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Loizos M, Zhu CW, Akrivos J, Sewell M, Li C, Neugroschl J, Melnick J, Ljekocevic M, Martin J, Grossman H, Aloysi A, Schimming C, Sano M. Evaluating memory testing to distinguish dementia severity among White, Black, and Spanish-speaking individuals in the Uniform Data Set (UDS). Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:3625-3634. [PMID: 36840724 PMCID: PMC10440216 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little work has compared the effectiveness of using multiple types of memory tests alone or in combination to distinguish dementia severity in diverse research cohorts including Black individuals and Spanish speakers. Here we evaluate word list and paragraph recall tests to distinguish cognitively normal, mild cognitively impaired, and those with Alzheimer's disease in diverse cohorts. METHODS Using Uniform Data Set (UDS) and site-specific supplemental data, logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve were used to compare paragraph recall versus word list in differentiating among Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale level. RESULTS Results reveal high discriminability for all groups and no difference between either test in distinguishing between CDR levels. Combining tests improved discriminability for the whole group but did not for Black individuals or Spanish speakers. DISCUSSION Our findings indicate that using multiple memory tests may not improve differentiation between cognitive impairment levels for diverse cohorts. The burden of added testing may be a barrier for maximizing inclusion of under-represented groups in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Loizos
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Carolyn W. Zhu
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jimmy Akrivos
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | | | - Clara Li
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | | | | | | | - Jane Martin
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Hillel Grossman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Amy Aloysi
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Corbett Schimming
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mary Sano
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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Bryant J, Freund M, Ries N, Garvey G, McGhie A, Zucca A, Hoberg H, Passey M, Sanson-Fisher R. Volume, scope, and consideration of ethical issues in Indigenous cognitive impairment and dementia research: A systematic scoping review of studies published between 2000-2021. DEMENTIA 2022; 21:2647-2676. [PMID: 36054372 DOI: 10.1177/14713012221119594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High quality research involving Indigenous people with cognitive impairment and dementia is critical for informing evidence-based policy and practice. We examined the volume, scope and ethical considerations of research related to dementia with Indigenous populations globally from January 2000-December 2021. METHODS Studies were included if they were published in English from 2000 to 2021 and provided original data that focused on cognitive impairment or dementia in any Indigenous population. RESULTS The search yielded 13,009 papers of which, 76 met inclusion criteria. The overall number of papers increased over time. Studies were mostly conducted in Australia with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (n = 30; 39%). Twenty-six papers directly involved Indigenous participants with cognitive impairment or dementia. Of these studies, ethics approval was commonly required from two or more committees (n = 23, 88.5%). Ethical and legal governance frameworks were rarely discussed. DISCUSSION There is a clear need for further robust studies examining cognitive impairment and dementia with Indigenous populations. Future research should consider the ethical aspects of involving Indigenous participants with cognitive impairment in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Bryant
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, 5982University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, 5982University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Equity in Health & Wellbeing Research Program, 454568Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan Freund
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, 5982University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, 5982University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Equity in Health & Wellbeing Research Program, 454568Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Nola Ries
- Faculty of Law, 1994University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gail Garvey
- Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Diseases Division, Charles Darwin University, 10095Menzies School of Health Research, Causarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Alexandra McGhie
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, 5982University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, 5982University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Equity in Health & Wellbeing Research Program, 454568Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison Zucca
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, 5982University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, 5982University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Equity in Health & Wellbeing Research Program, 454568Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Hana Hoberg
- Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Diseases Division, Charles Darwin University, 10095Menzies School of Health Research, Causarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Megan Passey
- University Centre for Rural Health, University of Sydney, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Rob Sanson-Fisher
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, 5982University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, 5982University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Equity in Health & Wellbeing Research Program, 454568Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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Olson NL, Albensi BC. Race- and Sex-Based Disparities in Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Trial Enrollment in the United States and Canada: An Indigenous Perspective. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2020; 4:325-344. [PMID: 33024940 PMCID: PMC7504979 DOI: 10.3233/adr-200214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Randomized clinical trials (RCT) involve labor-intensive, highly regulated, and controlled processes intended to transform scientific concepts into clinical outcomes. To be effective and targeted, it is imperative they include those populations who would most benefit from those outcomes. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is most detrimental to the aging population, and its clinical manifestation is influenced by socio-economic factors such as poverty, poor education, stress, and chronic co-morbidities. Indigenous populations in the United States and Canada are among the minority populations most influenced by poor socio-economic conditions and are prone to the ravages of AD, with Indigenous women carrying the added burden of exposure to violence, caregiving stresses, and increased risk by virtue of their sex. Race- and sex-based disparities in RCT enrollment has occurred for decades, with Indigenous men and women very poorly represented. In this review, we examined literature from the last twenty years that reinforce these disparities and provide some concrete suggestions and guidelines to increase the enrollment numbers in AD RCT among this vulnerable and poorly represented population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Olson
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Hankee LD, Preis SR, Piers RJ, Beiser AS, Devine SA, Liu Y, Seshadri S, Wolf PA, Au R. Population Normative Data for the CERAD Word List and Victoria Stroop Test in Younger- and Middle-Aged Adults: Cross-Sectional Analyses from the Framingham Heart Study. Exp Aging Res 2017; 42:315-28. [PMID: 27410241 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2016.1191838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/STUDY CONTEXT To provide baseline normative data on tests of verbal memory and executive function for nondemented younger- and middle-aged adults. METHODS The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease word list memory task (CERAD-WL) and Victoria Stroop Test (VST) were administered to 3362 Framingham Heart Study (FHS) volunteer participants aged 24-78 years. Analyses of the effects of age, gender, and education were conducted. Normative data on traditional measures and error responses are reported for each test. RESULTS Traditional measures were significantly associated with both age and education in this cohort. Error responses also evidenced significant age and education effects. CONCLUSION These data provide a normative comparison for assessment of verbal memory and executive functioning capabilities in younger- and middle-aged adults and may be utilized as a tool for preclinical studies of disease in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Hankee
- a Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,b Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Sarah R Preis
- b Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts , USA.,c Boston University School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Ryan J Piers
- a Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,b Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Alexa S Beiser
- a Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,b Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts , USA.,c Boston University School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Sherral A Devine
- a Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,b Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Yulin Liu
- a Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,b Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- a Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,b Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Philip A Wolf
- a Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,b Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Rhoda Au
- a Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,b Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts , USA
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Radford K, Mack HA, Draper B, Chalkley S, Delbaere K, Daylight G, Cumming RG, Bennett H, Broe GA. Comparison of Three Cognitive Screening Tools in Older Urban and Regional Aboriginal Australians. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2016; 40:22-32. [PMID: 25896073 DOI: 10.1159/000377673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Validated cognitive screening tools for use in urban and regional Aboriginal populations in Australia are lacking. METHODS In a cross-sectional community-based study, 235 participants were assessed on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) and an urban modification of the Kimberley Indigenous Cognitive Assessment (mKICA). Performance on these cognitive screening tools was compared to dementia diagnosis by clinical consensus. RESULTS All tests were culturally acceptable with good psychometric properties. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses revealed that the MMSE and mKICA were the most accurate. CONCLUSION The MMSE is an effective cognitive screening tool in urban Aboriginal populations. The mKICA is a good alternative when illiteracy, language or cultural considerations deem it appropriate. The RUDAS also has adequate validity in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Radford
- Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
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6
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Developing Dementia Prevalence Rates Among Latinos: A Locally-Attuned, Data-Based, Service Planning Tool. JOURNAL OF POPULATION AGEING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12062-013-9084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kontos AP, Elbin RJ, Covassin T, Larson E. Exploring Differences in Computerized Neurocognitive Concussion Testing Between African American and White Athletes. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2010; 25:734-44. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acq068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Khalil MS. Preliminary Arabic normative data of neuropsychological tests: the verbal and design fluency. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2010; 32:1028-35. [PMID: 20526932 DOI: 10.1080/13803391003672305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the present study was to provide preliminary norms for three fluency tests in Arabic language: the verbal fluency (phonemic and semantic) and design fluency tests. METHODS Three Arabic letters have been chosen for the phonemic fluency task, in accordance with the letter selection procedure described in the development of the standard test. Animal fluency was chosen for the semantic fluency, and the Five-Point test for the design fluency test. PARTICIPANTS An Arabic speaking sample of 215 healthy participants (125 male, 90 female), with age ranging from 18-59 years and with different educational levels, were selected for this study. RESULTS Age and education significantly influenced performance in the verbal phonemic and semantic tasks, but not in the design fluency test. No gender effect was found in any of the three tasks. The education effects were linear, while age effects appeared to be curvilinear. CONCLUSION This pattern is congruent with that reported in the western literature. The implications of these results in relation to the development of Arabic norms were discussed. It was concluded that these tests could be used in an Arabic-speaking population with due considerations to the effects of age and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Khalil
- Department of Psychiatry, King Faisal University and King Fahd Hospital of The University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
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Weiner MF, Rosenberg RN, Svetlik D, Higgins M, Womack K, Fuller C, Lacritz LH, Cullum CM. Dementia diagnosis, treatment, and research with American Indians. Alzheimers Dement 2009; 2:327-9. [PMID: 19595907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Busch RM, Chapin JS. Review of normative data for common screening measures used to evaluate cognitive functioning in elderly individuals. Clin Neuropsychol 2008; 22:620-50. [PMID: 17853152 DOI: 10.1080/13854040701448793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
When conducting neuropsychological evaluations of the elderly, it is important to compare patients' test scores to appropriate normative data to maximize diagnostic and descriptive accuracy. Many sets of normative data are now available for screening measures that assess cognitive functioning in the elderly. This article systematically reviewed available norms for 6 widely used screening measures of cognitive functioning in elderly patients. Details regarding the sample characteristics and data collection methods are provided for each set of norms, thereby providing a useful reference for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Busch
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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11
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Fillenbaum GG, van Belle G, Morris JC, Mohs RC, Mirra SS, Davis PC, Tariot PN, Silverman JM, Clark CM, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Heyman A. Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD): the first twenty years. Alzheimers Dement 2008; 4:96-109. [PMID: 18631955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) was funded by the National Institute on Aging in 1986 to develop standardized, validated measures for the assessment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present report describes the measures that CERAD developed during its first decade and their continued use in their original and translated forms. These measures include clinical, neuropsychological, neuropathologic, and behavioral assessments of AD and also assessment of family history and parkinsonism in AD. An approach to evaluating neuroimages did not meet the standards desired. Further evaluations that could not be completed because of lack of funding (but where some materials are available) include evaluation of very severe AD and of service use and need by patient and caregiver. The information that was developed in the U.S. and abroad permits standardized assessment of AD in clinical practice, facilitates epidemiologic studies, and provides information valuable for individual and public health planning. CERAD materials and data remain available for those wishing to use them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda G Fillenbaum
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Manly JJ. Critical issues in cultural neuropsychology: profit from diversity. Neuropsychol Rev 2008; 18:179-83. [PMID: 18814033 PMCID: PMC2759971 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-008-9068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Manly
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Griffin-Pierce T, Silverberg N, Connor D, Jim M, Peters J, Kaszniak A, Sabbagh MN. Challenges to the recognition and assessment of Alzheimer's disease in American Indians of the southwestern United States. Alzheimers Dement 2008; 4:291-9. [PMID: 18631981 PMCID: PMC2743332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related neurodegenerative diseases in American Indian (AI) populations. To provide appropriate health care to elder AIs, whose population is expected to increase dramatically during the next 50 years, it is imperative to attain a better understanding of the interaction of culture and disease in this underserved population. Raising awareness in the AI population regarding the nature of dementia as it compares to normal aging and the development of culturally appropriate instruments to detect and stage AD are essential for future health care efforts. Barriers restricting clinical service to this population include historical factors relating to access to health care, cultural beliefs regarding aging, demographic diversity of the population, competing epidemiologic risk factors, and lack of proper assessment tools for clinicians.
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Weiner MF, Hynan LS, Beekly D, Koepsell TD, Kukull WA. Comparison of Alzheimer's disease in American Indians, whites, and African Americans. Alzheimers Dement 2007; 3:211-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.04.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myron F. Weiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of NeurologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Linda S. Hynan
- Department of Clinical Sciences‐Biostatistics and Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Duane Beekly
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating CenterUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Thomas D. Koepsell
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating CenterUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Walter A. Kukull
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating CenterUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
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Beeri MS, Schmeidler J, Sano M, Wang J, Lally R, Grossman H, Silverman JM. Age, gender, and education norms on the CERAD neuropsychological battery in the oldest old. Neurology 2006; 67:1006-10. [PMID: 17000969 PMCID: PMC3163090 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000237548.15734.cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of nondemented subjects 85 years and older on the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) neuropsychological battery, and to assess its relationship with sociodemographic variables. METHODS We studied 196 subjects enrolled in an Alzheimer's Disease Research Center study who had a complete CERAD neuropsychological assessment. We used multiple regression analysis to predict performance on the neuropsychological tests from age, education, and sex. Eight representative hypothetical individuals were created (for example, an 87-year-old man, with high education). For each test, estimates of performance at the 10th, 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles were reported for the eight representative hypothetical individuals. RESULTS Mean age was 89.2 years (SD = 3.2), mean years of education was 14.9 (SD = 3.2), and 66% of the sample were women. For 11 of the 14 neuropsychological tests, there was a significant multiple regression model using education, age, and sex as predictors. Neither the models nor the predictors used individually were significant for Delayed Recall, Savings, or correct Recognition. Among the significant results, seven had education as the strongest predictor. Lower age and higher education were associated with better performance. Women performed better than men in three of four tests with significant results for sex. CONCLUSIONS In a sample of oldest old whose primary language is English, neuropsychological testing is influenced mainly by education and age. Cutoff scores based on younger populations and applied to the oldest old might lead to increased false-positive misclassifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Beeri
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Ferraro FR, McDonald LR. More culturally sensitive neuropsychological tests (and normative data) needed. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2006; 19:53-4. [PMID: 15942320 DOI: 10.1097/01.wad.0000165754.85135.1d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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