1
|
Prates-Costa TC, Oliveira MD, Fazan R, Salgado HC, Becari C. Impact of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on hemodynamic and autonomic profile of elastase-2 knockout mice. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e11774. [PMID: 35319673 PMCID: PMC8939506 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e11774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastase-2 (ELA-2) is an angiotensin II-generating enzyme that participates in the cardiovascular system. ELA-2 is involved in hemodynamic and autonomic control and is upregulated in myocardial infarction and hypertension. The inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) increased ELA-2 expression in the carotid arteries and heart of spontaneously hypertensive rats. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of ACE inhibition in hemodynamic and autonomic balance in elastase-2 knockout (ELA-2 KO) mice. Male ELA-2 KO and C57BL/6 mice were treated with the ACE inhibitor enalapril or saline for 10 days. After treatment, mice underwent surgery for cannulation of the femoral artery and arterial pressure recordings were made five days later in awake animals. The variability of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse interval (PI) was evaluated in the time and frequency domain. Spontaneous baroreflex was assessed by the sequencing method. ACE inhibition caused a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure (117±2.2 vs 100±2.8 mmHg) and an increase in heart rate (570±32 vs 655±15 bpm) in ELA-2 KO mice. Despite a tendency towards reduction in the overall heart rate variability (standard deviation of successive values: 7.6±1.1 vs 4.7±0.6 ms, P=0.08), no changes were found in the root of the mean sum of squares or in the power of the high-frequency band. ACE inhibition did not change the spontaneous baroreflex indices (gain and baroreflex effectiveness index) in ELA-2 KO mice. Altogether, this data suggested that ACE played a role in the maintenance of hemodynamic function in ELA-2 KO mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Prates-Costa
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - M de Oliveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - R Fazan
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - H C Salgado
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - C Becari
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Polonis K, Becari C, Chahal CAA, Zhang Y, Allen AM, Kellogg TA, Somers VK, Singh P. Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Triggers a Senescence-like Phenotype in Human White Preadipocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6846. [PMID: 32321999 PMCID: PMC7176724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder associated with obesity. Emerging evidence suggest that OSA increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality partly via accelerating the process of cellular aging. Thus, we sought to examine the effects of intermittent hypoxia (IH), a hallmark of OSA, on senescence in human white preadipocytes. We demonstrate that chronic IH is associated with an increased generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species along with increased prevalence of cells with nuclear localization of γH2AX & p16. A higher prevalence of cells positive for senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity was also evident with chronic IH exposure. Intervention with aspirin, atorvastatin or renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors effectively attenuated IH-mediated senescence-like phenotype. Importantly, the validity of in vitro findings was confirmed by examination of the subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue which showed that OSA patients had a significantly higher percentage of cells with nuclear localization of γH2AX & p16 than non-OSA individuals (20.1 ± 10.8% vs. 10.3 ± 2.7%, Padjusted < 0.001). Furthermore, the frequency of dual positive γH2AX & p16 nuclei in adipose tissue of OSA patients receiving statin, aspirin, and/or RAS inhibitors was comparable to non-OSA individuals. This study identifies chronic IH as a trigger of senescence-like phenotype in preadipocytes. Together, our data suggest that OSA may be considered as a senescence-related disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Polonis
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA
| | - Christiane Becari
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - C Anwar A Chahal
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, MN, Rochester, USA
| | - Yuebo Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA
| | - Alina M Allen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA
| | | | - Virend K Somers
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA
| | - Prachi Singh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA.
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LA, Baton Rouge, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Elastase-2 Knockout Mice Display Anxiogenic- and Antidepressant-Like Phenotype: Putative Role for BDNF Metabolism in Prefrontal Cortex. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7062-7071. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
4
|
Becari C, Durand MT, Guimaraes AO, Lataro RM, Prado CM, de Oliveira M, Candido SCO, Pais P, Ribeiro MS, Bader M, Pesquero JB, Salgado MCO, Salgado HC. Elastase-2, a Tissue Alternative Pathway for Angiotensin II Generation, Plays a Role in Circulatory Sympathovagal Balance in Mice. Front Physiol 2017; 8:170. [PMID: 28386233 PMCID: PMC5363176 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro and ex vivo experiments indicate that elastase-2 (ELA-2), a chymotrypsin-serine protease elastase family member 2A, is an alternative pathway for angiotensin II (Ang II) generation. However, the role played by ELA-2 in vivo is unclear. We examined ELA-2 knockout (ELA-2KO) mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice and determined whether ELA-2 played a role in hemodynamics [arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR)], cardiocirculatory sympathovagal balance and baroreflex sensitivity. The variability of systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and pulse interval (PI) for evaluating autonomic modulation was examined for time and frequency domains (spectral analysis), whereas a symbolic analysis was also used to evaluate PI variability. In addition, baroreflex sensitivity was examined using the sequence method. Cardiac function was evaluated echocardiographically under anesthesia. The AP was normal whereas the HR was reduced in ELA-2KO mice (425 ± 17 vs. 512 ± 13 bpm from WT). SAP variability and baroreflex sensitivity were similar in both strains. The LF power from the PI spectrum (33.6 ± 5 vs. 51.8 ± 4.8 nu from WT) and the LF/HF ratio (0.60 ± 0.1 vs. 1.45 ± 0.3 from WT) were reduced, whereas the HF power was increased (66.4 ± 5 vs. 48.2 ± 4.8 nu from WT) in ELA-2KO mice, indicating a shift toward parasympathetic modulation of HR. Echocardiographic examination showed normal fractional shortening and an ejection fraction in ELA-2KO mice; however, the cardiac output, stroke volume, and ventricular size were reduced. These findings provide the first evidence that ELA-2 acts on the sympathovagal balance of the heart, as expressed by the reduced sympathetic modulation of HR in ELA-2KO mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Becari
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA
| | - Marina T Durand
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Medicine, University of Ribeirão PretoRibeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alessander O Guimaraes
- Max Delbruck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlin, Germany; Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata M Lataro
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cibele M Prado
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mauro de Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sarai C O Candido
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Paloma Pais
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mauricio S Ribeiro
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbruck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-University Medicine BerlinBerlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Joao B Pesquero
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C O Salgado
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Helio C Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Becari C, Silva MAB, Durand MT, Prado CM, Oliveira EB, Ribeiro MS, Salgado HC, Salgado MCO, Tostes RC. Elastase-2, an angiotensin II-generating enzyme, contributes to increased angiotensin II in resistance arteries of mice with myocardial infarction. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1104-1115. [PMID: 28222221 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Angiotensin II (Ang II), whose generation largely depends on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, mediates most of the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) effects. Elastase-2 (ELA-2), a chymotrypsin-serine protease elastase family member 2A, alternatively generates Ang II in rat arteries. Myocardial infarction (MI) leads to intense RAS activation, but mechanisms involved in Ang II-generation in resistance arteries are unknown. We hypothesized that ELA-2 contributes to vascular Ang II generation and cardiac damage in mice subjected to MI. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Concentration-effect curves to Ang I and Ang II were performed in mesenteric resistance arteries from male wild type (WT) and ELA-2 knockout (ELA-2KO) mice subjected to left anterior descending coronary artery ligation (MI). KEY RESULTS MI size was similar in WT and ELA-2KO mice. Ejection fraction and fractional shortening after MI similarly decreased in both strains. However, MI decreased stroke volume and cardiac output in WT, but not in ELA-2KO mice. Ang I-induced contractions increased in WT mice subjected to MI (MI-WT) compared with sham-WT mice. No differences were observed in Ang I reactivity between arteries from ELA-2KO and ELA-2KO subjected to MI (MI-ELA-2KO). Ang I contractions increased in arteries from MI-WT versus MI-ELA-2KO mice. Chymostatin attenuated Ang I-induced vascular contractions in WT mice, but did not affect Ang I responses in ELA-2KO arteries. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results provide the first evidence that ELA-2 contributes to increased Ang II formation in resistance arteries and modulates cardiac function after MI, implicating ELA-2 as a key player in ACE-independent dysregulation of the RAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Becari
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.,Physiology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Marcondes A B Silva
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina T Durand
- Physiology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Cibele M Prado
- Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B Oliveira
- Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauricio S Ribeiro
- Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Helio C Salgado
- Physiology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rita C Tostes
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Becari C, Oliveira EB, Salgado MCO. Alternative pathways for angiotensin II generation in the cardiovascular system. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44:914-9. [PMID: 21956534 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical renin-angiotensin system (RAS) consists of enzymes and peptides that regulate blood pressure and electrolyte and fluid homeostasis. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is one of the most important and extensively studied components of the RAS. The beneficial effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, among other diseases, are well known. However, it has been reported that patients chronically treated with effective doses of these inhibitors do not show suppression of Ang II formation, suggesting the involvement of pathways alternative to ACE in the generation of Ang II. Moreover, the finding that the concentration of Ang II is preserved in the kidney, heart and lungs of mice with an ACE deletion indicates the important role of alternative pathways under basal conditions to maintain the levels of Ang II. Our group has characterized the serine protease elastase-2 as an alternative pathway for Ang II generation from Ang I in rats. A role for elastase-2 in the cardiovascular system was suggested by studies performed in heart and conductance and resistance vessels of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. This mini-review will highlight the pharmacological aspects of the RAS, emphasizing the role of elastase-2, an alternative pathway for Ang II generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Becari
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Becari C, Teixeira FR, Oliveira EB, Salgado MCO. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition augments the expression of rat elastase-2, an angiotensin II-forming enzyme. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H565-70. [PMID: 21602471 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00534.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggest that tissue levels of angiotensin (ANG) II are maintained in animals submitted to chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor treatment. We examined the expression levels of transcripts for elastase-2, a chymostatin-sensitive serine protease identified as the alternative pathway for ANG II generation from ANG I in the rat vascular tissue and the relative role of ACE-dependent and -independent pathways in generating ANG II in the rat isolated carotid artery rings of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar normotensive rats (WNR) treated with enalapril for 7 days. Enalapril treatment decreased blood pressure of SHR only and resulted in significantly more elastase-2 mRNA expression in carotid artery of both enalapril-treated WNR and SHR. Captopril induced a comparable rightward shift of concentration-response curves to ANG I in vehicle and enalapril-treated rats, although this effect was of lesser magnitude in SHR group. Chymostatin induced a rightward shift of the dose response to ANG I in vehicle-treated and a decrease in maximal effect of 22% in enalapril-treated WNR group. Maximal response induced by ANG I was remarkably reduced by chymostatin in enalapril-treated SHR carotid artery (by 80%) compared with controls (by 23%). Our data show that chronic ACE inhibition was associated with augmented functional role of non-ACE pathway in generating ANG II and increased elastase-2 gene expression, suggesting that this protease may contribute as an alternative pathway for ANG II generation when ACE is inhibited in the rat vascular tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Becari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bispo-da-Silva LB, Sivieri DO, Prado CM, Becari C, Stuckert-Seixas SR, Pereira HJV, Rossi MA, Oliveira EB, Salgado MCO. Cardiac mast cell proteases do not contribute to the regulation of the rat coronary vascular responsiveness to arterial delivered angiotensin I and II. Vascul Pharmacol 2010; 53:22-7. [PMID: 20307688 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac mast cells (MC) are apposed to capillaries within the heart and release renin and proteases capable of metabolizing angiotensins (Ang). Therefore, we hypothesized that mast cell degranulation could alter the rat coronary vascular responsiveness to the arterial delivered Ang I and Ang II, taking into account carboxypeptidase and chymase-1 activities. Hearts from animals that were either pretreated or not with systemic injection of the secretagogue compound 48/80 were isolated and mounted on a Langendorff apparatus to investigate coronary reactivity. The proteolytic activity of the cardiac perfusate from isolated hearts, pretreated or not with the secretagogue, toward Ang I and tetradecapeptide renin substrate was analyzed by HPLC. Coronary vascular reactivity to peptides was not affected by compound 48/80 pretreatment, despite the extensive amount of cardiac MC degranulation. Cardiac MC activation did not modify the generation of both Ang II and Ang 5-10 from Ang I by cardiac perfusate, activities that could be ascribed to MC carboxypeptidase and chymase-1, respectively. An aliskiren-resistant Ang I-forming activity was increased in perfusates from secretagogue-treated hearts. Thus, cardiac MC proteases capable of metabolizing angiotensins do not affect rat coronary reactivity to arterial delivered Ang I and II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz B Bispo-da-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oliveira TM, Sakai VT, Machado MAAM, Dionísio TJ, Cestari TM, Taga R, Amaral SL, Santos CF. COX-2 inhibition decreases VEGF expression and alveolar bone loss during the progression of experimental periodontitis in rats. J Periodontol 2008; 79:1062-9. [PMID: 18533784 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a macromolecule of importance in inflammation that has been implicated in periodontitis. The aims of this study were to investigate VEGF expression during the progression of periodontal disease and to evaluate the effect of a preferential cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor meloxicam on VEGF expression and alveolar bone loss in experimentally induced periodontitis. METHODS A total of 120 Wistar rats were randomly separated into groups 1 (control) and 2 (meloxicam, 3 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally, for 3, 7, 14, or 30 days). Silk ligatures were placed at the gingival margin level of the lower right first molar of all rats. VEGF expression was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot (WB), and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses. The hemiarcades were processed for histopathologic analysis. RT-PCR and WB results were submitted to analysis of variance, the Tukey test, and Pearson correlation analysis (P <0.05). RESULTS A reduction in alveolar bone resorption was observed in the meloxicam-treated group compared to the control group at all periods studied. There was a positive correlation between COX-2 mRNA and VEGF mRNA in the gingival tissues and periodontal disease (R = 0.80; P = 0.026). Meloxicam significantly reduced the increased mRNA VEGF expression in diseased tissues after 14 days of treatment (P = 0.023). Some alterations in VEGF receptor 1 mRNA expression were observed, but these were not statistically significant. VEGF protein expression in WB experiments was significantly higher in diseased sites compared to healthy sites (P <0.05). After 14 days of treatment with meloxicam, an important decrease in VEGF protein expression was detected in diseased tissues (P = 0.08). Qualitative IHC analysis revealed that VEGF protein expression was higher in diseased tissues and decreased in tissues from rats treated with meloxicam. CONCLUSIONS The present data suggest an important role for VEGF in the progression of periodontal disease. Systemic therapy with meloxicam can modify the progression of experimentally induced periodontitis in rats by reducing VEGF expression and alveolar bone loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thais M Oliveira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Community Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|