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Mortada H, Albrahim R, Alrobaiea S, Ahmad M, Abdelraheem EHA, Hakami M. A rare case of mucormycosis in a diabetic patient: diagnostic challenges and clinical management of mucormycosis hand infection. Case Reports Plast Surg Hand Surg 2024; 11:2333879. [PMID: 38567104 PMCID: PMC10986432 DOI: 10.1080/23320885.2024.2333879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Mucormycosis hand infection in poorly controlled diabetic presented as rapidly progressive swelling, redness, pain, and necrosis unresponsive to antibiotics. Prompt diagnosis and aggressive surgery, antifungals, and diabetes management were critical, highlighting the need for early recognition and treatment of mucormycosis in diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatan Mortada
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn, King Saud Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan Albrahim
- College of Medicine and Surgery, Princess Noura Bin Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alrobaiea
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Unit, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moinuddin Ahmad
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Muath Hakami
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Samaddar A, Shrimali T, Sharma A. Mucormycosis caused by Apophysomyces species: An experience from a tertiary care hospital in Western India and systematic review of global cases. Mycoses 2023; 66:181-195. [PMID: 36227645 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Apophysomyces species are an emerging cause of mucormycosis in several regions of the world, primarily affecting immunocompetent individuals. The present study addresses the global epidemiology, clinical presentation, management and outcome of mucormycosis caused by Apophysomyces spp. The study included patients diagnosed with Apophysomyces infection at our hospital between March 2019 and August 2020. In addition, cases published in PubMed and Google Scholar from inception to July 2022 were systematically searched and analysed. Only proven and probable cases that meet the eligibility criteria were included. The Indian cases were compared with those from other countries, and the results were analysed by descriptive statistics. In total, six cases of mucormycosis due to Apophysomyces spp. were diagnosed at our hospital, with additional 250 cases identified through literature search. The main underlying diseases were diabetes mellitus (24%), malignancy (3.2%) and chronic kidney disease (2.8%). The major predisposing factor was trauma (55.6%). Necrotizing fasciitis was the most common (63.2%) clinical presentation. Healthcare-associated mucormycosis accounted for 10.4% of the cases. Globally, A. elegans was the most common species (48.8%), whereas A. variabilis was predominant (86.2%) in India. Surgery was performed in 83.5% of patients. Among those treated with antifungal agents, 98% received amphotericin B and 8.1% received posaconazole. Inappropriate antifungal usage was observed in 12.7%. The overall mortality was 42.3%. A combined medical and surgical management was associated with higher survival. Our study highlights the knowledge gap among physicians regarding this infection. A timely diagnosis and aggressive management can improve the outcomes in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghadip Samaddar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Twishi Shrimali
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Anuradha Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.,Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, India
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Orbitomaxillofacial Mucormycosis Requiring Complex Multifactorial Management. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2018; 6:e1927. [PMID: 30534490 PMCID: PMC6250482 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection caused by ubiquitous fungi in the order Mucorales. It is the most rapidly progressing fulminant fungal infection that mimics necrotizing soft-tissue infections. Overwhelming fungal sepsis develops quickly and mortality rates approach 70%. Culture negative necrotizing infections and cutaneous necrosis following a vascular pattern should raise suspicion for this rare entity. We describe avoiding mortality in a case of orbitomaxillofacial mucormycosis multifactorially treated with: radical serial debridement, topical amphotericin B irrigation and dressings, parenteral amphotericin B, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Tissue biopsy was central to confirming the diagnosis and directing multimodal management that ultimately prevented dissemination to the central nervous system and mortality.
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Gamaletsou MN, Sipsas NV, Roilides E, Walsh TJ. Rhino-Orbital-Cerebral Mucormycosis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2012; 14:423-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11908-012-0272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lineberry KD, Boettcher AK, Blount AL, Burgess SD. Cutaneous mucormycosis of the upper extremity in an immunocompetent host: case report. J Hand Surg Am 2012; 37:787-91. [PMID: 22305738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous mucormycosis, a relatively common infection in immunocompromised patients, remains rare in the immunocompetent patient outside the setting of major trauma. We report a case of an immunocompetent patient who developed left upper extremity Rhizopus infection following arterial puncture. Treatment included surgical debridement, liposomal amphotericin B, and hyperbaric oxygen wound therapy; the patient recovered fully. A review of the literature of cases of upper extremity Mucor infection is included for context. We feel that a high degree of suspicion for Mucor infection is warranted in patients with the described risk factors who do not respond to first-line antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Lineberry
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids MI, USA.
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Farina C, Marchesi G, Passera M, Diliberto C, Russello G, Favalli A. In vitro activity of Amphotericin B against zygomycetes isolated from deep mycoses: a comparative study between incubation in aerobic and hyperbaric atmosphere. Med Mycol 2011; 50:427-32. [PMID: 21954953 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2011.614964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many case reports suggest that the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy associated with surgical and medical approaches may contribute to restricting the growth of zygomycetes in patient tissue. The primary aim of this study was to obtain data concerning the in vitro susceptibility of 22 zygomycetes to antifungals such as amphotericin B and posaconazole, and to compare the in vitro development of these fungi in aerobic normobaric versus hyperoxic normobaric and hyperbaric atmosphere. None of the zygomycetes grew after 24-hour and 72-hour incubation in a hyperoxic hyperbaric (2 or 3 ATA) atmosphere. However, when plates were maintained at room temperature in aerobic conditions, colonies were observed from 36-96 h after inoculation, while minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values remained the same. This preliminary in vitro study focuses on the in vitro examination of combination therapies to potentiate antifungal activity. Both hyperoxic hyperbaric conditions and a single antifungal agent, as well as combinations of different antifungal drugs were used. Results suggest an impressive in vitro fungistatic activity of the hyperoxic hyperbaric atmosphere, even if the antifungal effect is strictly time-dependent using these incubation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Farina
- Microbiology Institute, AO Ospedale San Carlo Borromeo, Milano, Italy.
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Arnáiz-García M, Alonso-Peña D, del Carmen González-Vela M, García-Palomo J, Sanz-Giménez-Rico J, Arnáiz-García A. Cutaneous mucormycosis: report of five cases and review of the literature. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009; 62:e434-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2008.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Zygomycosis, often referred to as ''mucormycosis'' or ''phycomycosis,'' is a rapidly progressive fungal infection which usually occurs in immunocompromised individuals, and is characterized by soft tissue destruction and invasion of blood vessels. The rare and easily misdiagnosed primary cutaneous form may present as a superficial erosion with a painless, gradual onset and slow progression of symptoms or a gangrenous, necrotic ulceration due to rapid tissue and vascular invasion. With the latter form, the mortality rate among affected individuals is high even after aggressive surgical debridement and amphotericin B administration, emphasizing the importance of early recognition and proper diagnosis. We present two instances of gangrenous cutaneous zygomycosis in immunocompromised children and review the literature with regard to etiology, diagnosis and treatment, highlighting the pediatric population.
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Prasad N, Ram R, Satti Reddy V, Dakshinamurty KV. Non-fatal gastric mucormycosis in a renal transplant patient and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis 2006; 8:237-41. [PMID: 17116140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2006.00142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mucormycosis is historically associated with substantial morbidity and carries a very high mortality in renal transplant patients. The common sites of involvement include cerebral, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, or disseminated lesions. We report the successful outcome of gastric mucormycosis along with Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a renal transplant patient, who has survived for 5 years. We also review the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Prasad
- Department of Nephrology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad, India
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Al-Ajam MR, Bizri AR, Mokhbat J, Weedon J, Lutwick L. Mucormycosis in the Eastern Mediterranean: a seasonal disease. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 134:341-6. [PMID: 16490139 PMCID: PMC2870385 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268805004930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is a fairly rare fungal infection caused by ubiquitous fungi of the order Mucorales and primarily affects immunocompromised hosts. A series of 16 cases of invasive mucormycosis admitted to three referral centres in Beirut, Lebanon between 1981 and 1999 is described. It includes 12 patients with rhinocerebral, three with cutaneous, and one with pulmonary infection. Onset of symptoms occurred in the summer and autumn in 15 out of 16 patients, showing a statistically significant seasonal variation (P=0.007) A recent report of 19 patients from Tel Aviv describes a strikingly similar seasonal pattern. Studies on atmospheric concentration of Mucorales spores in the Eastern Mediterranean are lacking. Weather pattern analysis in Beirut revealed clustering of onset of invasive mucormycosis at the end of a dry, warm period, which begins around May and ends in October. Mucormycosis incidence appears to be seasonal in the Eastern Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Al-Ajam
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, State University of New York Health Science Center in Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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Grant JM, St-Germain G, McDonald JC. Successful treatment of invasiveRhizopusinfection in a child with thalassemia. Med Mycol 2006; 44:771-5. [PMID: 17127635 DOI: 10.1080/13693780600930186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The accepted standard for treatment of zygomycetes is amphotericin B and surgical debridement, however recent data suggest that combined treatment modalities may be optimal. Newer anti-fungal agents show success in vitro and in animal models. We present the case of a 10-year-old boy with invasive Rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodoformis who was successfully treated with a combination of modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Grant
- Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.
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Hampson FG, Ridgway EJ, Feeley K, Reilly JT. A fatal case of disseminated zygomycosis associated with the use of blood glucose self-monitoring equipment. J Infect 2005; 51:e269-72. [PMID: 15904967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report a fatal case of disseminated zygomycosis due to Cunninghamella bertholletiae in a 68-year-old man with myelodysplasia and type II diabetes mellitus, receiving desferrioxamine therapy for iron overload secondary to multiple transfusions. It is thought that he acquired the infection through the use of blood glucose self-monitoring equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Hampson
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK.
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Tugsel Z, Sezer B, Akalin T. Facial swelling and palatal ulceration in a diabetic patient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 98:630-6. [PMID: 15583532 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuhal Tugsel
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Greenberg RN, Scott LJ, Vaughn HH, Ribes JA. Zygomycosis (mucormycosis): emerging clinical importance and new treatments. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004; 17:517-25. [PMID: 15640705 DOI: 10.1097/00001432-200412000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW New importance has been given to zygomycosis, as what was uncommon is no longer. Zygomycosis (mucormycosis) typically occurs in patients with leukemia, with solid-organ transplants or bone marrow transplants, with diabetic ketoacidosis, in those who have received steroids or are neutropenic, and after desferioxamine therapy. Often, both diagnostic and therapeutic measures are performed too late and are inadequate. Mortality rates may be as high as 80% in infected transplant recipients. Zygomycosis also appears to have made a subtle increase in incidence: up to 8% in autopsied patients with leukemia, and 2% in allogenic bone marrow transplant patients. Most infections are acquired by inhalation, ingestion, or trauma. They rapidly infarct blood vessels, resulting in necrosis of surrounding tissue. Over the past few years, new diagnostic procedures, susceptibility tests, and drugs have entered the clinic, and these advances are discussed in the review. RECENT FINDINGS With the rise in number of cases of 'zygomycosis', new scrutiny has been directed at the terms 'zygomycosis' and 'mucormycosis'. This review explains their differences and the attending relevance for the clinician. Diagnostic methods include new molecular detection assays and new susceptibility testing options. New treatment options will soon exist with triazole antifungal agents. The first one expected to enter clinical practice is posaconazole in 2005. Its metabolism, pharmacokinetics, in-vitro and in-vivo activity, and clinical study results are described. Finally, we present our approach to zygomycosis. SUMMARY This review discusses key elements to laboratory diagnostic and susceptibility procedures and new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Greenberg
- Medicine Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084, USA.
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Losee JE, Selber J, Vega S, Hall C, Scott G, Serletti JM. Primary cutaneous mucormycosis: guide to surgical management. Ann Plast Surg 2002; 49:385-90. [PMID: 12370644 DOI: 10.1097/00000637-200210000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mucormycosis is the most acute, fulminate, and fatal of all fungal infections in humans. It presents most frequently in immunocompromised patients, but can occur in healthy patients in the presence of often-insignificant trauma. Surgical management of primary cutaneous mucormycosis is almost always required. Case reports of surgical treatment for primary cutaneous mucormycosis are reported in the literature; however, the extent of debridement required for cure is unclear and no uniform plan of treatment has been suggested. To date, no clinical guidelines exist to assist the clinician in the surgical management of this disease. This article reviews the literature, reports on two clinical cases, and submits clinical guidelines designed to assist the clinician in the surgical management of primary cutaneous mucormycosis. Because of the infrequent and potentially fatal nature of the diagnosis, a high index of suspicion and a low threshold for wound biopsy must be maintained. Wound cultures are grossly inadequate and should not be relied on for a false sense of security. It is recommended that, for the early diagnosis of cutaneous mucormycosis, chemotherapy and surgical debridement of grossly necrotic tissue be performed at the earliest possible time. The debrided wound is monitored for the resolution of surrounding erythema and induration before definitive reconstruction. In the case of delayed diagnosis and/or advanced or rapidly progressive disease, surgical debridement of all involved tissue, in addition to chemotherapy, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Losee
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Rochester, Children's Hospital at Strong, Box 661, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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