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Madaan P, Behl T, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Yadav S, Kaur S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Abdellatif AAH, Ashraf GM, Abdel-Daim MM, Dailah HG, Anwer MK, Bungau S. Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Purinergic and Orexinergic Receptors in Alcoholic Neuropathy. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:646-669. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Nutt D, Hayes A, Fonville L, Zafar R, Palmer EO, Paterson L, Lingford-Hughes A. Alcohol and the Brain. Nutrients 2021; 13:3938. [PMID: 34836193 PMCID: PMC8625009 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol works on the brain to produce its desired effects, e.g., sociability and intoxication, and hence the brain is an important organ for exploring subsequent harms. These come in many different forms such as the consequences of damage during intoxication, e.g., from falls and fights, damage from withdrawal, damage from the toxicity of alcohol and its metabolites and altered brain structure and function with implications for behavioral processes such as craving and addiction. On top of that are peripheral factors that compound brain damage such as poor diet, vitamin deficiencies leading to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Prenatal alcohol exposure can also have a profound impact on brain development and lead to irremediable changes of fetal alcohol syndrome. This chapter briefly reviews aspects of these with a particular focus on recent brain imaging results. Cardiovascular effects of alcohol that lead to brain pathology are not covered as they are dealt with elsewhere in the volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nutt
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK; (A.H.); (L.F.); (R.Z.); (E.O.C.P.); (L.P.); (A.L.-H.)
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Alcohol-Induced Neuropathy in Chronic Alcoholism: Causes, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-020-00214-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of the Review
Alcohol abuse causes a wide range of disorders that affect the nervous system. These include confusion, cerebellar ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, and cognitive impairment. Chronic and excessive alcohol consumption is the primary cause of peripheral neuropathy. It is worth noting that peripheral neuropathy has no reliable treatment due to the poor understanding of its pathology.
Recent Findings
Coasting is a major feature of alcoholic neuropathy, largely due to chronic alcohol abuse. Its major features are hyperalgesia, allodynia, and burning pain. Even though much research was done in this area, still we do not have a full understanding of the mechanism of alcoholic neuropathy. However, some theories have been proposed. These include direct or indirect effects of alcohol metabolites, impaired axonal transport, suppressed excitatory nerve pathway activity, or imbalance in neurotransmitters. Activation of spinal cord microglia, mGlu5 spinal cord receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis also seem to be implicated in the pathophysiology of this alcoholic neuropathy. The goal of treatment is to impede further damage to the peripheral nerves while also restoring their normal physiology. Alcohol abstinence, intake of balanced diets, and treatment with medications are suggested including benfotiamine, alpha-lipoic acid, acetyl-l-carnitine, vitamin E, methylcobalamin, myo-inositol, N-acetylcysteine, capsaicin, tricyclic antidepressants, or antiepileptic drugs.
Summary
This review focuses on the many pathways that play a role in the onset and development of alcohol-induced neuropathy, as well as present the possible treatment strategies of this disorder, providing insights into a further search of new treatment modalities.
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Mechanisms of small nerve fiber pathology. Neurosci Lett 2020; 737:135316. [PMID: 32828814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Small fiber pathology is increasingly recognized as a potential contributor to neuropathic pain in different clinical syndromes, however, the underlying mechanisms leading to nociceptor sensitization and degeneration are unclear. With the diversity in clinical pain phenotypes and etiology of small fiber pathology, individual mechanisms are assumed, but are not yet fully understood. The thinly-myelinated Aδ- and unmyelinated C-nerve fibers are mainly affected and clinically require special small fiber test methods to capture functional, morphological, and electrophysiological alterations. Several methods have been established and implemented in clinical practice in the last years. In parallel, experimental and in vitro test systems have been developed allowing important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying nociceptor sensitization and degeneration as main hallmarks of small fiber pathology. In our narrative review, we focus on these methods and current knowledge, and provide a synopsis of the achievements made so far in this exciting field.
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Băbţan AM, Ilea A, Boşca BA, Crişan M, Petrescu NB, Collino M, Sainz RM, Gerlach JQ, Câmpian RS. Advanced glycation end products as biomarkers in systemic diseases: premises and perspectives of salivary advanced glycation end products. Biomark Med 2019; 13:479-495. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2018-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are glycated proteins associated with high dry temperature food processing, coloring and flavor modification of food products. Previous studies on diet-related disease support the role of the glycation products as biomarkers in local and general proinflammatory response. Exogenous and endogenous AGEs are involved in chronic low-level inflammation, which underlies the onset of metabolic syndrome influenced by food intake, there by demonstrating their implication in diet-related pathologies. Although studies have revealed a strong association between the accumulation of AGEs and the occurrence/worsening of metabolic diseases, their routine use for the diagnosis or monitoring of local and general disease has not yet been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anida M Băbţan
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Oral Health & Dental Office Management, Faculty of Dentistry, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine & Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Victor Babe? Street, no 15, 400012, Romania
| | - Aranka Ilea
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Oral Health & Dental Office Management, Faculty of Dentistry, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine & Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Victor Babe? Street, no 15, 400012, Romania
| | - Bianca A Boşca
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine & Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Louis Pasteur Street, no 4, Cluj-Napoca, 400349, Romania
| | - Maria Crişan
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine & Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Louis Pasteur Street, no 4, Cluj-Napoca, 400349, Romania
| | - Nausica B Petrescu
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Oral Health & Dental Office Management, Faculty of Dentistry, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine & Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Victor Babe? Street, no 15, 400012, Romania
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Drug Science & Technology, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 33, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Rosa M Sainz
- Department of Morphology & Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, Campus del Cristo. C/Julián Clavería 6. 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jared Q Gerlach
- Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
| | - Radu S Câmpian
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Oral Health & Dental Office Management, Faculty of Dentistry, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine & Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Victor Babe? Street, no 15, 400012, Romania
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Gu X, Cai Z, Cai M, Liu K, Liu D, Zhang Q, Tan J, Ma Q. AMPK/SIRT1/p38 MAPK signaling pathway regulates alcohol‑induced neurodegeneration by resveratrol. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5402-5408. [PMID: 29393425 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol has also been approved for use in enhancing plant disease resistance and reducing pesticide use. A number of studies have shown that the disease resistance of crops treated with resveratrol is markedly improved. The aim of the present study was to examine the protective effect of resveratrol against alcohol‑induced neurodegeneration occurred and its association with AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK)/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/p38 in rats and humans. ELISA, caspase‑3 activity and western blot analyses were employed in the present study. Sprague‑Dawley rats and human neuroblastoma SH‑SY5Y cells were treated with alcohol to establish the alcohol‑induced model. Resveratrol protected against alcohol‑induced neuron damage in the hippocampus of the rats. Treatment with resveratrol also inhibited the alcohol‑induced inflammatory response, oxidative stress, caspase‑3 activities and B‑cell lymphoma (Bcl‑2)‑associated X protein/Bcl‑2 in the alcohol‑induced rat. Resveratrol also reduced the upregulated protein expression of AMPK and SIRT1, preventing the pro‑apoptotic alcohol‑induced protein expression of p38 in the rats exposed to alcohol. The downregulation of AMPK suppressed the expression of SIRT1 and activated the expression of p38 in the SH‑SY5Y cell model. Taken together, the data obtained suggested that resveratrol protected against alcohol‑induced neurodegeneration via the AMPK/SIRT1/p38 pathway in rats and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Zhengxu Cai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Ming Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Qinsong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
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Cholinergic System and Oxidative Stress Changes in the Brain of a Zebrafish Model Chronically Exposed to Ethanol. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:749-758. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Song BJ, Akbar M, Abdelmegeed MA, Byun K, Lee B, Yoon SK, Hardwick JP. Mitochondrial dysfunction and tissue injury by alcohol, high fat, nonalcoholic substances and pathological conditions through post-translational protein modifications. Redox Biol 2015; 3:109-23. [PMID: 25465468 PMCID: PMC4297931 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critically important in providing cellular energy ATP as well as their involvement in anti-oxidant defense, fat oxidation, intermediary metabolism and cell death processes. It is well-established that mitochondrial functions are suppressed when living cells or organisms are exposed to potentially toxic agents including alcohol, high fat diets, smoking and certain drugs or in many pathophysiological states through increased levels of oxidative/nitrative stress. Under elevated nitroxidative stress, cellular macromolecules proteins, DNA, and lipids can undergo different oxidative modifications, leading to disruption of their normal, sometimes critical, physiological functions. Recent reports also indicated that many mitochondrial proteins are modified via various post-translation modifications (PTMs) and primarily inactivated. Because of the recently-emerging information, in this review, we specifically focus on the mechanisms and roles of five major PTMs (namely oxidation, nitration, phosphorylation, acetylation, and adduct formation with lipid-peroxides, reactive metabolites, or advanced glycation end products) in experimental models of alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as well as acute hepatic injury caused by toxic compounds. We also highlight the role of the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) in some of these PTM changes. Finally, we discuss translational research opportunities with natural and/or synthetic anti-oxidants, which can prevent or delay the onset of mitochondrial dysfunction, fat accumulation and tissue injury. Hepatotoxic agents including alcohol and high fat elevate nitroxidative stress. Increased nitroxidative stress promotes post-translational protein modifications. Post-translational protein modifications of many proteins lead to their inactivation. Inactivation of mitochondrial proteins contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to necrotic or apoptotic tissue injury.
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Pereira RB, Andrade PB, Valentão P. A Comprehensive View of the Neurotoxicity Mechanisms of Cocaine and Ethanol. Neurotox Res 2015; 28:253-67. [PMID: 26105693 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Substance use disorder is an emerging problem concerning to human health, causing severe side effects, including neurotoxicity. The use of illegal drugs and the misuse of prescription or over-the-counter drugs are growing in this century, being one of the major public health problems. Ethanol and cocaine are one of the most frequently used drugs and, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, their concurrent consumption is one of the major causes for emergency hospital room visits. These molecules act in the brain through different mechanisms, altering the nervous system function. Researchers have focused the attention not just in the mechanism of action of these drugs, but also in the mechanism by which they damage the nervous tissue (neurotoxicity). Therefore, the goal of the present review is to provide a global perspective about the mechanisms of the neurotoxicity of cocaine and ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato B Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Long-term, excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages produces a peripheral neuropathy with symptoms of decreased superficial sensation, hyperalgesia, and weakness. Alcoholic neuropathy is characterized by axonal degeneration with reduced density of both small and large fibers and axonal sprouting. Electrophysiologic studies reveal a marked reduction in the amplitude of sensory potentials and moderate slowing of nerve conduction, mainly in the lower extremities. Dietary deficiency of vitamins, which are often associated with chronic alcoholism, can contribute to the pathogenesis. Recent studies using animal models have identified several mechanisms by which ethanol impacts peripheral nerve function. Ethanol can exert direct neurotoxic effects on peripheral nerves via its metabolite acetaldehyde and by enhancing oxidative stress. Ethanol activation of protein kinase Cε signaling in primary afferent nociceptors plays an important role in lowering nociceptive threshold. Further, ethanol causes cytoskeletal dysfunction and inhibits both anterograde and retrograde axonal transport. Alcoholic neuropathy is potentially reversible and treatments include abstinence from alcoholic beverages and consumption of a nutritionally balanced diet supplemented with B vitamins. However, response to these treatment strategies can be variable, which underscores the need for novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we provide an overview of the clinical findings and insights on molecular mechanisms from animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani P Maiya
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
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Chopra K, Tiwari V. Alcoholic neuropathy: possible mechanisms and future treatment possibilities. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 73:348-62. [PMID: 21988193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption produces painful peripheral neuropathy for which there is no reliable successful therapy, mainly due to lack of understanding of its pathobiology. Alcoholic neuropathy involves coasting caused by damage to nerves that results from long term excessive drinking of alcohol and is characterized by spontaneous burning pain, hyperalgesia and allodynia. The mechanism behind alcoholic neuropathy is not well understood, but several explanations have been proposed. These include activation of spinal cord microglia after chronic alcohol consumption, oxidative stress leading to free radical damage to nerves, activation of mGlu5 receptors in the spinal cord and activation of the sympathoadrenal and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Nutritional deficiency (especially thiamine deficiency) and/or the direct toxic effect of alcohol or both have also been implicated in alcohol-induced neuropathic pain. Treatment is directed towards halting further damage to the peripheral nerves and restoring their normal functioning. This can be achieved by alcohol abstinence and a nutritionally balanced diet supplemented by all B vitamins. However, in the setting of ongoing alcohol use, vitamin supplementation alone has not been convincingly shown to be sufficient for improvement in most patients. The present review is focused around the multiple pathways involved in the development of peripheral neuropathy associated with chronic alcohol intake and the different therapeutic agents which may find a place in the therapeutic armamentarium for both prevention and management of alcoholic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwaljit Chopra
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Center of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160 014, India.
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Barea F, Bonatto D. Relationships among carbohydrate intermediate metabolites and DNA damage and repair in yeast from a systems biology perspective. Mutat Res 2008; 642:43-56. [PMID: 18513759 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 04/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Glucose and fructose are major dietary carbohydrates that are essential for general metabolism. The elevated consumption of these two monosaccharides by the human population is related to the development of pluri-metabolic syndromes (e.g., diabetes mellitus and obesity). Glucose and fructose are metabolized by specific biochemical pathways to generate energy and metabolites. Many of these metabolites are mono- and bi-phosphorylated compounds, which renders them likely to generate reactive carbonyl species (RCS). Under physiological conditions, RCS react non-enzymatically with macromolecules and small molecules by means of Maillard reactions, forming stable glycated/fructated compounds called advanced glycation end products (AGEs). DNA and dNTPs are prone to react with RCS, forming DNA- and dNTP-AGEs, and many of these compounds are genotoxic and/or mutagenic. Unfortunately, little is understood about the genotoxicity and/or mutagenicity of carbohydrate intermediate metabolites or their interactions with DNA repair and carbohydrate metabolic-associated proteins. To elucidate these associations between carbohydrate metabolic pathways, DNA repair mechanisms, and dNTP-/DNA-AGEs, a systems biology study was performed by employing algorithms to mine literature data and construct physical protein-protein interactions. The results obtained in this work allow us to construct a model suggesting that yeast carbohydrate metabolic-associated enzymes activate different mechanisms for DNA repair and dNTP synthesis and act during DNA replication to protect the genome against the effects of RCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Barea
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
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Vetter I, Wyse BD, Roberts-Thomson SJ, Monteith GR, Cabot PJ. Mechanisms involved in potentiation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 responses by ethanol. Eur J Pain 2007; 12:441-54. [PMID: 17826200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 or TRPV1 is a calcium-permeable ion channel that is activated by capsaicin, the active component of hot chilli peppers, and is involved in the development of inflammatory and neuropathic hyperalgesias. Ethanol can sensitise TRPV1-mediated responses, but the pathways contributing to the potentiation of TRPV1 by ethanol have not been clearly defined. Since the mu opioid receptor (MOP) agonist morphine can inhibit TRPV1 responses potentiated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), and ethanol-mediated modulation of other ion channels involves activation of PKA, we aimed to assess the contribution of MOP-sensitive pathways to the potentiation of TRPV1-mediated capsaicin responses by ethanol. Calcium responses elicited by the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin were potentiated by treatment with ethanol, but morphine was not able to inhibit ethanol-sensitised capsaicin responses. Indeed, cAMP-dependent PKA did not appear to contribute to potentiation of TRPV1 responses by ethanol, as the PKA inhibitor Rp-cAMPS did not inhibit ethanol-potentiated capsaicin responses. Similarly, treatment with specific PKC and PI3K inhibitors did not affect capsaicin responses in the presence of ethanol. However, treatment with wortmannin at concentrations reported to cause PIP2 depletion limited the ability of ethanol to sensitise TRPV1-mediated capsaicin responses. Among other plausible mechanisms, such as non-specific inhibition of kinases including mTOR, DNA-PK, MLCK, MAPK and polo-like kinases, this suggests that ethanol may affect the PIP2-TRPV1 interaction. This was confirmed by inhibition of ethanol-potentiation by the PLC inhibitor U73122. The results presented here suggest that morphine may be of limited use in inhibiting nociceptive TRPV1 responses that have been sensitised by exposure to ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Vetter
- The School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The concept of alcoholic neuropathy has been obscured because of an often undetected or overestimated influence of thiamine deficiency. We describe clinicopathologic features of alcoholic neuropathy, taking the effect of thiamine status into consideration, and recent progress associated with the pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical features of alcoholic neuropathy without thiamine deficiency are characterized by slowly progressive, sensory-dominant symptoms. Superficial sensation is predominantly impaired and painful symptoms are the major complaint. Pathologic features are characterized by small-fiber-predominant axonal loss. In contrast, the clinicopathologic features of alcoholic neuropathy with concomitant thiamine deficiency are variable, constituting a spectrum ranging from a picture of a pure form of alcoholic neuropathy to a presentation of nonalcoholic thiamine-deficiency neuropathy. One possible mediator of the direct neurotoxic effects among the metabolites of ethanol is acetaldehyde. Axonal transport and cytoskeletal properties are impaired by ethanol exposure. Protein kinase A and protein kinase C may also play a role in the pathogenesis, especially in association with painful symptoms. SUMMARY Nutritional deficiency as well as the direct neurotoxic effects of ethanol or its metabolites can cause alcoholic neuropathy. Although clinicopathologic features of the pure form of alcoholic neuropathy are uniform, they show extensive variation when thiamine deficiency is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Koike
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Chuyen NV. Toxicity of the AGEs generated from the Maillard reaction: On the relationship of food-AGEs and biological-AGEs. Mol Nutr Food Res 2006; 50:1140-9. [PMID: 17131455 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200600144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are generated in the late stages of Maillard reaction in foods and biological systems. These products are mostly formed by the reactions of reducing sugar or degradation products of carbohydrates, lipids, and ascorbic acid. AGEs exist in high concentration in foods, but in relatively low concentrations in most of the biological systems. Recently, some AGEs have been reported to be toxic, and were proposed to be causative factors for various kinds of diseases, especially diabetes and kidney disorder, through the association with receptor of AGE (RAGE). It has also been reported that food-derived AGEs (food-AGEs) may not be a causative factor for pro-oxidation. However, the relationship of food-AGEs and biological-derived AGEs (biological-AGEs) is not clear. In this review, the following issues are discussed: the formation of AGEs in foods and biological systems; identification of the main AGEs in foods and biological systems; absorption of food-AGEs; the effects of AGEs in vivo; relationship between food-AGEs and biological-AGEs; possible defense mechanism against AGEs in vivo and finally, the problems to be solved concerning the toxicity of AGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Chuyen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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