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Veith SB, Nickl R, Rössel T, Lachmann B, Koch T, Richter T. Hemodynamics and cutaneous microcirculation during induction of general anesthesia with and without esketamine. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2023; 84:385-398. [PMID: 37334583 DOI: 10.3233/ch-231711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Currently, there are limited data on the effect of macrocirculatory hemodynamic changes on human microcirculation, especially during the induction of general anesthesia (GA). METHODS We performed a non-randomized observational trial on patients receiving GA for elective surgery. In the control group (CG), for GA induction sufentanil, propofol, and rocuronium was administered. Patients assigned to the esketamine group (EG) received additional esketamine for GA induction. Invasive blood pressure (IBP) and pulse contour cardiac output (CO) measurement were performed continuously. Microcirculation was assessed using cutaneous Laser Doppler Flowmetry (forehead and sternum LDF), peripheral and central Capillary Refill Time (pCRT, cCRT), as well as brachial temperature gradient (Tskin-diff) at baseline, 5, 10 and 15 minutes after induction of GA. RESULTS 42 patients were included in the analysis (CG n = 22, EG n = 20). pCRT, cCRT, Tskin-diff, forehead and sternum LDF decreased following GA induction in both groups. IBP and CO were significantly more stable in esketamine group. However, the changes in the microcirculatory parameters were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS The addition of esketamine for GA induction warranted better hemodynamic stability for the first five minutes, but had no significant effect on any of the cutaneous microcirculatory parameters measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Berger Veith
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rosa Nickl
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Rössel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Björn Lachmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thea Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Torsten Richter
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Huang HY, Liao KY, Shia WY, Chang CC, Wang HC. Effect of administering dexmedetomidine with or without atropine on cardiac troponin I level in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1869-1876. [PMID: 34629333 PMCID: PMC8762405 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine whether dexmedetomidine administration with or without atropine
increases cardiac troponin I (cTnI) level in healthy dogs. We hypothesized that 10 µg/kg
dexmedetomidine + atropine increases the cTnI level, whereas 5 µg/kg dexmedetomidine +
atropine does not. Eighteen healthy, pet dogs that underwent an orthopedic surgery or
ovariohysterectomy were included in this study. The dogs were randomly assigned to
atropine (0.02 mg/kg)–dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg), saline–dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg), and
atropine (0.02 mg/kg)–dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg) groups. Each dog was premedicated with
atropine or saline intramuscularly (IM). After 10 min, they were IM injected with
dexmedetomidine (10 or 5 µg/kg)–morphine (0.5 mg/kg)–midazolam (0.2 mg/kg). Following
this, anesthesia was induced after 10 min with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in
100% oxygen. The median plasma cTnI level at 6, 12 and 24 hr after premedication was
significantly higher than that at baseline. The cTnI level in the atropine–dexmedetomidine
(10 µg/kg) group was significantly higher than that in the saline–dexmedetomidine (10
µg/kg) and atropine–dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg) groups at 6 and 12 hr after premedication.
The cTnI level returned to normal within 72 hr after premedication in all groups. The
administration of atropine in combination with 10 µg/kg dexmedetomidine increased the cTnI
level, indicating subclinical myocardial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Huang
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yueh Liao
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yau Shia
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chin Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40220, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chi Wang
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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Lervik A, Raszplewicz J, Ranheim B, Solbak S, Toverud SF, Haga HA. Dexmedetomidine or fentanyl? Cardiovascular stability and analgesia during propofol-ketamine total intravenous anaesthesia in experimental pigs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018; 45:295-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Taylor SD, Baird AN, Weil AB, Ruple A. Evaluation of three intravenous injectable anaesthesia protocols in healthy adult male alpacas. Vet Rec 2017; 181:322. [PMID: 28847875 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the effects of intravenous injectable anaesthesia in alpacas. The objective of this study was to evaluate three intravenous injectable anaesthesia protocols in healthy adult alpacas exposed to noxious stimulation. A prospective randomised crossover study was done using six healthy adult male alpacas. Cardiopulmonary variables including heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure, end-tidal pCO2 and haemoglobin oxygen saturation were collected immediately after and every two minutes following induction of each of three anaesthesia protocols in six male castrated alpacas. A hoof tester was used to apply consistent pressure every two minutes after induction and the response was recorded. Time from induction to muscle contraction and leg withdrawal were recorded, as well as time from induction to extubation, sternal recumbency and standing. There was no significant difference in duration of anaesthesia or cardiopulmonary variables among the three anaesthesia protocols. Total duration of anaesthesia was approximately 20 minutes for each protocol. Hypoxaemia and mild hypercarbia were common among all protocols. Induction and recovery scores were excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Aubrey N Baird
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ann B Weil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Audrey Ruple
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Floriano BP, Wagatsuma JT, Ferreira JZ, Abimussi CJX, Menegheti TM, Santos PSP, Oliva VNLS. Effects on indicators of tissue perfusion in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane at two multiples of the minimum alveolar concentration. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:24-31. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schöffmann G, Vettorato E, Burke JG, Gibson AJN, Clutton ER. The effects of age, isoflurane and sevoflurane on atracurium in lambs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2012; 39:256-65. [PMID: 22420325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of age, sevoflurane and isoflurane on atracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade in 3-16 week-old lambs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective randomized experimental trial. ANIMALS Twenty-six Scottish blackface ewe-lambs were anaesthetized for spinal surgery when either 3-6 (mean age 4.6 weeks; n = 18) or 12-16 weeks (mean age 13.7 weeks; n = 15) of age; seven animals were anaesthetized at both ages. METHODS After intramuscular injection of medetomidine (10 μg kg(-1)) anaesthesia was induced in the younger lambs either with isoflurane or sevoflurane in oxygen delivered by mask, and in the older lambs with ketamine (4 mg kg(-1)), and midazolam (0.2 mg kg(-1) ) administered intravenously (IV). In both groups anaesthesia was maintained with fixed end-tidal concentrations of either sevoflurane (2.8%) or isoflurane (1.8%) delivered in oxygen. Before surgery meloxicam (0.6 mg kg(-1)), morphine (0.5 mg kg(-1)) and ketamine (1 mg kg(-1) followed by 10 μg kg(-1) minute(-1) ) were administered IV. The lungs were ventilated mechanically to maintain normocapnia. Neuromuscular block was achieved with a loading dose (LD) of atracurium (0.5 mg kg(-1) IV). The peroneal nerve was stimulated (train-of-four every 12 seconds). Evoked responses in the digital extensor muscles were evaluated by palpation and observation. Maintenance doses (MD) of atracurium (0.17 mg kg(-1) IV) were administered when the first twitch (T1) returned. The onset and duration of LD action (T1 absent) and the duration of MD were recorded. Data were analysed using Student's t test, Mann-Whitney U test, repeated-measures anova, Wilcoxon's matched pairs test or Pearson correlation coefficient as relevant (p < 0.05). RESULTS Onset of LD action developed significantly (p < 0.05) more rapidly in isoflurane compared with sevoflurane-anaesthetized lambs (55 ± 18 cf. 80 ± 37 seconds). Duration of action of LDs and MDs was longer (p < 0.05) in lambs aged 12-16 than 3-6 weeks (33 ± 5.4 cf. 25 ± 6.4 and 26 ± 4.2 cf. 18 ± 5.5 minutes) but were independent of the anaesthetic used. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The effect of atracurium is age-dependent in lambs being prolonged in older animals. The onset of neuromuscular blockade is more rapid in isoflurane compared with sevoflurane-anaesthetized lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Schöffmann
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK.
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Aarnes TK, Bednarski RM, Lerche P, Hubbell JAE, Muir WW. Effect of intravenous administration of lactated Ringer's solution or hetastarch for the treatment of isoflurane-induced hypotension in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:1345-53. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.11.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Braz LG, Braz JRC, Castiglia YMM, Vianna PTG, Vane LA, Módolo NSP, do Nascimento P, da Silva AL, Kinsky MP. Dexmedetomidine alters the cardiovascular response during infra-renal aortic cross-clamping in sevoflurane-anesthetized dogs. J INVEST SURG 2009; 21:360-8. [PMID: 19160146 DOI: 10.1080/08941930802440803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Some properties of the volatile anesthetics, such as vasodilatation and myocardial depression, combined with the sympathetic inhibition that alpha2-agonists can produce, may determine hemodynamic alterations during aortic surgery. The interaction between dexmedetomidine (DEX), an alpha2-agonist, and sevoflurane during aortic surgery is unknown. We studied the effects of DEX on hemodynamics and systemic oxygenation during aortic cross-clamping (Aox) and unclamping (UAox) in sevoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Twenty dogs were anesthetized with sevoflurane and were randomly assigned to two groups prior to Aox and UAox: control, n = 10, received saline infusion only, and DEX (1 microg x kg(-1) load followed by 1 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1) infusion), n = 10. Hemodynamic and oxygenation variables were measured at baseline, after saline or DEX loading dose, 20 and 40 min after Aox, and 20 and 40 min after UAox. After DEX administration, heart rate, cardiac index (CI) and systemic oxygen transport index (DO(2)I) were lower than in control group. Aox increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) in both groups, but the effects were greater with DEX. CI, heart rate, and DO(2)I were lower, while central venous pressure (CVP) and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure were higher in DEX compared to control. After UAox, MAP, CVP and SVRI were maintained higher in DEX in relation to control. We conclude that in sevoflurane-anesthetized dogs DEX alters the cardiovascular response during aortic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro G Braz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Botucatu - SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
For half a century, controlled hypotension has been used to reduce bleeding and the need for blood transfusions, and provide a satisfactory bloodless surgical field. It has been indicated in oromaxillofacial surgery (mandibular osteotomy, facial repair), endoscopic sinus or middle ear microsurgery, spinal surgery and other neurosurgery (aneurysm), major orthopaedic surgery (hip or knee replacement, spinal), prostatectomy, cardiovascular surgery and liver transplant surgery. Controlled hypotension is defined as a reduction of the systolic blood pressure to 80-90 mm Hg, a reduction of mean arterial pressure (MAP) to 50-65 mm Hg or a 30% reduction of baseline MAP. Pharmacological agents used for controlled hypotension include those agents that can be used successfully alone and those that are used adjunctively to limit dosage requirements and, therefore, the adverse effects of the other agents. Agents used successfully alone include inhalation anaesthetics, sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, trimethaphan camsilate, alprostadil (prostaglandin E1), adenosine, remifentanil, and agents used in spinal anaesthesia. Agents that can be used alone or in combination include calcium channel antagonists (e.g. nicardipine), beta-adrenoceptor antagonists (beta-blockers) [e.g. propranolol, esmolol] and fenoldopam. Agents that are mainly used adjunctively include ACE inhibitors and clonidine. New agents and techniques have been recently evaluated for their ability to induce effective hypotension without impairing the perfusion of vital organs. This development has been aided by new knowledge on the physiology of peripheral microcirculatory regulation. Apart from the adverse effects of major hypotension on the perfusion of vital organs, potent hypotensive agents have their own adverse effects depending on their concentration, which can be reduced by adjuvant treatment. Care with use limits the major risks of these agents in controlled hypotension; risks that are generally less important than those of transfusion or alternatives to transfusion. New hypotensive drugs, such as fenoldopam, adenosine and alprostadil, are currently being evaluated; however, they have disadvantages and a high treatment cost that limits their development in this indication. New techniques of controlled hypotension subscribe to the use of the natural hypotensive effect of the anaesthetic drug with regard to the definition of the ideal hypotensive agent. It must be easy to administer, have a short onset time, an effect that disappears quickly when administration is discontinued, a rapid elimination without toxic metabolites, negligible effects on vital organs, and a predictable and dose-dependent effect. Inhalation agents (isoflurane, sevoflurane) provide the benefit of being hypnotic and hypotensive agents at clinical concentrations, and are used alone or in combination with adjuvant agents to limit tachycardia and rebound hypertension, for example, inhibitors of the autonomic nervous system (clonidine, beta-blockers) or ACE inhibitors. When they are used alone, inhalation anaesthetics require high concentrations for a significant reduction in bleeding that can lead to hepatic or renal injury. The greatest efficacy and ease-of-use to toxicity ratio is for techniques of anaesthesia that associate analgesia and hypotension at clinical concentrations without the need for potent hypotensive agents. The first and oldest technique is epidural anaesthesia, but depending on the surgery, it is not always appropriate. The most recent satisfactory technique is a combination treatment of remifentanil with either propofol or an inhalation agent (isoflurane, desflurane or sevoflurane) at clinical concentrations. In light of the current literature, and because of their safety and ease of use, these two techniques are preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian-Serge Degoute
- Service d'Anesthésie-réanimation, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France.
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Yoo JH, Kim MS, Eom KD, Park JI, Park C, Park HM. Vasopressor Therapy Using Vasopressin Prior to Crystalloid Resuscitation in Irreversible Hemorrhagic Shock under Isoflurane Anesthesia in Dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:459-64. [PMID: 17551216 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that vasopressin administration prior to crystalloid resuscitation can be used to improve hemodynamic and oxygen delivery functions. Hemorrhagic shock was experimentally induced by maintaining mean arterial pressure at 60 mmHg for 30 min in sixteen healthy dogs weighing from 8 to 10.6 kg. Vasopressin was administered and then volume resuscitation was performed for the 6 dogs of V-C group, while vasopressin was administered at the end of volume resuscitation in the 5 dogs of C-V group. The control group (n=5) was administered 0.4 IU/kg of vasopressin after induction of shock without fluid resuscitation. In all groups, hemodynamic parameters were measured pre- and post-hemorrhage and for 60 min after fluid resuscitation. The dogs in V-C group had substantially increased systolic arterial pressure (SAP) for 60 min and improved pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), cardiac output (CO), oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption indexes compared with C-V and control groups. Diastolic pressure and systemic vascular resistance was significantly lower in the V-C group than those in the C-V and control groups (P<0.05). In the V-C group, there was effective and rapid restoration of the SAP, CO, PCWP, and oxygen delivery parameters after treatment. This study indicates that vasopressin administration before crystalloid resuscitation is a more efficient way of improving hemodynamic and oxygen delivery functions in hemorrhagic shock in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Yu J, Mizumoto K, Kakutani T, Hasegawa A, Ogawa K, Hatano Y. Comparison of the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane on protein tyrosine phosphorylation-mediated vascular contraction. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49:852-8. [PMID: 15954971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2005.00699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoflurane induces greater effects on vasodilation and decreasing blood pressure than sevoflurane. Tyrosine kinase-catalyzed protein tyrosine phosphorylation plays an important role in regulating vascular smooth muscle contraction. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane on tyrosine phosphorylation-mediated vascular constriction, by assessing the degree of sodium orthovanadate (Na(3)VO(4), tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor)-induced contraction and protein tyrosine phosphorylation of rat aortic smooth muscle. METHODS Na(3)VO(4)-induced contraction and protein tyrosine phosphorylation of rat aortic smooth muscle were measured in the presence of genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and different concentrations of isoflurane and sevoflurane, using isometric force measurement and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS Na(3)VO(4) (10(-4) M) induced sustained contraction and tyrosine phosphorylation of substrates that were both markedly attenuated in the presence of genistein (5 x 10(-5) M). Isoflurane and sevoflurane dose-dependently (1, 2, 3 MAC) attenuated the Na(3)VO(4)-induced contraction (P < 0.05-0.005, n = 8), with a greater degree of inhibition by isoflurane than sevoflurane at 2 MAC (P < 0.01) and 3 MAC (P < 0.05). Both anesthetics also attenuated the total band density of the Na(3)VO(4)-induced, tyrosine-phosphorylated substrates in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05-0.005, n = 4), with much greater attenuation by isoflurane than sevoflurane at 1 and 2 MAC (P < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION The results of the present study demonstrate that isoflurane exhibits a greater degree of inhibition on the Na(3)VO(4)-stimulated contraction and protein tyrosine phosphorylation of rat aortic smooth muscle compared with sevoflurane. These findings suggest that isoflurane depresses the protein tyrosine phosphorylation-mediated contraction of vascular smooth muscle to a greater degree than sevoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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Wilson DV, Evans AT, Carpenter RA, Mullineaux DR. The effect of four anesthetic protocols on splenic size in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2004; 31:102-8. [PMID: 15053748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2987.2004.00152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the effects of four anesthetic protocols on the size of the spleen during surgery in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental trial. ANIMALS Twenty-four beagle dogs, 1.1 +/- 0.3 years of age and weighing 10.9 +/- 2.7 kg. METHODS Dogs were allocated to receive one of four anesthetic protocols: 1 - pre-medication with acepromazine and butorphanol, induction with thiopental; 2 - pre-medication with acepromazine and butorphanol, induction with propofol; 3 - pre-medication with medetomidine and butorphanol, induction with propofol; and 4 - pre-medication with medetomidine and butorphanol, induction with ketamine and diazepam. Anesthesia was then maintained with halothane. At laparotomy, the spleen length, width, and height were measured, these were measured again just prior to closure of the abdomen. Splenic area and volume were calculated. Hematocrit and total serum protein (TSP) were measured before and after induction and during laparotomy. RESULTS Splenic volume was greatest after protocol 4 (161.2 +/- 40.2 cm(3); p < 0.05) and was least after protocol 2. The differences in volume were because of differences in length, width, and height between groups. There was no significant change in area, length, or width over the study period. Hematocrit decreased significantly in all dogs but at different times. The decrease occurred after pre-medication if acepromazine was administered, at induction following protocol 3 and during surgery following protocol 4. CONCLUSIONS If splenic volume is to be minimized during surgery, then acepromazine and propofol should be used in the anesthetic protocol. The administration of medetomidine, diazepam, and ketamine will produce a greater splenic volume. Lack of correlation between hematocrit and spleen size following the anesthetic protocols studied suggests sequestration of red blood cells in nonsplenic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah V Wilson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T Kudnig
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80525, USA
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