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Alhusaini AM, Faddah LM, Hasan IH, Jarallah SJ, Alghamdi SH, Alhadab NM, Badr A, Elorabi N, Zakaria E, Al-Anazi A. Vitamin C and Turmeric Attenuate Bax and Bcl-2 Proteins' Expressions and DNA Damage in Lead Acetate-Induced Liver Injury. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819885782. [PMID: 31798354 PMCID: PMC6864043 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819885782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lead is a common environmental and occupational pollutant which induced
multiorgans dysfunction. The present study was designed to investigate the
hepatoprotective effects of turmeric (TUR) and/or vitamin C (Vit-C) alone or
together against lead acetate toxicity and to explore novel molecular
pathways. Method: Acute hepatotoxicity was induced by lead acetate (100 mg/kg/day, i.p.) in
male rats, and the effect of TUR (200 mg/kg/day, orally) and/or Vit-C (250
mg/kg/day, orally) along with lead acetate for 7 days was studied. Results: Lead acetate increased serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase,
lactate dehydrogenase, hepatic lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide; while,
hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione activities were downregulated.
Hepatic Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) proteins
expressions were altered and hepatic DNA damaged was increased as well.
Liver/body weight ratio was decreased. Hematoxylin and eosin demonstrated
that lead acetate induced focal areas of massive hepatic degeneration of the
hepatocytes. Treatment with both antioxidants ameliorated all the altered
parameters and induced marked improvement of liver architecture. Conclusion: The combination of TUR and Vit-C has shown the most protective effects
against lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam M Alhusaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila M Faddah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iman H Hasan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Somayah J Jarallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shrouq H Alghamdi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah M Alhadab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira Badr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, AIN Shams University, Egypt
| | - Najlaa Elorabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Enas Zakaria
- Department of Pharmaceutics Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Al-Anazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Yadav B, Vishwakarma V, Kumar S, Aggarwal NK, Gupta R, Yadav A. Antigenotoxic effects of morin against lead induced genomic damage in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12883. [PMID: 31353713 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a well-known carcinogenic heavy metal. Exposure to Pb induces DNA damage by enhancing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). One of the possible ways to shield DNA from this damage is to supply antioxidants that can remove free radicals generated by genotoxicants. Hence, the current study was designed to evaluate the antigenotoxic potential of a flavonoid compound; morin against Pb-induced genomic damage on cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). The effect of Pb or morin or their combination was evaluated on the DNA damage using comet and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assays. The results indicated a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the SCE frequency and various comet parameters in a dose-dependent manner upon treatment with lead as compared to control in cultured PBL. Supplementation of morin along with Pb effectively negated DNA damage as measured by SCE frequency and comet parameters. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Results of our current study suggest that the DNA damage induced by genotoxicants can be overcome by co-treatment with natural antioxidants, found in dietary supplements such as vegetables and fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Veena Vishwakarma
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Neeraj K Aggarwal
- Department of Microbiology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Ranjan Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Anita Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
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3
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Nariya A, Pathan A, Shah N, Chettiar S, Patel A, Dattani J, Chandel D, Rao M, Jhala D. Ameliorative effects of curcumin against lead induced toxicity in human peripheral blood lymphocytes culture. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:1-8. [PMID: 28147706 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2015.1133637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lead, a heavy metal and multifaceted toxicant, is well studied for its distribution and toxicity in ecosystem, yet there is no consensus on its amelioration by any synthetic or phytochemical compounds. Curcumin, a known antioxidant and dietary element, is a well-known herb, for its therapeutic uses and having a wide spectrum of its beneficial properties against several adverse effects. Hence, the current study was taken into consideration to evaluate the ameliorative effects of curcumin (3.87 μM, i.e. 1.43 μg/ml) against lead acetate (doses: 10-6 M, i.e. 0.379 μg/ml and 10-4 M, i.e. 37.9 μg/ml, durations: 24 h and 69 h) induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures (PBLC). On one hand, antigenotoxic and antioxidative potentials of curcumin against lead were simultaneously evaluated by the array of genotoxicity and oxidative stress indices. The result postulated that lead acetate showed dose- and duration-dependent increase in both genotoxicity and oxidative stress whereas curcumin, when added along with lead acetate, showed the significant amelioration in all genotoxic and oxidative stress-related indices. The study indicated that, due to alteration in antioxidant defense system, there is an adverse genotoxic effect of lead. On the other hand, curcumin, a potent antidote, can protect chromatin material against lead -mediated genotoxicity by balancing the activity of antioxidant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Nariya
- a Department of Zoology , University School of Sciences, Gujarat University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
| | - Ambar Pathan
- a Department of Zoology , University School of Sciences, Gujarat University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
| | - Naumita Shah
- a Department of Zoology , University School of Sciences, Gujarat University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
| | - Shiva Chettiar
- b GeneXplore Diagnostics and Research Centre Pvt. Ltd , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India , and
| | - Alpesh Patel
- b GeneXplore Diagnostics and Research Centre Pvt. Ltd , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India , and
| | - Jignasha Dattani
- c Regional Office for Health and Family Welfare , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
| | - Divya Chandel
- a Department of Zoology , University School of Sciences, Gujarat University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
| | - Mandava Rao
- a Department of Zoology , University School of Sciences, Gujarat University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
| | - Devendrasinh Jhala
- a Department of Zoology , University School of Sciences, Gujarat University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
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4
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Jannuzzi AT, Alpertunga B. Evaluation of DNA damage and DNA repair capacity in occupationally lead-exposed workers. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 32:1859-1865. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233715590919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Occupational lead (Pb) exposure remains a significant concern for workers in Turkey. Health hazards of Pb exposure have been investigated in various test systems, but results regarding its potential genotoxic effects on exposed populations are contradictory. In this study, a control group and an exposed group were studied, each consisting of 25 male subjects. Blood lead levels (BLLs) were estimated by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Genotoxic effects of Pb exposure were studied in leukocytes by comet and challenge assays. The effect of Pb exposure to DNA repair capacity was evaluated following in vitro hydrogen peroxide exposure. Pb-exposed workers had significantly higher BLLs than the control group ( p < 0.01). DNA damage in exposed workers had a significantly higher percentage of DNA in tail than the control group ( p < 0.05). In the challenge assay, it was found that the mean DNA% repair capacity was significantly decreased in Pb-exposed workers ( p < 0.01). The results indicated that occupational Pb exposure is associated with DNA damage and causes decrease in DNA% repair capacity, indicating a potential health concern for occupationally Pb-exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Tarbin Jannuzzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Buket Alpertunga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkey
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5
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Nersesyan A, Kundi M, Waldherr M, Setayesh T, Mišík M, Wultsch G, Filipic M, Mazzaron Barcelos GR, Knasmueller S. Results of micronucleus assays with individuals who are occupationally and environmentally exposed to mercury, lead and cadmium. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:119-139. [PMID: 27894681 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Millions of humans are exposed occupationally and environmentally to lead, mercury and cadmium compounds. Mercury compounds are less abundant but some of them belong to the most toxic chemicals which are known. We evaluated the literature to find out if these metals act in humans as genotoxic carcinogens and if their health effects can be predicted by use of micronucleus (MN) assays with lymphocytes and/or with other genotoxicity tests. Numerous studies showed that lead and mercury induce cancer in humans and also in animals, in vitro experiments with cultured cells indicate that they cause DNA damage via different molecular mechanisms including release of reactive oxygen species and interactions with DNA repair processes. Also in most human studies, positive results were obtained in MN tests with lymphocytes (all 15 occupational studies with lead yielded positive results, with mercury 6 out of 7 investigations were positive). For cadmium, there is clear evidence that it causes cancer in humans; however, induction of chromosomal damage was only seen in high dose experiments with mammalian cells while results of animal and human studies yielded conflicting results (only in 2 of 5MN trials with humans positive findings were reported). Possibly, non-genotoxic mechanisms such as inhibition of apoptosis and interaction with signaling pathways account for the carcinogenic properties of cadmium species. The findings of MN studies with lead and mercury are in excellent agreement with results which were obtained with other endpoints (e.g. chromosomal aberrations and comet formations) and it is evident that this approach can be used for occupational and environmental monitoring of exposed individuals. Important future tasks will be the realization of larger studies with a uniform standardized protocol, the additional evaluation of anomalies other than MN (nuclear buds and bridges) and the combination of such trials with investigations which allow to define the molecular mechanisms relevant for exposed humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Nersesyan
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kundi
- Institute of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Waldherr
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tahereh Setayesh
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Miroslav Mišík
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Georg Wultsch
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Metka Filipic
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gustavo Rafael Mazzaron Barcelos
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n°, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Siegfried Knasmueller
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Yedjou CG, Tchounwou HM, Tchounwou PB. DNA Damage, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Apoptosis Induction Caused by Lead in Human Leukemia Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 13:ijerph13010056. [PMID: 26703663 PMCID: PMC4730447 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the industrial use of lead has been significantly reduced from paints and ceramic products, caulking, and pipe solder. Despite this progress, lead exposure continues to be a significant public health concern. The main goal of this research was to determine the in vitro mechanisms of lead nitrate [Pb(NO₃)₂] to induce DNA damage, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in human leukemia (HL-60) cells. To reach our goal, HL-60 cells were treated with different concentrations of Pb(NO₃)₂ for 24 h. Live cells and necrotic death cells were measured by the propidium idiode (PI) assay using the cellometer vision. Cell apoptosis was measured by the flow cytometry and DNA laddering. Cell cycle analysis was evaluated by the flow cytometry. The result of the PI demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) increase of necrotic cell death in Pb(NO₃)₂-treated cells, indicative of membrane rupture by Pb(NO₃)₂ compared to the control. Data generated from the comet assay indicated a concentration-dependent increase in DNA damage, showing a significant increase (p < 0.05) in comet tail-length and percentages of DNA cleavage. Data generated from the flow cytometry assessment indicated that Pb(NO₃)₂ exposure significantly (p < 0.05) increased the proportion of caspase-3 positive cells (apoptotic cells) compared to the control. The flow cytometry assessment also indicated Pb(NO₃)₂ exposure caused cell cycle arrest at the G₀/G₁ checkpoint. The result of DNA laddering assay showed presence of DNA smear in the agarose gel with little presence of DNA fragments in the treated cells compared to the control. In summary, Pb(NO₃)₂ inhibits HL-60 cells proliferation by not only inducing DNA damage and cell cycle arrest at the G₀/G₁ checkpoint but also triggering the apoptosis through caspase-3 activation and nucleosomal DNA fragmentation accompanied by secondary necrosis. We believe that our study provides a new insight into the mechanisms of Pb(NO₃)₂ exposure and its associated adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement G Yedjou
- Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Laboratory, NIH-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Hervey M Tchounwou
- Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Laboratory, NIH-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Paul B Tchounwou
- Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Laboratory, NIH-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
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7
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Makawy A, Ashoush I, Abd-Elmoneim O. Evaluation of Mango Byproduct Extracts as Antioxidant against Pb-acetate induced Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity in Mice. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2015; 65:39-47. [DOI: 10.1515/pjfns-2015-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
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8
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Du H, Zhu X, Fan C, Xu S, Wang Y, Zhou Y. Oxidative damage and OGG1 expression induced by a combined effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and lead acetate in human hepatocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2012; 27:590-597. [PMID: 21254323 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) is a widely used nanomaterial that can cause biological damage through oxidative stress. At low concentrations, TiO(2) can interact with lead acetate (PbAc) to produce different toxic responses, compared with TiO(2) or PbAc alone. In this study, we utilized the following as indicators of toxic responses in human embryo hepatocytes (L02): reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the DNA adducts 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase homolog 1 (OGG1). These were used to evaluate the oxidative stress of TiO(2) (at 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg mL(-1)) mixed with PbAc (1 μg mL(-1)) on L02 cells without photoactivation. Compared with the negative control (1‰ dimethyl sulfoxide), TiO(2) mixed with PbAc induced increased release of ROS (at 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 μg mL(-1) TiO(2)), intracellular SOD activity (at 0.1 and 0.01 μg mL(-1) TiO(2)), GSH levels (at 0.01-1 μg mL(-1) TiO(2)), 8-OHdG levels (at 1 and 10 μg mL(-1) TiO(2)), OGG1 expression (at 0.001-1 μg mL(-1) TiO(2)), and cytotoxicity (at 0.1, 1, and 10 μg mL(-1) TiO(2)) in L02 cells. There were no significant changes in ROS, GSH, SOD, 8-OHdG, or OGG1 levels when L02 cells were treated with TiO(2) alone or PbAc alone. These findings indicate that TiO(2) and PbAc in combination induce cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in L02 cells in the absence of photoactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Du
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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9
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Abd El-Monem DD. The modulating effect of melatonin against the genotoxicity of lead acetate. THE JOURNAL OF BASIC & APPLIED ZOOLOGY 2012; 65:223-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobaz.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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10
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Narayana K, Raghupathy R. DNA damage in lead-exposed hepatocytes: coexistence of apoptosis and necrosis? Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 35:208-17. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2011.589849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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García-Lestón J, Méndez J, Pásaro E, Laffon B. Genotoxic effects of lead: an updated review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2010; 36:623-36. [PMID: 20466424 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lead is a ubiquitous toxic heavy metal with unique physical and chemical properties that make it suitable for a great variety of applications. Because of its high persistence in the environment and its use since ancient times for many industrial activities, lead is a common environmental and occupational contaminant widely distributed around the world. Even though the toxic effects of lead and its compounds have been investigated for many years in a variety of systems, the data existing with regard to its mutagenic, clastogenic and carcinogenic properties are still contradictory. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified lead as possible human carcinogen (group 2B) and its inorganic compounds as probable human carcinogens (group 2A). Furthermore, although the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action of lead remain still unclear, there are some studies that point out indirect mechanisms of genotoxicity such as inhibition of DNA repair or production of free radicals. This article reviews the works listed in the literature that use different parameters to evaluate the genotoxic effects of lead in vitro, in vivo and in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia García-Lestón
- Department Psychobiology, University of A Coruña, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigación, A Coruña, Spain
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12
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Sanders T, Liu Y, Buchner V, Tchounwou PB. Neurotoxic effects and biomarkers of lead exposure: a review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2009; 24:15-45. [PMID: 19476290 PMCID: PMC2858639 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2009.24.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lead, a systemic toxicant affecting virtually every organ system, primarily affects the central nervous system, particularly the developing brain. Consequently, children are at a greater risk than adults of suffering from the neurotoxic effects of lead. To date, no safe lead-exposure threshold has been identified. The ability of lead to pass through the blood-brain barrier is due in large part to its ability to substitute for calcium ions. Within the brain, lead-induced damage in the prefrontal cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum can lead to a variety of neurologic disorders. At the molecular level, lead interferes with the regulatory action of calcium on cell functions and disrupts many intracellular biological activities. Experimental studies have also shown that lead exposure may have genotoxic effects, especially in the brain, bone marrow, liver, and lung cells. Knowledge of the neurotoxicology of lead has advanced in recent decades due to new information on its toxic mechanisms and cellular specificity. This paper presents an overview, updated to January 2009, of the neurotoxic effects of lead with regard to children, adults, and experimental animals at both cellular and molecular levels, and discusses the biomarkers of lead exposure that are useful for risk assessment in the field of environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Sanders
- Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH RCMI - Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Yiming Liu
- Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH RCMI - Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Paul B. Tchounwou
- Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH RCMI - Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
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Alghazal MA, Šutiaková I, Kovalkovičová N, Legáth J, Falis M, Pistl J, Sabo R, Beňová K, Sabová L, Váczi P. Induction of micronuclei in rat bone marrow after chronic exposure to lead acetate trihydrate. Toxicol Ind Health 2008; 24:587-93. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233708100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lead increasingly contributes to pollution of the environment and may play a role in the development of adverse effects in the human and animal body. Data concerning its mutagenic, clastogenic, and carcinogenic properties have been conflicting. In this study, we evaluated the frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow erythrocytes of rats treated with lead acetate trihydrate. Outbred Wistar rats were exposed to a daily dose of 100 mg/L drinking water for 125 days. The mean value of the total number of micronuclei observed in polychromatic erythrocytes of female rats was significantly higher than that found in the control group (13.375 ± 2.722 against 9.625 ± 3.204 micronuclei/1000 cells; P = 0.024 in ANOVA). In exposed female animals, no significant reduction of the ratio of polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocytes was observed (0.990 ± 0.228 against 1.208 ± 0.195; P = 0.060 in ANOVA). The effects of lead acetate trihydrate in male rats are both cytotoxic and genotoxic because of a decrease in ratio of polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocytes (0.715 ± 0.431 against 1.343 ± 0.306; P = 0.023, ANOVA followed by Tukey test) and an increase in frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (24.167 ± 7.859 against 4.0 ± 4.528 micronuclei/1000 cells; P ≤ 0.001, ANOVA followed by Tukey test), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- MA Alghazal
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - I Šutiaková
- University of Prešov, 17. November 1, 081 16 Prešov, Slovakia
| | - N Kovalkovičová
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - J Legáth
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - M Falis
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - J Pistl
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - R Sabo
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - K Beňová
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - L Sabová
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - P Váczi
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
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Xu J, Lian LJ, Wu C, Wang XF, Fu WY, Xu LH. Lead induces oxidative stress, DNA damage and alteration of p53, Bax and Bcl-2 expressions in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1488-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Revised: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/09/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Xu J, Ji LD, Xu LH. Lead-induced apoptosis in PC 12 cells: involvement of p53, Bcl-2 family and caspase-3. Toxicol Lett 2006; 166:160-7. [PMID: 16887300 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.06.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that lead could induce apoptosis in a variety of cell types. Although mitochondrion is regarded as the most pertinent pathway in mediating apoptosis, the exact mechanisms of lead-induced apoptosis are still largely unknown. Furthermore, there is little information about expressions and regulations of Bax, Bcl-2, and p53 in lead-induced apoptosis, which are critical regulators of mitochondrial stability. The present study was undertaken to determine whether lead could induce DNA damage and apoptosis in PC 12 cells, and the involvement of Bax, Bcl-2, p53, and caspase-3 in this process. The results showed that lead could induce DNA damage and apoptosis in PC 12 cells, accompanying with upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2. Additionally, the expression of p53 increased, and caspase-3 was activated. Therefore, it suggests that lead can induce activation of p53 by DNA damage, which may lead to imbalance of Bax/Bcl-2 and mitochondrial dysfunction. Subsequently, after activation of caspase-3, lead-induced apoptosis occurres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310031, PR China
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Chen Z, Lou J, Chen S, Zheng W, Wu W, Jin L, Deng H, He J. Evaluating the genotoxic effects of workers exposed to lead using micronucleus assay, comet assay and TCR gene mutation test. Toxicology 2006; 223:219-26. [PMID: 16713056 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 03/25/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the genotoxic effects of lead (Pb) exposure, 25 workers in a workplace producing storage battery were monitored for three genetic end-points using micronucleus (MN) assay, comet assay and TCR gene mutation test. Twenty-five controls were matched with workers according to age, gender and smoking. The air Pb concentration in the workplace was 1.26 mg/m(3). All subjects were measured for Pb concentration of blood by atom absorption spectrophotometry. The mean Pb concentration of blood in workers (0.32 mg/l) was significantly higher than that in controls (0.02 mg/l). The results of MN test showed that the mean micronuclei rate (MNR) and mean micronucleated cells rate (MCR) in workers were 9.04+/-1.51 per thousand and 7.76+/-1.23 per thousand, respectively, which were significantly higher than those (2.36+/-0.42 per thousand and 1.92+/-0.31 per thousand) in controls (P<0.01). It was found in the comet assay that the mean tail length (MTL) of 25 workers and 25 controls were 2.42+/-0.09 and 1.02+/-0.08 microm, respectively, there was significant difference between workers and controls for MTL (P<0.01), also the difference of the mean tail moment (MTM) between workers (0.85+/-0.05) and controls (0.30+/-0.09) was very significant (P<0.01). However, in TCR gene mutation assay Mfs-TCR of workers and controls were 1.69+/-0.15 x 10(-4) and 1.74+/-0.17 x 10(-4), respectively, there was no significant difference between workers and controls (P>0.05). The results of our study indicated that the genetic damage was detectable in 25 workers occupationally exposed to lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Chen
- Zhejiang University, Medical College, Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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El-Ashmawy IM, Ashry KM, El-Nahas AF, Salama OM. Protection by Turmeric and Myrrh against Liver Oxidative Damage and Genotoxicity Induced by Lead Acetate in Mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006; 98:32-7. [PMID: 16433888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The effects of lead acetate in the diet (0.5% w/w) on reduced GSH, activity of phase II metabolizing enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST), lipid peroxidation in liver homogenate and bone marrow chromosomes of mice simultaneously supplemented with powdered turmeric and myrrh for 8 weeks were investigated. Five groups of Swiss male albino mice, each of 30 mice, the first group received a basal diet and served as negative control, the second group received basal diet supplemented with lead acetate only and served as positive control. The other three groups received basal diet supplemented with lead acetate and 1% or 5% turmeric powder and 1% myrrh powder, respectively. Results revealed a significant decrease in the amount of GSH in all treated groups compared with negative control. Also, the activity of GSH S-transferase was significantly decreased in positive control compared with other groups. However, co-administration of the protective plants resulted in a significant increase in the activity of GST compared with both positive and negative control groups. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in positive control alone, while co-treatment with the protective plants resulted in reduction in the level of lipid peroxidation by 31% and 49% in mice receiving 1% and 5% turmeric powder respectively and 45% in 1% myrrh treated when compared with their respective positive control group. Lead genotoxicity was confirmed through significant reduction in the number of dividing cells, increased total number of aberrant cells and increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations. Simultaneous treatment with these plants significantly reduced the genotoxicity induced by lead administration and the powerful protection was observed with 5% powdered turmeric. It may be concluded that turmeric and myrrh are useful herbal remedies, especially for controlling oxidative damages and genotoxicity induced by lead acetate intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M El-Ashmawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria Univerity Research Development, Alexandria, Egypt
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