metabolic, and morphological modifications in the brain leading to several neurological clinical syndromes. Despite the known fact that hypoxia episodes in brain are a common factor for many neuropathologies, limited information is available on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the temporal effect of short-term (0-12 h) chronic hypobaric hypoxia on global gene expression of rat brain followed by detailed canonical pathway analysis and regulatory network identification. Our analysis revealed significant alteration of 33, 17, 53, 81, and 296 genes (p < 0.05, <1.5-fold) after 0.5, 1, 3, 6, and 12 h of hypoxia, respectively. Biological processes like regulation, metabolic, and transport pathways are temporally activated along with anti- and proinflammatory signaling networks like PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, ERK/MAPK, IL-6 and IL-8 signaling. Irrespective of exposure durations, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2)-mediated oxidative stress response pathway and genes were detected at all time points suggesting activation of NRF2-ARE antioxidant defense system. The results were further validated by assessing the expression levels of selected genes in temporal as well as brain regions with quantitative RT-PCR and western blot. In conclusion, our whole brain approach with temporal monitoring of gene expression patterns during hypobaric hypoxia has resulted in (1) deciphering sequence of pathways and signaling networks activated during onset of hypoxia, and (2) elucidation of NRF2-orchestrated antioxidant response as a major intrinsic defense mechanism. The results of this study will aid in better understanding and management of hypoxia-induced brain pathologies.
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Activation of p38 MAPK participates in brain ischemic tolerance induced by limb ischemic preconditioning by up-regulating HSP 70. Exp Neurol 2010; 224:347-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
Despite major advances in a variety of neuroscientific research fields, the majority of neurodegenerative and neurological diseases are poorly controlled by currently available drugs, which are largely based on a neurocentric drug design. Research from the past 5 years has established a central role of glia to determine how neurons function and, consequently, glial dysfunction is implicated in almost every neurodegenerative and neurological disease. Glial cells are key regulators of the brain's endogenous neuroprotectant and anticonvulsant adenosine. This review will summarize how glial cells contribute to adenosine homeostasis and how glial adenosine receptors affect glial function. We will then move on to discuss how glial cells interact with neurons and the vasculature, and outline new methods to study glial function. We will discuss how glial control of adenosine function affects neuronal cell death, and its implications for epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, ischemia, and Parkinson's disease. Eventually, glial adenosine-modulating drug targets might be an attractive alternative for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. There are, however, several major open questions that remain to be tackled.
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Melani A, Cipriani S, Vannucchi MG, Nosi D, Donati C, Bruni P, Giovannini MG, Pedata F. Selective adenosine A2a receptor antagonism reduces JNK activation in oligodendrocytes after cerebral ischaemia. Brain 2009; 132:1480-95. [PMID: 19359287 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a potent biological mediator, the concentration of which increases dramatically following brain ischaemia. During ischaemia, adenosine is in a concentration range (muM) that stimulates all four adenosine receptor subtypes (A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3)). In recent years, evidence has indicated that the A(2A) receptor subtype is of critical importance in stroke. We have previously shown that 24 h after medial cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), A(2A) receptors up-regulate on neurons and microglia of ischaemic striatum and cortex and that subchronically administered adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists protect against brain damage and neurological deficit and reduce activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in microglial cells. The mechanisms by which A(2A) receptors are noxious during ischaemia still remain elusive. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether the adenosine A(2A) antagonist SCH58261 affects JNK and MEK1/ERK MAPK activation. A further aim was to investigate cell types expressing activated JNK and MEK1/ERK MAPK after ischaemia. We hereby report that the selective adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist, SCH58261, administered subchronically (0.01 mg/kg i.p) 5 min, 6 and 20 h after MCAo in male Wistar rats, reduced JNK MAPK activation (immunoblot analysis: phospho-JNK54 isoform by 81% and phospho-JNK46 isoform by 60%) in the ischaemic striatum. Twenty-four hours after MCAo, the Olig2 transcription factor of oligodendroglial progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes was highly expressed in cell bodies in the ischaemic striatum. Immunofluorescence staining showed that JNK MAPK is maximally expressed in Olig2-stained oligodendrocytes and in a few NeuN stained neurons. Striatal cell fractioning into nuclear and extra-nuclear fractions demonstrated the presence of Olig2 transcription factor and JNK MAPK in both fractions. The A(2A) antagonist reduced striatal Olig 2 transcription factor (immunoblot analysis: by 55%) and prevented myelin disorganization, assessed by myelin-associated glycoprotein staining. Twenty-four hours after MCAo, ERK1/2 MAPK was highly activated in the ischaemic striatum, mostly in microglia, while it was reduced in the ischaemic cortex. The A(2A) antagonist did not affect activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. The efficacy of A(2A) receptor antagonism in reducing activation of JNK MAPK in oligodendrocytes suggests a mechanism of protection consisting of scarring oligodendrocyte inhibitory molecules that can hinder myelin reconstitution and neuron functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Melani
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, Florence, Italy
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Kikuchi K, Kawahara KI, Tancharoen S, Matsuda F, Morimoto Y, Ito T, Biswas KK, Takenouchi K, Miura N, Oyama Y, Nawa Y, Arimura N, Iwata M, Tajima Y, Kuramoto T, Nakayama K, Shigemori M, Yoshida Y, Hashiguchi T, Maruyama I. The Free Radical Scavenger Edaravone Rescues Rats from Cerebral Infarction by Attenuating the Release of High-Mobility Group Box-1 in Neuronal Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329:865-74. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.149484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Chen ZL, Yu H, Yu WM, Pawlak R, Strickland S. Proteolytic fragments of laminin promote excitotoxic neurodegeneration by up-regulation of the KA1 subunit of the kainate receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 183:1299-1313. [PMID: 19114596 PMCID: PMC2606967 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200803107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein laminin contributes to excitotoxic cell death in the hippocampus, but the mechanism of this effect is unknown. To study this process, we disrupted laminin gamma1 (lamgamma1) expression in the hippocampus. Lamgamma1 knockout (KO) and control mice had similar basal expression of kainate (KA) receptors, but the lamgamma1 KO mice were resistant to KA-induced neuronal death. After KA injection, KA1 subunit levels increased in control mice but were unchanged in lamgamma1 KO mice. KA1 levels in tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-KO mice were also unchanged after KA, indicating that both tPA and laminin were necessary for KA1 up-regulation after KA injection. Infusion of plasmin-digested laminin-1 into the hippocampus of lamgamma1 or tPA KO mice restored KA1 up-regulation and KA-induced neuronal degeneration. Interfering with KA1 function with a specific anti-KA1 antibody protected against KA-induced neuronal death both in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate a novel pathway for neurodegeneration involving proteolysis of the ECM and KA1 KA receptor subunit up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Lin Chen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Zhao J, Wu HW, Chen YJ, Tian HP, Li LX, Han X, Guo J. Protein phosphatase 2A-negative regulation of the protective signaling pathway of Ca2+/CaM-dependent ERK activation in cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2733-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Farrokhnia N, Ericsson A, Terént A, Lennmyr F. MEK-inhibitor U0126 in hyperglycaemic focal ischaemic brain injury in the rat. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38:679-85. [PMID: 18837745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.01990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycaemia aggravates ischaemic brain injury, possibly due to activation of signalling pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). In this study, the activation of MAPK/ERK was inhibited using the upstream inhibitor of MAPK-ERK-kinase (MEK) U0126, and the effects on focal brain ischaemia were evaluated during normo- and hyperglycaemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Temporary (90 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced in five groups of rats. U0126 (400 microg kg(-1)) or vehicle was given as 60-min intravenous infusions starting either 30 min prior to MCAO or 30 min prior to reperfusion. The infarct size was determined by perfusion with tetrazolium red after 24 h of survival, and the neurology was tested with the 4-level scale of Bederson and performance on an inclined plane. The inhibitory effect on the targeted MEK enzyme was investigated by analysing the phosphorylation of the downstream target ERK with western immunoblotting. Two subgroups were investigated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including diffusion-weighted (DWI) and perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI). RESULTS U0126 effectively reduced the infarct size and improved neurology in hyperglycaemic rats both when given before and after ischemic onset. This effect was not accompanied by any detectable changes in cerebral blood flow on MRI. Normoglycaemic rats had generally milder injuries compared with the hyperglycaemic and there was a nonsignificant trend for U0126 to reduce damage also in the nonhyperglycaemic groups. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, U0126 appears to be neuroprotective in this model of hyperglycaemic ischaemic brain injury. The findings support the pathogenic importance of the MEK-ERK pathway in hyperglycaemic-ischaemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Farrokhnia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Adenosine modulates ERK1/2, PI3K/Akt, and p38MAPK activation in the brain of the anoxia-tolerant turtle Trachemys scripta. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:1469-77. [PMID: 18506199 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The fate of cells under anoxic or ischemic stress is determined by intracellular signaling pathways including the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K/Akt), which affect downstream members of the apoptotic cascade. The freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta is extremely tolerant of anoxia, surviving up to 48 h at room temperature and for weeks at 3 degrees C in the complete absence of oxygen. We investigated the relationship between the neuroprotective purine adenosine, which increases greatly in the anoxic turtle brain, and MAPK and Akt activation during both short (1 h) and long-term (4 h) anoxia. ERK1/2 and Akt were significantly upregulated during the first hour of transition to full anoxia, but returned to baseline by 4 h anoxia. Conversely, p38MAPK levels were suppressed by a mean 71% at 1 h anoxia but also returned to baseline by 4 h anoxia. Systemic administration of the general adenosine receptor antagonist aminophylline abrogated the increases in both phosphorylated ERK1/2 and Akt, as well as the initial suppression of p38MAPK. The differential modulation of the MAPK/Akt pathways may be critical for neuronal protection during the initial transition to the hypometabolic state during anoxia, when physiologic stress is likely to be greatest.
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