1
|
Udawela M, Scarr E, Boer S, Um JY, Hannan AJ, McOmish C, Felder CC, Thomas EA, Dean B. Isoform specific differences in phospholipase C beta 1 expression in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and suicide. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2017; 3:19. [PMID: 28560265 PMCID: PMC5441535 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-017-0020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that phospholipase C beta 1 mRNA was down-regulated in Brodmann's area 46 from subjects with schizophrenia. However, phospholipase C beta 1 protein has also been shown to be lower in Brodmann's area 8 and 9 from teenage suicide subjects, creating a potential confound in interpreting the findings in schizophrenia due to the high suicide rate associated with this disorder. To begin to reconcile and consolidate these findings, in this study, we measured mRNA and protein levels of phospholipase C beta 1 variants a and b in Brodmann's area 46 and Brodmann's area 9 from subjects with schizophrenia, many of whom were suicide completers, and determined the diagnostic specificity of observed findings. Consistent with our previous study, levels of phospholipase C beta 1 a and b mRNA, but not protein, were lower in Brodmann's area 46 from subjects with schizophrenia. In Brodmann's area 9, phospholipase C beta 1a protein levels were lower in subjects with schizophrenia, while phospholipase C beta 1b mRNA was higher and protein was lower in those that had died of suicide. Altered protein levels in Brodmann's area 9 appeared to be diagnostically specific, as we did not detect these changes in subjects with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder or suicide completers with no diagnosis of mental illness. We further assessed the relationship between phospholipase C beta 1 and levels of muscarinic receptors (CHRMs) that signal through this protein, in both human and Chrm knockout mouse central nervous system tissue, and found no strong relationship between the two. Understanding central nervous system differences in downstream effector pathways in schizophrenia may lead to improved treatment strategies and help to identify those at risk of suicide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Udawela
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - E Scarr
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - S Boer
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - J Y Um
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
- Cardiovascular and Neurology Products Division, Drug Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - A J Hannan
- Epigenetics and Neural Plasticity Laboratory, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - C McOmish
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - C C Felder
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Division, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - E A Thomas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - B Dean
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
- Cardiovascular and Neurology Products Division, Drug Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saunders EFH, Ramsden CE, Sherazy MS, Gelenberg AJ, Davis JM, Rapoport SI. Reconsidering Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Bipolar Disorder: A Translational Picture. J Clin Psychiatry 2016; 77:e1342-e1347. [PMID: 27788314 PMCID: PMC6093189 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.15com10431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is an important mediator of pathophysiology in bipolar disorder. The omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolic pathways participate in several inflammatory processes and have been linked through epidemiologic and clinical studies to bipolar disorder and its response to treatment. We review the proposed role of PUFA metabolism in neuroinflammation, modulation of brain PUFA metabolism by antimanic medications in rodent models, and anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy in bipolar disorder and in major depressive disorder (MDD). Although the convergence of findings between preclinical and postmortem clinical data is compelling, we investigate why human trials of PUFA as treatment are mixed. We view the biomarker and treatment study findings in light of the evidence for the hypothesis that arachidonic acid hypermetabolism contributes to bipolar disorder pathophysiology and propose that a combined high n-3 plus low n-6 diet should be tested as an adjunct to current medication in future trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika F H Saunders
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Dr, PO Box 850, Mail Code: HO73, Hershey, PA 17033-0850.
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine and Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Depression Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher E Ramsden
- Section on Nutritional Neurosciences, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mostafa S Sherazy
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine and Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan J Gelenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine and Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John M Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stanley I Rapoport
- Office of Scientific Director, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sprooten E, Gupta CN, Knowles EEM, McKay DR, Mathias SR, Curran JE, Kent JW, Carless MA, Almeida MA, Dyer TD, Göring HHH, Olvera RL, Kochunov P, Fox PT, Duggirala R, Almasy L, Calhoun VD, Blangero J, Turner JA, Glahn DC. Genome-wide significant linkage of schizophrenia-related neuroanatomical trait to 12q24. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168:678-86. [PMID: 26440917 PMCID: PMC4639444 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The insula and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) share functional, histological, transcriptional, and developmental characteristics, and they serve higher cognitive functions of theoretical relevance to schizophrenia and related disorders. Meta-analyses and multivariate analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans indicate that gray matter density and volume reductions in schizophrenia are the most consistent and pronounced in a network primarily composed of the insula and mPFC. We used source-based morphometry, a multivariate technique optimized for structural MRI, in a large sample of randomly ascertained pedigrees (N = 887) to derive an insula-mPFC component and to investigate its genetic determinants. Firstly, we replicated the insula-mPFC gray matter component as an independent source of gray matter variation in the general population, and verified its relevance to schizophrenia in an independent case-control sample. Secondly, we showed that the neuroanatomical variation defined by this component is largely determined by additive genetic variation (h(2) = 0.59), and genome-wide linkage analysis resulted in a significant linkage peak at 12q24 (LOD = 3.76). This region has been of significant interest to psychiatric genetics as it contains the Darier's disease locus and other proposed susceptibility genes (e.g., DAO, NOS1), and it has been linked to affective disorders and schizophrenia in multiple populations. Thus, in conjunction with previous clinical studies, our data imply that one or more psychiatric risk variants at 12q24 are co-inherited with reductions in mPFC and insula gray matter concentration. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sprooten
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
,Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, CT
| | | | - Emma EM Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
,Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, CT
| | - D Reese McKay
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
,Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, CT
| | - Samuel R Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
,Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, CT
| | - Joanne E Curran
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Jack W Kent
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Melanie A Carless
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Marcio A Almeida
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Thomas D Dyer
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Harald HH Göring
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Rene L Olvera
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Ravi Duggirala
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
,The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM
,Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Jessica A Turner
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM
,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
,Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, CT
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saunders EFH, Reider A, Singh G, Gelenberg AJ, Rapoport SI. Low unesterified:esterified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plasma concentration ratio is associated with bipolar disorder episodes, and omega-3 plasma concentrations are altered by treatment. Bipolar Disord 2015; 17:729-42. [PMID: 26424416 PMCID: PMC4623957 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Omega (n)-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are molecular modulators of neurotransmission and inflammation. We hypothesized that plasma concentrations of n-3 PUFAs would be lower and those of n-6 PUFAs higher in subjects with bipolar disorder (BD) compared to healthy controls (HCs), and would correlate with symptom severity in subjects with BD, and that effective treatment would correlate with increased n-3 but lower n-6 PUFA levels. Additionally, we explored clinical correlations and group differences in plasma levels of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. METHODS This observational, parallel group study compared biomarkers between HCs (n = 31) and symptomatic subjects with BD (n = 27) when ill and after symptomatic recovery (follow-up). Plasma concentrations of five PUFAs [linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)], two saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid and stearic acid) and two monounsaturated fatty acids (palmitoleic acid and oleic acid) were measured in esterified (E) and unesterified (UE) forms. Calculated ratios included UE:E for the five PUFAs, ratios of n-3 PUFAs (DHA:ALA, EPA:ALA and EPA:DHA), and the ratio of n-6:n-3 AA:EPA. Comparisons of plasma fatty acid levels and ratios between BD and HC groups were made with Student t-tests, and between the BD group at baseline and follow-up using paired t-tests. Comparison of categorical variables was performed using chi-square tests. Pearson's r was used for bivariate correlations with clinical variables, including depressive and manic symptoms, current panic attacks, and psychosis. RESULTS UE EPA was lower in subjects with BD than in HCs, with a large effect size (Cohen's d = 0.86, p < 0.002); however, it was not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons. No statistically significant difference was seen in any plasma PUFA concentration between the BD and HC groups after Bonferroni correction for 40 comparisons, at p < 0.001. Neither depressive severity nor mania severity was correlated significantly with any PUFA concentration. Exploratory comparison showed lower UE:E EPA in the BD than the HC group (p < 0.0001). At follow-up in the BD group, UE, E DHA:ALA, and UE EPA:ALA were decreased (p < 0.002). Exploratory correlations of clinical variables revealed that mania severity and suicidality were positively correlated with UE:E EPA ratio, and that several plasma levels and ratios correlated with panic disorder and psychosis. Depressive severity was not correlated with any ratio. No plasma fatty acid level or ratio correlated with self-reported n-3 PUFA intake or use of medication by class. CONCLUSIONS A large effect size of reduced UE EPA, and a lower plasma UE:E concentration ratio of EPA in the symptomatic BD state may be important factors in vulnerability to a mood state. Altered n-3 PUFA ratios could indicate changes in PUFA metabolism concurrent with symptom improvement. Our findings are consistent with preclinical and postmortem data and suggest testing interventions that increase n-3 and decrease n-6 dietary PUFA intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika FH Saunders
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA,University of Michigan Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI,University of Michigan Depression Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Aubrey Reider
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Gagan Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Alan J Gelenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Stanley I Rapoport
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Genetic association analysis of CNR1 and CNR2 polymorphisms with schizophrenia in a Korean population. Psychiatr Genet 2015; 24:225-9. [PMID: 25014618 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Located on 6q15 and 1p36.11, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CNR2) genes are considered to be a positional and functional candidate gene for the development of mental disorders such as schizophrenia because CNR1 is known as a regulator of dopamine signaling in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. However, few genetic studies have been carried out to investigate an association of CNR1 and CNR2 polymorphisms and the risk of schizophrenia. In this study, although the result indicates that CNR1 and CNR2 variations are unlikely to influence schizophrenia susceptibility in a Korean population, the findings would provide meaningful information for further genetic studies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Serrano A, Parsons LH. Endocannabinoid influence in drug reinforcement, dependence and addiction-related behaviors. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 132:215-41. [PMID: 21798285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid system is an important regulatory system involved in physiological homeostasis. Endocannabinoid signaling is known to modulate neural development, immune function, metabolism, synaptic plasticity and emotional state. Accumulating evidence also implicates brain endocannabinoid signaling in the etiology of drug addiction which is characterized by compulsive drug seeking, loss of control in limiting drug intake, emergence of a negative emotional state in the absence of drug use and a persistent vulnerability toward relapse to drug use during protracted abstinence. In this review we discuss the effects of drug intake on brain endocannabinoid signaling, evidence implicating the endocannabinoid system in the motivation for drug consumption, and drug-induced alterations in endocannabinoid function that may contribute to various aspects of addiction including dysregulated synaptic plasticity, increased stress responsivity, negative affective states, drug craving and relapse to drug taking. Current knowledge of genetic variants in endocannabinoid signaling associated with addiction is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Serrano
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Mood stabilizers that are approved for treating bipolar disorder (BD), when given chronically to rats, decrease expression of markers of the brain arachidonic metabolic cascade, and reduce excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation-induced upregulation of these markers. These observations, plus evidence for neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity in BD, suggest that arachidonic acid (AA) cascade markers are upregulated in the BD brain. To test this hypothesis, these markers were measured in postmortem frontal cortex from 10 BD patients and 10 age-matched controls. Mean protein and mRNA levels of AA-selective cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) IVA, secretory sPLA(2) IIA, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and membrane prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES) were significantly elevated in the BD cortex. Levels of COX-1 and cytosolic PGES (cPGES) were significantly reduced relative to controls, whereas Ca(2+)-independent iPLA(2)VIA, 5-, 12-, and 15-lipoxygenase, thromboxane synthase and cytochrome p450 epoxygenase protein and mRNA levels were not significantly different. These results confirm that the brain AA cascade is disturbed in BD, and that certain enzymes associated with AA release from membrane phospholipid and with its downstream metabolism are upregulated. As mood stabilizers downregulate many of these brain enzymes in animal models, their clinical efficacy may depend on suppressing a pathologically upregulated cascade in BD. An upregulated cascade should be considered as a target for drug development and for neuroimaging in BD.
Collapse
|
8
|
Palo OM, Soronen P, Silander K, Varilo T, Tuononen K, Kieseppä T, Partonen T, Lönnqvist J, Paunio T, Peltonen L. Identification of susceptibility loci at 7q31 and 9p13 for bipolar disorder in an isolated population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:723-35. [PMID: 19851985 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We performed a linkage analysis on 23 Finnish families with bipolar disorder and originating from the North-Eastern region of Finland, using the Illumina Linkage Panel IV (6K) Array with an average intermarker spacing of 0.65 cM across the genome. We detected genome-wide significant evidence for linkage of mood disorder (bipolar disorder type I, II, or not otherwise specified, manic type of schizoaffective psychosis, cyclothymia, or recurrent depression) to chromosomes 7q31 (LOD = 3.20) and 9p13.1 (LOD = 4.02). Analyzing the best markers on the complete set of 179 Finnish bipolar families supported the findings on chromosome 9p13 (maximum LOD score of 3.02 at position 383 Mb, immediately upstream of the centromere). This region harbors several interesting candidate genes, including contactin associated protein-like 3 (CNTNAP3) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1B1). For the 7q31 locus, only one extended pedigree and ten families originating from the same late settlement region in North-Eastern Finland provided evidence for linkage, suggesting that a gene predisposing to bipolar disorder is enriched in that region. Candidate genes of interest in this locus include potassium-voltage-gated channel, member 2 (KCND2) and calcium-dependent activator protein for secretion 2 (CADPS2). The loci on the centromeric region of 9p13 and the telomeric region of 7q31 may represent susceptibility loci for mood disorder in the Finnish population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Outi M Palo
- FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a major medical, social and economic burden worldwide. However, the mechanisms of action of effective antibipolar disorder drugs remain elusive. In this paper, we review studies using a neuropharmacological approach in unanesthetized rats, combined with kinetic, biochemical and molecular biology techniques, showing that chronic administration of three Food and Drug Administration-approved mood stabilizers (lithium, valproate and carbamazepine) at therapeutically relevant doses, selectively target the brain arachidonic acid (AA) cascade. Whereas chronic lithium and carbamazepine decrease the binding activity of activator protein-2 and in turn the transcription, translation and activity of its AA-selective calcium-dependent phospholipase A(2) gene product, valproate appears to be a non-competitive inhibitor of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase. The net overlapping effects of the three drugs are decreased turnover of AA but not of docosahexaenoic acid in rat brain phospholipids, and decreased brain cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E(2). Although these observations support the hypothesis proposed by Rapoport and colleagues that the AA cascade is a common target of mood stabilizers, this hypothesis is not necessarily exclusive of other targets. Targeting the AA cascade with drugs or diet may be a useful therapeutic approach in bipolar disorder, and examining the AA cascade in patients might help in better understanding the disease.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee HJ, Rao JS, Chang L, Rapoport SI, Bazinet RP. Chronic N-methyl-D-aspartate administration increases the turnover of arachidonic acid within brain phospholipids of the unanesthetized rat. J Lipid Res 2007; 49:162-8. [PMID: 17957090 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700406-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas antibipolar drug administration to rats reduces brain arachidonic acid turnover, excessive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) signaling is thought to contribute to bipolar disorder symptoms and may increase arachidonic acid turnover in rat brain phospholipids. To determine whether chronic NMDA would increase brain arachidonic acid turnover, rats were daily administered NMDA (25 mg/kg, ip) or vehicle for 21 days. In unanesthetized rats, on day 21, [1-(14)C]arachidonic acid was infused intravenously and arterial blood plasma was sampled until the animal was euthanized at 5 min and its microwaved brain was subjected to chemical and radiotracer analysis. Using equations from our in vivo fatty acid model, we found that compared with controls, chronic NMDA increased the net rate of incorporation of plasma unesterified arachidonic acid into brain phospholipids (25-34%) as well as the turnover of arachidonic acid within brain phospholipids (35-58%). These changes were absent at 3 h after a single NMDA injection. The changes, opposite to those after chronic administration of antimanic drugs to rats, suggest that excessive NMDA signaling via arachidonic acid may be a model of upregulated arachidonic acid turnover in brain phospholipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Joo Lee
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Basselin M, Villacreses NE, Chen M, Bell JM, Rapoport SI. Chronic carbamazepine administration reduces N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-initiated signaling via arachidonic acid in rat brain. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62:934-43. [PMID: 17628508 PMCID: PMC2131715 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lithium and carbamazepine (CBZ) are used to treat mania in bipolar disorder. When given chronically to rats, both agents reduce arachidonic acid (AA) turnover in brain phospholipids and downstream AA metabolism. Lithium in rats also attenuates brain N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) signaling via AA. We hypothesized that, like chronic lithium, chronic CBZ administration to rats would reduce NMDAR-mediated signaling via AA. METHODS We used our fatty acid method with quantitative autoradiography to image the regional brain incorporation coefficient k* of AA, a marker of AA signaling, in unanesthetized rats that had been given 25 mg/kg/day I.P. CBZ or vehicle for 30 days, then injected with NMDA (25 mg/kg I.P.) or saline. We also measured brain concentrations of two AA metabolites, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)). RESULTS In chronic vehicle-treated rats, NMDA compared with saline increased k* significantly in 69 of 82 brain regions examined, but did not change k* significantly in any region in CBZ-treated rats. In vehicle- but not CBZ-treated rats, NMDA also increased brain concentrations of PGE(2) and TXB(2). CONCLUSIONS Chronic CBZ administration to rats blocks increments in the AA signal k*, and in PGE(2) and TXB(2) concentrations that are produced by NMDA in vehicle-treated rats. The clinical action of antimanic drugs might involve inhibition of brain NMDAR-mediated signaling involving AA and its metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Basselin
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Disturbances in the endocannabinoid system has been linked to diseases and conditions such as Parkinson's, schizophrenia, pain, energy metabolism, immune modulation, and bone density. Since the early 1990s, a number of genetic polymorphisms in the genes and proteins of the endocannabinoid system have been characterized. Currently identified genetic polymorphisms of the endocannabinoid system are reviewed here with particular consideration given to polymorphisms linked to drug and alcohol abuse, schizophrenia, other mental disorders, and energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison G Norrod
- Bridgewater College, 402 E. College Street, Bridgewater, VA 22812-1599, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Iqbal O. Endocannabinoid system and pathophysiology of adipogenesis: current management of obesity. Per Med 2007; 4:307-319. [DOI: 10.2217/17410541.4.3.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoids are now known as novel and important regulators of energy metabolism and homeostasis. The endocrine functions of white adipose are chiefly involved in the control of whole-body metabolism, insulin sensitivity and food intake. Adipocytes produce hormones, such as leptin and adiponectin, that can improve insulin resistance or peptides, such as TNF-α, that elicit insulin resistance. Adipocytes express specific receptors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, which serve as adipocyte targets for insulin sensitizers such as thiazolidinediones. Recently, endocannabinoids and related compounds were identified in human fat cells. The endocannabinoid system consists primarily of two receptors, cannabinoid (CB)1 and CB2, their endogenous ligands termed endocannabinoids and the enzymes responsible for ligand biosynthesis and degradation. The endocannabinoids 2-arachidonylglycerol and anandamide or N-arachidonoylethanolamine increase food intake and promote weight gain in animals. Rimonabant, a selective CB1 blocker, reduces food intake and body weight in animals and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omer Iqbal
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
McNamara RK, Ostrander M, Abplanalp W, Richtand NM, Benoit SC, Clegg DJ. Modulation of phosphoinositide-protein kinase C signal transduction by omega-3 fatty acids: implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of recurrent neuropsychiatric illness. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2006; 75:237-57. [PMID: 16935483 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide (PI)-protein kinase C (PKC) signal transduction pathway is initiated by pre- and postsynaptic Galphaq-coupled receptors, and regulates several clinically relevant neurochemical events, including neurotransmitter release efficacy, monoamine receptor function and trafficking, monoamine transporter function and trafficking, axonal myelination, and gene expression. Mounting evidence for PI-PKC signaling hyperactivity in the peripheral (platelets) and central (premortem and postmortem brain) tissues of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, coupled with evidence that PI-PKC signal transduction is down-regulated in rat brain following chronic, but not acute, treatment with antipsychotic, mood-stabilizer, and antidepressant medications, suggest that PI-PKC hyperactivity is central to an underlying pathophysiology. Evidence that membrane omega-3 fatty acids act as endogenous antagonists of the PI-PKC signal transduction pathway, coupled with evidence that omega-3 fatty acid deficiency is observed in peripheral and central tissues of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, support the hypothesis that omega-3 fatty acid deficiency may contribute to elevated PI-PKC activity in these illnesses. The data reviewed in this paper outline a potential molecular mechanism by which omega-3 fatty acids could contribute to the pathophysiology and treatment of recurrent neuropsychiatric illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dikeos DG, Papadimitriou GN, Souery D, Del-Favero J, Massat I, Blackwood D, Cichon S, Daskalopoulou E, Ivezic S, Kaneva R, Karadima G, Lorenzi C, Milanova V, Muir W, Nöthen M, Oruc L, Rietschel M, Serretti A, Van Broeckhoven C, Soldatos CR, Stefanis CN, Mendlewicz J. Lack of genetic association between the phospholipase A2 gene and bipolar mood disorder in a European multicentre case-control study. Psychiatr Genet 2006; 16:169-71. [PMID: 16829784 DOI: 10.1097/01.ypg.0000218615.19892.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The possible association between phospholipase A2 gene and bipolar mood disorder was examined in 557 bipolar patients and 725 controls (all personally interviewed), recruited from seven countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Greece, Italy, and UK). The frequencies of the eight alleles that were identified did not differ between patients and control individuals in the whole population, while the power to detect an association based on our sample was relatively high. Some differences were noted among the various ethnic groups, but no significant trends existed, suggesting that population stratification by country may not be responsible for a type II error. On the basis of these results, mutations of the phospholipase A2 gene, at least in the region close to the polymorphism examined between exons 1 and 2, are not involved in the pathogenesis of bipolar mood disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris G Dikeos
- Department of Psychiatry, Athens University Medical School and University Mental Health Research Institute, Greece, and Department of Psychiatry, University Clinics of Brussels, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shink E, Morissette J, Sherrington R, Barden N. A genome-wide scan points to a susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder on chromosome 12. Mol Psychiatry 2005; 10:545-52. [PMID: 15494705 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Our previous results pointed to a putative gene for susceptibility to bipolar affective disorder located on the chromosomal region 12q23-q24 that segregated in the Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean population of Quebec. We report here results from a second genome-wide scan based on the analysis of 380 polymorphic microsatellite markers. For the purpose of this analysis, an additional 18 families were recruited from the Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean region and pooled to our previous sample to improve its statistical power, giving a total of 394 sampled individuals. This work confirms the presence of a susceptibility locus for affective disorder on chromosome 12q24 with parametric LOD score value of 3.35 at D12S378 when pedigrees were broken into nuclear families and analysed under a recessive segregation model. This result was supported by neighbouring markers and by a LOD score value of 5.05 at D12S378 under model-free analysis. Other regions of lower interest were indicated on chromosomes 2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 17 and 20.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Shink
- Neuroscience, CHUL Research Centre and Laval University, CHUQ Pavillon CHUL, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shink E, Harvey M, Tremblay M, Gagné B, Belleau P, Raymond C, Labbé M, Dubé MP, Lafrenière RG, Barden N. Analysis of microsatellite markers and single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for susceptibility to bipolar affective disorder in the chromosome 12Q24.31 region. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 135B:50-8. [PMID: 15768393 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Previous results from our genetic analyses using pedigrees from a French Canadian population suggested that the interval delimited by markers D12S86 and D12S378 on chromosome 12 was the most probable genomic region to contain a susceptibility gene for affective disorders. Here we present a more detailed genetic analysis of a 7.7 Mb genomic region located on 12q24.31. This region was saturated with 20 microsatellite markers to refine the candidate region and linkage analysis performed in 41 families from the Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean (SLSJ) region of Quebec. The results of two point parametric analysis using MFLINK supported the presence of a susceptibility locus on chromosome 12q24.31. Association studies with microsatellite markers using a case/control sample from the same population (n = 401) and analyzed with CLUMP revealed significant allelic associations between the bipolar phenotype and markers NBG6 (P = 0.008) and NBG12 (P < 10(-3)). According to these results, we investigated candidate genes in the NBG12 area. We analyzed 32 genes for the presence of polymorphisms in coding sequences and intron/exon junctions and genotyped 22 non-synonymous SNPs in the SLSJ case/control sample. Two uncommon polymorphisms (minor allele frequency < or = 0.03) found in KIAA1595 and FLJ22471 genes, gave P-values below 0.05 with the T1 statistic. Moreover, using haplotype analysis, a nearly significant haplotypic association was observed at the HM74 gene. These results do not give strong support for a role in the susceptibility to bipolar disorder of any of these genes analyzed. However, the significance of rare polymorphisms should be explored by further analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Shink
- Neuroscience, CHUL Research Center and Laval University, CHUQ Pavillon CHUL, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Barrero FJ, Ampuero I, Morales B, Vives F, de Dios Luna Del Castillo J, Hoenicka J, García Yébenes J. Depression in Parkinson's disease is related to a genetic polymorphism of the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1). THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2005; 5:135-41. [PMID: 15668727 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) and it is present in up to 40% of the patients. The cause of depression in PD is thought to be related to disturbance of monoamine neurotransmission. The endogenous cannabinoid system mediates different brain processes that play a role in the control of behaviour and emotions. Cannabinoid function may be altered in neuropsychiatry diseases, directly or through interactions with monoamine, GABA and glutamate systems. For this reason, we have investigated whether there is a genetic risk factor for depression in PD linked to the polymorphisms of CB1 receptor gene. Depression was more frequent in patients with PD than in controls with osteoarthritis. The presence of depression did not correlate with the stage of the disease but it was more frequent in patients with pure akinetic syndrome than in those with tremoric or mixed type PD. The CB1 receptor gene polymorphism (AAT)n is considered to modify the transcription of the gene and, therefore, it may have functional relevance. We analysed the length of the polymorphic triplet (AAT)n of the gene that encodes CB1 (CNR1) receptor in 89 subjects (48 PD patients and 41 controls). In patients with PD, the presence of two long alleles, with more than 16 repeated AAT trinucleotides in the CNR1 gene, was associated with a reduced prevalence of depression (Fisher's exact test: P=0.003). This association did not reach significant differences in the control group, but the number of control individuals with depression was too small to allow for statistical analysis. Since the alleles with long expansions may have functional impact in cannabinoid neurotransmission, our data suggest that the pharmacological manipulation of cannabinoid neurotransmission could open a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of depression in PD and possibly in other conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F J Barrero
- Movement Diseases Unit, University Hospital of San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Papadimitriou GN, Dikeos DG, Souery D, Del-Favero J, Massat I, Avramopoulos D, Blairy S, Cichon S, Ivezic S, Kaneva R, Karadima G, Lilli R, Milanova V, Nöthen M, Oruc L, Rietschel M, Serretti A, Van Broeckhoven C, Stefanis CN, Mendlewicz J. Genetic association between the phospholipase A2 gene and unipolar affective disorder: a multicentre case-control study. Psychiatr Genet 2005; 13:211-20. [PMID: 14639048 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-200312000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The co-segregation in one pedigree of bipolar affective disorder with Darier's disease whose gene is on chromosome 12q23-q24.1, and findings from linkage and association studies with the neighbouring gene of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) indicate that PLA2 may be considered as a candidate gene for affective disorders. All relevant genetic association studies, however, were conducted on bipolar patients. In the present study, the possible association between the PLA2 gene and unipolar affective disorder was examined on 321 unipolar patients and 604 controls (all personally interviewed), recruited from six countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Greece, and Italy) participating in the European Collaborative Project on Affective Disorders. After controlling for population group and gender, one of the eight alleles of the investigated marker (allele 7) was found to be more frequent among unipolar patients with more than three major depressive episodes than among controls (P<0.01); genotypic association was also observed, under the dominant model of genetic transmission (P<0.02). In addition, presence of allele 7 was correlated with a higher frequency of depressive episodes (P<0.02). These findings suggest that structural variations at the PLA2 gene or the chromosomal region around it may confer susceptibility for unipolar affective disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George N Papadimitriou
- Athens University Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Siegfried Z, Kanyas K, Latzer Y, Karni O, Bloch M, Lerer B, Berry EM. Association study of cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) alleles and anorexia nervosa: differences between restricting and binging/purging subtypes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 125B:126-30. [PMID: 14755457 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe and disabling psychiatric disorder, characterized by profound weight loss and body image disturbance. Family and twin studies indicate a significant genetic contribution to this disorder although no genetic mutation has yet been identified. The endocannabinoid system has recently been implicated in many physiological functions including appetite regulation. We, therefore, undertook a family based study to test the hypothesis whether a polymorphism of the CNR1 gene, which encodes human CB1 receptor, a subclass of the central cannabinoid receptor, contributes to the susceptibility to AN. Fifty two families (parents with one or two affected siblings) were genotyped for the (AAT) trinucleotide repeat of CNR1 gene. Using the haplotype relative risk (HRR) method, the distribution of alleles transmitted to the patients was not found to be significantly different from the non-transmitted parental alleles. However, upon dividing the samples to restricting and binging/purging subtypes of AN, the extended transmission disequilibrium test (ETDT) revealed that there is preferential transmission of different alleles in each of the subtypes. The 14 repeat allele was preferentially transmitted in the binging/purging AN group (P = 0.05) but not in the restricting AN group, whereas the 13 repeat allele was preferentially transmitted in the restricting AN group (almost significant, P = 0.07) but not in the binging/purging AN group. Our study suggests that restricting AN and binging/purging AN may be associated with different alleles of the CNR1 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Siegfried
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolism, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nurnberger JI, Foroud T. Research Provides Direction in Ongoing Search for Genetic Links to Bipolar Disorder. Psychiatr Ann 2004. [DOI: 10.3928/0048-5713-20040101-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
22
|
Meira-Lima I, Jardim D, Junqueira R, Ikenaga E, Vallada H. Allelic association study between phospholipase A2 genes and bipolar affective disorder. Bipolar Disord 2003; 5:295-9. [PMID: 12895207 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-5618.2003.00025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In vivo studies demonstrating that lithium is a powerful phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor suggest that PLA2 activation, and subsequent cell signaling overactivation by increased fatty acid release may be the primary abnormality in bipolar affective disorder (BPAD), thus making PLA2 genes attractive candidates for the susceptibility to BPAD. The present study investigates polymorphisms in cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2), and secretory phospholipase (sPLA2) genes in a Brazilian sample. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed with 181 unrelated DSM-IIIR BPAD subjects and 312 controls. A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for BanI cPLA2 and AvrII iPLA2 polymorphisms was performed, and an ATT repeat in sPLA2 was assessed using a semiautomated genetic analyzer (ALFexpress). RESULTS There was no significant difference observed in the allelic and genotypic distribution between the BPAD and control groups for cPLA2 (genotype: chi2 = 0.8, 2df, p = 0.6; allele chi2 = 0, 1df, p = 0.9), iPLA2 (genotype: chi2 = 1.7, 2df, p = 0.4; allele: chi2 = 0.3, 1df, p = 0.6), and sPLA2 (allele: chi2 = 3.6, 6df, p = 0.8). CONCLUSION Our results failed to demonstrate that the studied PLA2 polymorphisms were associated with an increased risk for BPAD in our sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivanor Meira-Lima
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Meira-Lima IV, Vallada H. [Genes related to phospholipid metabolism as risk factors related to bipolar affective disorder]. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PSIQUIATRIA (SAO PAULO, BRAZIL : 1999) 2003; 25:51-5. [PMID: 12975680 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462003000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The studies of genetic epidemiology provides consistent evidence of genetic factors having a major role on the risk for the bipolar affective disorder, although, vulnerability genes have not yet been identified in unequivocal form. The authors show that phospholipids play an important role in the cellular signalling processes, besides this, some studies with mood-stabilisers neurochemistry suggest that these drugs act in the phospholipase regulated signalling views. They conclude that analysis of gene variants that code enzymes of the phospholipids metabolism as potential susceptibility genes can extend the knowledge concerning the risk factors and the physiopatological mechanisms underling this mood disturbance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivanor V Meira-Lima
- Laboratório de Neurociências. Instituto de Psiquiatria Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bosetti F, Rintala J, Seemann R, Rosenberger TA, Contreras MA, Rapoport SI, Chang MC. Chronic lithium downregulates cyclooxygenase-2 activity and prostaglandin E(2) concentration in rat brain. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 7:845-50. [PMID: 12232777 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2001] [Revised: 01/17/2002] [Accepted: 02/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rats treated with lithium chloride for 6 weeks have been reported to demonstrate reduced turnover of arachidonic acid (AA) in brain phospholipids, and decreases in mRNA and protein levels, and enzyme activity, of AA-selective cytosolic phospholipase A(2)(cPLA(2)). We now report that chronic lithium administration to rats significantly reduced the brain protein level and enzyme activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), without affecting COX-2 mRNA. Lithium also reduced the brain concentration of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), a bioactive product of AA formed via the COX reaction. COX-1 and the Ca(2+)-independent iPLA(2) (type VI) were unaffected by lithium. These and prior results indicate that lithium targets a part of the AA cascade that involves cPLA(2) and COX-2. This effect may contribute to lithium's therapeutic action in bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Bosetti
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg 10 Rm. 6N202, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ujike H, Takaki M, Nakata K, Tanaka Y, Takeda T, Kodama M, Fujiwara Y, Sakai A, Kuroda S. CNR1, central cannabinoid receptor gene, associated with susceptibility to hebephrenic schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7:515-8. [PMID: 12082570 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2001] [Revised: 10/13/2001] [Accepted: 11/13/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To examine the cannabinoid hypothesis for pathogenesis of schizophrenia, we examined two kinds of polymorphisms of the CNR1 gene, which encodes human CB1 receptor, a subclass of central cannabinoid receptors, in schizophrenics and age-matched controls in the Japanese population. Allelic and genotypic distributions of polymorphism 1359G/A at codon 453 in the coding region and AAT triplet repeats in the 3' flanking region in the Japanese population were quite different from those in Caucasians. Although the polymorphism 1359G/A was not associated with schizophrenia, the triplet repeat polymorphism of the CNR1 gene was significantly associated with schizophrenia, especially the hebephrenic subtype (P = 0.0028). Hebephrenic schizophrenia showed significantly increased rate of the 9 repeat allele (P = 0.032, OR = 2.30, 95% CI (1.91-2.69)), and decreased rate of the 17 repeat allele (P = 0.011, OR = 0.208, 95% CI (0.098-0.439)). The present findings indicated that certain alleles or genotypes of the CNR1 gene may confer a susceptibility of schizophrenia, especially of the hebephrenic type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ujike
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Gene finding in genetically complex diseases has been difficult as a result of many factors that have diagnostic and methodologic considerations. For bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, numerous family, twin, and adoption studies have identified a strong genetic component to these behavioral psychiatric disorders. Despite difficulties that include diagnostic differences between sample populations and the lack of statistical significance in many individual studies, several promising patterns have emerged, suggesting that true susceptibility loci for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder may have been identified. In this review, the genetic epidemiology of these disorders is covered as well as linkage findings on chromosomes 4, 12, 13, 18, 21, and 22 in bipolar disorder and on chromosomes 1, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, and 22 in schizophrenia. The sequencing of the human genome and identification of numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) should substantially enhance the ability of investigators to identify disease-causing genes in these areas of the genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Sklar
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital and Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tsai SJ, Wang YC, Hong CJ. Association study between cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) and pathogenesis and psychotic symptoms of mood disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 105:219-21. [PMID: 11353438 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis can induce mood change and sometimes psychotic symptoms in normal persons. In brain, the main active ingredient of cannabis acts via the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CNR1) which is located on chromosome 6q14-15. Linkage studies have suggested the presence of a bipolar disorder susceptibility locus on chromosome 6q. In this population based association study, we tested the hypothesis that a microsatellite polymorphism in the promoter region of the CNR1 gene confers susceptibility to mood disorders and psychotic features. We genotyped the CNR1 gene is 154 mood disorder patients and 165 normal controls. The results showed that the triplet repeat polymorphism in the promoter region of the CNR1 gene was not likely to be involved in the pathogenesis or in the psychotic symptoms of mood disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan ROC.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cordeiro Q, Werebe DM, Vallada H. Darier's disease: a new paradigm for genetic studies in psychiatric disorders. SAO PAULO MED J 2000; 118:201-3. [PMID: 11120554 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802000000600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT One strategy for identifying susceptibility genes for common disorders is to investigate Mendelian diseases, cosegregating with these common disease phenotypes. CASE REPORT A family with seven members is described, in which three members present Darier's disease and depression. This apparent cosegregation, if true, would support the hypothesis that in some pedigrees, a gene for mood disorder may be located on chromosome 12.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Cordeiro
- Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bennett CN, Horrobin DF. Gene targets related to phospholipid and fatty acid metabolism in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders: an update. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2000; 63:47-59. [PMID: 10970713 DOI: 10.1054/plef.2000.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids make up about 60% of the brain's dry weight and play key roles in many brain signal tranduction mechanisms. A recent review(1)identified the increasing evidence that abnormal phospholipid and related fatty acid metabolism may contribute to illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This current paper reviews the main pathways of phospholipid metabolism, emphasizing the role of phospholipases of the A2 in signal tranduction processes. It also updates the chromosomal locations of regions likely to be involved in these disorders, and relates these to the known locations of genes directly or indirectly involved in phospholipid and fatty acid metabolism.
Collapse
|
30
|
Morissette J, Villeneuve A, Bordeleau L, Rochette D, Laberge C, Gagné B, Laprise C, Bouchard G, Plante M, Gobeil L, Shink E, Weissenbach J, Barden N. Genome-wide search for linkage of bipolar affective disorders in a very large pedigree derived from a homogeneous population in quebec points to a locus of major effect on chromosome 12q23-q24. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 88:567-87. [PMID: 10490718 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19991015)88:5<567::aid-ajmg24>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We completed a genome-wide scan for susceptibility loci for bipolar affective disorders in families derived from a rather homogeneous population in the Province of Québec. The genetic homogeneity of this population stems from the migration of founding families into this relatively isolated area of Québec in the 1830s. A possible founder effect, combined with a prevalence of very large families, makes this population ideal for linkage studies. Genealogies for probands can be readily constructed from a population database of acts of baptism and marriage from the early 1830s up to the present time (the BALSAC register). We chose probands with a DSM III diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder and who may be grouped within large families having genealogical origins with the founding population of the Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean area. Living members (n approximately 120) of a very large pedigree were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM III (SCID I), SCID II, and with a family history questionnaire. A diagnostic panel evaluated multisource information (interview, medical records, family history) and pronounced best-estimate consensus diagnoses on all family members. Linkage, SimAPM, SimIBD, and sib-pair analyses have been performed with 332 microsatellite probes covering the entire genome at an average spacing of 11 cM. GENEHUNTER and haplotype analyses were performed on regions of interest. Analysis of a second large pedigree in the same regions of interest permitted confirmation of presumed linkages found in the region of chromosome 12q23-q24.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Morissette
- Neuroscience, CHUL Research Center and Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Horrobin DF, Bennett CN. New gene targets related to schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders: enzymes, binding proteins and transport proteins involved in phospholipid and fatty acid metabolism. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1999; 60:141-67. [PMID: 10359017 DOI: 10.1054/plef.1999.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids make up about 60% of the brain's dry weight. In spite of this, phospholipid metabolism has received relatively little attention from those seeking genetic factors involved in psychiatric and neurological disorders. However, there is now increasing evidence from many quarters that abnormal phospholipid and related fatty acid metabolism may contribute to illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. To date the possible specific proteins and genes involved have been relatively ill-defined. This paper reviews the main pathways of phospholipid metabolism, emphasizing the roles of phospholipases of the A2 and C series in signal transduction processes. It identifies some likely protein candidates for involvement in psychiatric and neurological disorders. It also reviews the chromosomal locations of regions likely to be involved in these disorders, and relates these to the known locations of genes directly or indirectly involved in phospholipid and fatty acid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D F Horrobin
- Laxdale Research, Kings Park House, Laurelhill Business Park, Stirling, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rice JP, Goate A, Williams JT, Bierut L, Dorr D, Wu W, Shears S, Gopalakrishnan G, Edenberg HJ, Foroud T, Nurnberger J, Gershon ES, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Goldin LR, Guroff JJ, McMahon FJ, Simpson S, MacKinnon D, McInnis M, Stine OC, DePaulo JR, Blehar MC, Reich T. Initial genome scan of the NIMH genetics initiative bipolar pedigrees: chromosomes 1, 6, 8, 10, and 12. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1997; 74:247-53. [PMID: 9184306 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970531)74:3<247::aid-ajmg3>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A report on an initial genome screen on 540 individuals in 97 families was collected as part of the NIMH Genetics Initiative on Bipolar Disorder. Families were ascertained to be informative for genetic linkage and underwent a common ascertainment and assessment protocol at four clinical sites. The sample was genotyped for 65 highly polymorphic markers from chromosomes 1, 6, 8, 10, and 12. The average intermarker interval was 16 cM. Genotypic data was analyzed using affected sib pair, multipoint affected sib pair, and pedigree analysis methods. Multipoint methods gave lod scores of approximately two on chromosomes 1, 6, and 10. The peak lod score on chromosome 6 occurred at the end of the q-arm, at some distance from the 6p24-22 area previously implicated for schizophrenia. We are currently genotyping additional markers to reduce the intermarker interval around the signals. The interpretation of results from a genome screen of a complex disorder and the problem of achieving a balance between detecting false positive results and the ability to detect genes of modest effect are discussed.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Bipolar Disorder/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Female
- Genetic Linkage
- Genetic Markers
- Genome, Human
- Genotype
- Humans
- Lod Score
- Male
- National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.)
- Nuclear Family
- Pedigree
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Software
- United States
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110-1093, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|