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Morgan HK, Banks E, Gressel GM, Winkel AF, Hammoud MM, Akingbola B, George K. Inequities at the Transition to Obstetrics and Gynecology Residency. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2024:S1931-7204(24)00202-2. [PMID: 38705787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although approximately one-fifth of obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) residents matriculate from osteopathic or international medical schools, most literature regarding the transition to residency focuses on allopathic medical school graduates. To create comprehensive interventions for this educational transition, we must understand the needs of all incoming residents. Our objective was to examine OBGYN residents' perceptions of their transition to residency, and to understand how residents' background and medical school environment influence their perceived sense of readiness. DESIGN A 16-item survey asked questions about demographics, the transition to residency, resident well-being, burnout, and the transition to fellowship. Perception of preparedness was assessed with the question "I felt that I was well-prepared for the first year of residency" (1=strongly agree, 5=strongly disagree). Chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression explored association of perceived preparedness with residents' backgrounds. SETTING Survey administered at time of the in-training examination in 2022. PARTICIPANTS All OBGYN residents. RESULTS Of 5761 eligible participants, 3741 (64.9%) provided consent and completed the survey. Of the 3687 participants who answered the question, 2441 (66.2%) either agreed or strongly agreed that they felt well-prepared. Fewer osteopathic graduates reported feeling prepared compared to allopathic graduates (379/610, 62.1% vs 1,924/2,766, 69.6%) (OR 0.72, 95%CI 0.60-0.86, p < 0.01). International medical school graduates were seven times less likely to report feeling prepared compared to those from allopathic institutions (137/304, 45.1% vs 1924/2776, 69.6%) (OR 0.60, 95%CI 0.53-0.68, p < 0.01). Respondents from underrepresented racial and ethnic backgrounds were less likely to report feeling prepared compared to White respondents (276/535, 51.6% vs 1738/2387, 72.8%) (OR 0.39, 95%CI 0.33-0.48, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Differences in residents' perceptions of their transition to residency highlight the need to begin offsetting pervasive inequities with comprehensive and accessible resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Kang Morgan
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Erika Banks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York
| | - Gregory M Gressel
- Spectrum Health Medical Group Gynecologic Oncology, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Abigail Ford Winkel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Maya M Hammoud
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bukky Akingbola
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Karen George
- Larner College of Medicine at University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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Shaffrey EC, Zeng W, Nicksic PJ, Eftekari SC, Frank JM, Dingle AM, Poore SO. Perforator Dissection Porcine Abdominal Model: A Novel Simulator to Improve Microsurgical Training. J Reconstr Microsurg 2024. [PMID: 38395058 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1779719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perforator dissection and flap elevation are routinely performed for microsurgical reconstruction; however, there is a steep learning curve to mastering these technical skills. Though live porcine models have been utilized as microsurgical training models, significant drawbacks limit their use. We recently developed a latex-perfused, nonliving, porcine abdomen perforator dissection simulation and described its anatomic similarity to the human deep inferior epigastric artery flap. The purpose was to assess the change in resident confidence in performing key operative steps of flap elevation and perforator dissection and obtain feedback on model realism and utility. METHODS Seventeen plastic and reconstructive surgery resident physicians (postgraduate years 1-6) at a single institution participated in a perforator dissection session utilizing the simulation model. Each resident completed pre- and postactivity surveys to assess interval change in confidence in operating. The postactivity survey also asked residents to answer questions regarding their perception of the model's anatomic and surgical realism and utility in microsurgical training. RESULTS Following a practice session using the latex-perfused, nonliving porcine abdomen, resident confidence was significantly increased in performing all key operative steps and the procedure overall (p = 0.001). All residents (n = 17, 100%) believed the model would improve "trainees' ability to perform perforator dissection in the operating room." Perforator, fascial, and pedicle anatomy were reported to be "Very" similar to human anatomy, with a median Likert score (MLS) of 4. Additionally, six out of the eight surgical steps were noted to be "Very" realistic, with only "Flap Design" and "Fascial Closure" found to be "Moderately" realistic with an MLS of 3. CONCLUSION The latex-infused porcine abdominal model is a novel, realistic simulation for microsurgical trainee perforator dissection practice. This model offers a suitable substitute for perforator dissection practice, as its implementation within a microsurgery training course improves resident comfort and confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C Shaffrey
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Weifeng Zeng
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Peter J Nicksic
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sahand C Eftekari
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jennifer M Frank
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, UW-Madison CALS, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Aaron M Dingle
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Samuel O Poore
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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Heidemann LA, Rustici M, Buckvar-Keltz L, Anderson A, Plant J, Morgan HK, Goforth J, Atkins KM. Transition to Residency Courses: Recommendations for Creation and Implementation. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND CURRICULAR DEVELOPMENT 2024; 11:23821205231225009. [PMID: 38304278 PMCID: PMC10832425 DOI: 10.1177/23821205231225009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Transition to Residency (TTR) courses help ease the critical transition from medical school to residency, yet there is little guidance for developing and running these courses. In this perspective, the authors use their expertise as well as a review of the literature to provide guidance and review possible solutions to challenges unique to these courses. TTR courses should be specialty-specific, allow for flexibility, and utilize active learning techniques. A needs assessment can help guide course content, which should focus on what is necessary to be ready for day one of residency. The use of residents in course planning and delivery can help create a sense of community and ensure that content is practical. While course assessments are largely formative, instructors should anticipate the need for remediation, especially for skills likely to be performed with limited supervision during residency. Additionally, TTR courses should incorporate learner self-assessment and goal setting; this may be valuable information to share with learners' future residency programs. Lastly, TTR courses should undergo continuous quality improvement based on course evaluations and surveys. These recommendations are essential for effective TTR course implementation and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrea Anderson
- George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Jon Goforth
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Katharyn M. Atkins
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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George K, Winkel AF, Banks E, Hammoud MM, Wagner SA, Hazzard Bigby B, Morgan HK. Ready Day One: What Residents and Program Directors Think is Needed for a Successful Transition to Residency. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2023; 80:1781-1788. [PMID: 37821351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate perceived gaps in preparedness, current on-boarding practices, and need for specialty wide resources in the transition to residency training in obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A cross-sectional survey of current U.S. OB/GYN residents and program directors (PDs) at the time of the resident in-training exam was conducted in 2022. Both groups provide demographic information and identified specific knowledge, skills, and abilities in need of more preparation at the start of residency. PDs were queried on perceptions of readiness for their current first year class, educational on-boarding practices, and their preference for standardized curricular materials and assessment tools. Chi-squared and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare perceptions of skills deficits between PDs and residents, and the relationship of preparedness to program type and resident year in training. RESULTS Response rates for residents and program directors were 64.9% and 72.6% respectively. A majority (115/200, 57.5%) of program directors agreed or strongly agreed with the statement, "In general, I feel that my new interns are well prepared for residency when they arrive at my program." Both groups agreed that basic suturing and ultrasound skills were deficits. Residents identified a need for better preparation in management of inpatient issues while PDs identified time management skills as lacking. There was considerable heterogeneity of program on-boarding practices across the specialty. Most PDs agreed or strongly agreed that a standardized curriculum (80.5%, 161/200) and assessment tools (75.3%, 150/199) would be helpful. CONCLUSION OBGYN PDs feel that not all residents arrive prepared for residency and overwhelmingly support the development of standardized transition curricular and assessment tools, similar to the curriculum developed in general surgery. Based on input from PDs and residents, early curricular efforts should focus on basic surgical, ultrasound, and time management skills and on management of inpatient issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen George
- Larner College of Medicine at University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
| | - Abigail Ford Winkel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Erika Banks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York
| | - Maya M Hammoud
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sarah A Wagner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Acker R, Vargas GM, Hoffman RL, Aarons CB. The Road to Mastery: An Analysis of Goal Orientation in the Transition from Medical School to Surgical Residency. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2023; 80:1574-1581. [PMID: 37770294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Goal orientation (GO) is a psychological construct which describes an individual's intrinsic motivation for learning in terms of mastery and performance goals. Mastery goals relate to the intrinsic drive to learn for the sake of learning, while performance goals are oriented toward validating one's own competence by seeking favorable judgments (Performance Approach; PAP) or avoiding negative judgments (Performance Avoid; PAV). Having a mastery GO has been shown to improve overall job satisfaction as well as optimize job performance. We therefore aimed to examine how GO changes during the transition to residency, which is a notoriously challenging period in medical education, and identify interventions that can increase mastery of GO. METHODS The validated Goal Orientation in Surgical Trainees (GO-ST) instrument was administered to incoming surgical interns (n = 19) during orientation in a single, university-based program and again at 3 months into the internship. The perceived stress scale (PSS) was also administered at 3 months. Focus groups were used to assess resident perceptions and identify interventions at the end of the 3-month period. RESULTS Eighteen interns (95%) completed a baseline GO-ST assessment and the 3-month follow-up, including the PSS. Mastery GO decreased from orientation to 3-month follow-up for the entire cohort, but this was not significant (3.89-3.63; p = 0.19). Preliminary interns showed a significant increase in PAV orientation after 3 months (3.28-3.67; p = 0.04) and had significantly lower mastery orientation scores at this time (4.07 vs 3.19; p = 0.02). PSS was significantly higher in preliminary interns at 3 months (18.56 vs 11.89; p = 0.04). Those who were predominantly mastery oriented had significantly lower perceived stress scores (11.64 vs 20.10; p = 0.002) compared with those that had performance goal orientations (PAP and PAV). Five interns (28%) participated in focus groups-identifying pertinent themes: 1) Perceptions of competence, 2) Training security; 3) Feedback approach, 4) Expectations of competence, and 5) Approaches to growth. CONCLUSION Mastery GO declines during the transition to surgical residency. Maladaptive PAV orientation increases in preliminary interns due to different short-term priorities and assumptions of competence. Expectations and perceptions of intern competence by senior residents and attendings have a large impact on intern GO. Identifying interventions that optimize mastery goal orientation and minimize performance avoid orientation will potentially minimize intern stress, thereby improving both well-being and clinical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Acker
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gracia M Vargas
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca L Hoffman
- Geisinger Health System, Department of General Surgery, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Cary B Aarons
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Gervais V, Grabs D, Bougie E, Salib GE, Bortoluzzi P, Tremblay DM. The Montreal Plastic Surgery Residency Bootcamp: Structure and Utility. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2023; 11:e5337. [PMID: 37829103 PMCID: PMC10566876 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Transitioning from medical school to surgical residency is a difficult endeavor. To facilitate this period, the University of Montreal's plastic surgery program developed and implemented an intensive 1-month bootcamp rotation. It is the only one of its kind and length amongst plastic surgery residency programs in North America. It includes didactic teachings in anatomy, cadaveric dissections, and surgical approaches for an array of procedures. Clinical and technical skills are reviewed with senior residents and attending surgeons. Research opportunities and case scenarios are also covered. An anonymous online 30-question survey was sent to all residents who participated in the bootcamp rotation between 2013 and 2020. Questions evaluated residents' knowledge of anatomy, basic surgical skills, common approaches, flap knowledge, and on-call case management, before and after the bootcamp. Seventeen plastic surgery residents responded to this questionnaire (81%). The majority confirmed that the bootcamp helped them prepare for residency, research, and on-calls, and also helped them expand their knowledge of anatomy and surgical skills. The residents responded positively to the bootcamp's structure and implementation. This study proposes that surgical programs could benefit from a bootcamp rotation at the beginning of their curriculum. The purpose is to facilitate the transition between medical school and postgraduate training, and to ensure a basic level of competence for all junior residents. Further prospective studies could demonstrate the bootcamp's impact in board certification rates and acceptance into fellowship training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Gervais
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery, CIUSSS de l’Est-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Detlev Grabs
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Emilie Bougie
- Department of Plastic Surgery, CHU Ste-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - George E. Salib
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire régional de Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | | | - Dominique M. Tremblay
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery, CIUSSS de l’Est-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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La Monte OA, Lee JH, Soliman SI, Saddawi‐Konefka R, Harris JP, Coffey CS, Orosco RK, Watson D, Holliday MA, Faraji F, Hom DB. Simulation-based workshop for emergency preparedness in otolaryngology. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2023; 8:1159-1168. [PMID: 37899850 PMCID: PMC10601586 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of a hands-on simulation-based course with emphasis on procedural techniques, clinical reasoning, and communication skills developed to improve junior Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (OHNS) residents' preparedness in managing otolaryngologic emergencies. Methods Junior OHNS residents and faculty from residency programs in California, Nevada, and Arizona participated in this workshop in 2020 and 2021. The stations featured airway management techniques, ultrasound-guided needle aspiration, nasoseptal hematoma evacuation, and facial fracture repair using various models and cadavers. Participants completed a pre-workshop survey, post-workshop survey, and 2-month follow-up survey that assessed resident anxiety and confidence in three OHNS emergency situations across knowledge, manual skills, and teamwork using a 5-point Likert scale. Results Pre-workshop surveys reported the least anxiety and most confidence in teamwork, but the most anxiety and least confidence in technical skills and knowledge related to foreign body retrieval and airway management. Immediately post-workshop participants reported significant reductions in anxiety and increases in confidence, largest in the manual skills domain, in foreign body retrieval (anxiety: -0.99, confidence: +0.95, p < .01) and airway management stations (anxiety: -0.68, confidence: +1.07, p < .01). Data collected for the epistaxis station showed decreasing confidence and increasing anxiety following the workshop. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of a workshop in preparing junior residents in potentially lifesaving otolaryngologic techniques that residents will encounter. Optimizing use of simulation centered training can inform the future of residency education, improving confidence and decreasing anxiety in residents responsible for the safety of patients. Level of Evidence III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A. La Monte
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jason Han Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
| | - Shady I. Soliman
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert Saddawi‐Konefka
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jeffrey P. Harris
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Charles S. Coffey
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- University of California San Diego Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ryan K. Orosco
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- University of California San Diego Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer CenterAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Deborah Watson
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael A. Holliday
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUCLA HealthLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Farhoud Faraji
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - David B. Hom
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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L’Huillier JC, Lund S, Anand A, Jensen RM, Williamson AJ, Clanahan JM, Moreci R, Gates RS. Thriving as a Surgical Intern: Three Tips From the Collaboration of Surgical Education Fellows (CoSEF). ANNALS OF SURGERY OPEN 2023; 4:e306. [PMID: 37746606 PMCID: PMC10513340 DOI: 10.1097/as9.0000000000000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We are the multi-institutional organization known as the Collaboration of Surgical Education Fellows (CoSEF). We've collectively reflected on our range of experiences across the country and identified 3 principles which promote a successful intern experience: (1) Own your patients; (2) Treat people like people; and (3) Take care of yourself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. L’Huillier
- From the Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY
- Division of Health Services Policy and Practice, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Sarah Lund
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ananya Anand
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Rachel M. Jensen
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Julie M. Clanahan
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rebecca Moreci
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Rebecca S. Gates
- Department of Surgery, Carilion Clinic– Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA
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Leiphrakpam PD, Are C. Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME): an Overview and Relevance to the Education of Future Surgical Oncologists. Indian J Surg Oncol 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37363708 PMCID: PMC9990571 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-023-01716-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the next two decades, the global cancer burden is expected to rise by 47%, and the demand for global cancer surgery will increase by 52%. At present, only 25% of the estimated 80% of patients needing surgical intervention have access to timely surgical care. The shortage of a trained workforce of surgical oncologists is one of the main barriers to providing the optimal surgical intervention needed for cancer patients. Some of the contributing factors to the shortage of trained surgical oncologists are variations in the current global educational platforms, long training programs, and physician burnout. Therefore, the availability of a credible training framework and a sustainable certification pipeline for future surgical oncologists is critical to meet the global demand for an adequate healthcare workforce. The current surgical oncology educational program is a time-based construct that trains surgeons to function seamlessly in the multidisciplinary care of cancer patients. However, there is a lack of flexibility in the training framework and timeline despite differences in trainees' abilities. Developing a globally acceptable standard curriculum for surgical oncology training based on the competency-based medical education (CBME) framework and tailoring it to local needs can increase the surgical oncology workforce ready to tackle the rising cancer burden. However, successful implementation of the global CBME-based surgical oncology training curriculum requires an innovative approach to ensure that this framework produces a competent surgical oncologist that meets the local needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premila D. Leiphrakpam
- Graduate Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5524 USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6880 USA
| | - Chandrakanth Are
- Graduate Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5524 USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6880 USA
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Hauer KE, Williams PM, Byerley JS, Swails JL, Barone MA. Blue Skies With Clouds: Envisioning the Future Ideal State and Identifying Ongoing Tensions in the UME-GME Transition. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2023; 98:162-170. [PMID: 35947473 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The transition from medical school to residency in the United States consumes large amounts of time for students and educators in undergraduate and graduate medical education (UME, GME), and it is costly for both students and institutions. Attempts to improve the residency application and Match processes have been insufficient to counteract the very large number of applications to programs. To address these challenges, the Coalition for Physician Accountability charged the Undergraduate Medical Education to Graduate Medical Education Review Committee (UGRC) with crafting recommendations to improve the system for the UME-GME transition. To guide this work, the UGRC defined and sought stakeholder input on a "blue-skies" ideal state of this transition. The ideal state views the transition as a system to support a continuum of professional development and learning, thus serving learners, educators, and the public, and engendering trust among them. It also supports the well-being of learners and educators, promotes diversity, and minimizes bias. This manuscript uses polarity thinking to analyze 3 persistent key tensions in the system that require ongoing management. First, the formative purpose of assessment for learning and growth is at odds with the use of assessment data for ranking and sorting candidates. Second, the function of residents as learners can conflict with their role as workers contributing service to health care systems. Third, the current residency Match process can position the desire for individual choice-among students and their programs-against the workforce needs of the profession and the public. This Scholarly Perspective presents strategies to balance the upsides and downsides inherent to these tensions. By articulating the ideal state of the UME-GME transition and anticipating tensions, educators and educational organizations can be better positioned to implement UGRC recommendations to improve the transition system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Hauer
- K.E. Hauer is associate dean for competency assessment and professional standards and professor, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8812-4045
| | - Pamela M Williams
- P.M. Williams is associate dean for student affairs and professor, Department of Family Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julie S Byerley
- J.S. Byerley was interim dean, University of North Carolina Adams School of Dentistry, and professor of pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, at the time of writing and is now president and dean, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer L Swails
- J.L. Swails is residency program director, codirector of interprofessional education, and associate professor, Department of Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6102-831X
| | - Michael A Barone
- M.A. Barone is vice president, competency-based assessment, NBME, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and adjunct associate professor of pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4724-784X
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Suliman S, Könings KD, Allen M, Al-Moslih A, Carr A, Koopmans RP. Sailing the boat together: Co-creation of a model for learning during transition. MEDICAL TEACHER 2023; 45:193-202. [PMID: 36044884 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2022.2118037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Medical students' transition to postgraduate training, given the complexity of new roles and responsibilities, requires the engagement of all involved stakeholders. This study aims to co-create a transition curriculum and determine the value of involving the key stakeholders throughout such transition in its design process. METHODS We conducted a mixed-methods study involving faculty/leaders (undergraduate/postgraduate), final-year medical students, and chief residents. It commenced with eight co-creation sessions (CCS), qualitative results of which were used to draft a quantitative survey sent to non-participants, followed by two consensus-building CCS with the original participants. We applied thematic analysis for transcripts of all CCS, and mean scores with standard deviations for survey analysis. RESULTS We identified five themes: adaptation, authenticity, autonomy, connectedness, and continuity, embedded in the foundation of a supportive environment, to constitute a Model of Learning during Transition (MOLT). Inclusion of various stakeholders and optimizing their representation brought rich perspectives to the design process. This was reinforced through active students' participation enabling a final consensus. CONCLUSIONS Bringing perspectives of key stakeholders in the transition spectrum enriches transition curricula. The proposed MOLT can provide a guide for curriculum designers to optimize the final year of undergraduate medical training in preparing students for postgraduate training with essential competencies to be trained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Suliman
- Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karen D Könings
- School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret Allen
- Medical Education Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayad Al-Moslih
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alison Carr
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Richard P Koopmans
- Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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Greenberg AL, Syed SM, Alseidi A, O’Sullivan PS, Chern H. Robotic training for medical students: feasibility of a pilot simulation curriculum. J Robot Surg 2022; 17:1029-1038. [DOI: 10.1007/s11701-022-01508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWhile robotic procedures are growing rapidly, medical students have a limited role in robotic surgeries. Curricula are needed to enhance engagement. We examined feasibility of augmenting Intuitive Surgical (IS) robotic training for medical students. As a pilot, 18 senior students accepted an invitation to a simulation course with a daVinci robot trainer. Course teaching objectives included introducing robotic features, functionalities, and roles. A 1-h online module from the IS learning platform and a 4-h in-person session comprised the course. The in-person session included an overview of the robot by an IS trainer (1.5 h), skills practice at console (1.5 h), and a simulation exercise focused on the bedside assist role (1 h). Feasibility included assessing implementation and acceptability using a post-session survey and focus group (FG). Survey responses were compiled. FG transcripts were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis techniques. Fourteen students participated. Implementation was successful as interested students signed up and completed each of the course components. Regarding acceptability, students reported the training valuable and recommended it as preparation for robotic cases during core clerkships and sub-internships. In addition, FGs revealed 4 themes: (1) perceived expectations of students in the OR; (2) OR vs. outside-OR learning; (3) simulation of stress; and (4) opportunities to improve the simulation component. To increase preparation for the robotic OR and shift robotic training earlier in the surgical education continuum, educators should consider hands-on simulation for medical students. We demonstrate feasibility although logistics may limit scalability for large numbers of students.
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Chaou CH, Yu SR, Ma SD, Tseng HM, Ou LS, Huang CD, Fang JT. Effect of national curriculum reform on medical students' preparedness for practice: a prospective cohort study from undergraduate to postgraduate periods. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:826. [PMID: 36451197 PMCID: PMC9709741 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, a national curriculum reform was implemented in undergraduate medical education in Taiwan to reduce clinical rotation training from 3 years to 2 years. The last generation of the old curriculum and the first generation of the new curriculum both graduated in 2019. This study aimed to compare the learning outcomes of the medical students in these two curriculum groups in terms of preparedness for practice during the transition from undergraduate to postgraduate study. METHODS This was a 3-year prospective, longitudinal, comparative cohort study between 2017 and 2020. Medical students from both the 7-year and 6-year curriculum groups received biannual questionnaire surveys starting 18 months before graduation and running until 11 months after graduation. The measurement tools were the Preparedness for Hospital Practice Questionnaire (PHPQ) and Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). Personal demographic information was also collected. Linear mixed models were used to determine the effect of curriculum change on learners' preparedness and burnout levels. RESULTS A total of 130 medical students from the two cohorts provided 563 measurements during the study period. Compared to their counterparts following the old curriculum, the participants following the new curriculum showed a lower level of preparedness when first entering clinical rotation (p = 0.027) and just after graduating (p = 0.049), especially in the domains of clinical confidence (p = 0.021) and patient management p = 0.015). The multivariate linear mixed model revealed gradual increases in preparedness and burnout in serial measurements in both curriculum groups. Students following the new curriculum, which involved a shortened clinical rotation, showed a slightly lower overall preparedness (p = 0.035) and the same level of burnout (p = 0.692) after adjustment. The factor of year of change did not show a significant effect on either preparedness (p = 0.258) or burnout (p = 0.457). CONCLUSION Shortened clinical rotation training for medical undergraduates is associated with a decrease in preparedness for practice during the transition from undergraduate to postgraduate study. Clinical confidence and patient management are the main domains affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsien Chaou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chang-Gung Medical Education Research Centre, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan-Ruey Yu
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chang-Gung Medical Education Research Centre, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shou-De Ma
- Tungs' Taichung Memorial Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Min Tseng
- Chang-Gung Medical Education Research Centre, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Health Care Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Shiou Ou
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chang-Gung Medical Education Research Centre, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Da Huang
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chang-Gung Medical Education Research Centre, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Tseng Fang
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Staples H, Frank S, Mullen M, Ogburn T, Hammoud MM, Morgan HK. Improving the Medical School to Residency Transition: Narrative Experiences From First-Year Residents. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2022; 79:1394-1401. [PMID: 35732576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to identify first-year obstetrics and gynecology residents' perceptions of both support needed at the medical school to residency transition and readiness to address structural racism and bias at the start of residency training. STUDY DESIGN Residents were recruited by email and social media for 1:1 interviews from March to June 2021. All interviews were completed by a first-year resident or fourth-year medical student using an interview guide created by the authorship team. Recorded interviews were anonymously transcribed and independently reviewed for themes by two authors. SETTING Virtual interviews on the Zoom platform. PARTICIPANTS First-year obstetrics and gynecology residents. RESULTS Interviews were performed with 26 residents, and six themes for support emerged from their narratives: 1) Establishing a residency program community; 2) Relocation resources; 3) Residency preparation content in medical school and residency; 4) Preparedness to address racism and bias; 5) Connecting with peers with similar lived experiences across institutions; and 6) More proactive intentional touchpoints from program leadership early in residency. CONCLUSIONS Resident narratives described multiple crucial opportunities to improve learners' transition to residency. These findings can help define a roadmap of resources and support that residency programs can provide for learners from Match Day through the first few months of residency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halley Staples
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Mark Mullen
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Tony Ogburn
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas
| | - Maya M Hammoud
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Helen K Morgan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Ryan MS, Blood AD, Park YS, Farnan JM. Competency-Based Frameworks in Medical School Education Programs: A Thematic Analysis of the Academic Medicine Snapshots, 2020. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2022; 97:S63-S70. [PMID: 35947463 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Educational program objectives (EPOs) provide the foundation for a medical school's curriculum. In recent years, the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) endorsed an outcomes-based approach to objectives, to embrace the movement toward competency-based medical education (CBME). The purpose of this study was to explore the CBME frameworks used by medical schools in formulating their EPOs. A secondary aim was to determine factors related to the selection of specific frameworks. METHOD The authors performed a quantitative content analysis of entries to the 2020 Academic Medicine Snapshot. Publicly available data gathered included demographic features of each program (e.g., year founded, accreditation status, affiliation, etc.), participation in national medical education consortia, and presence of specific CBME frameworks identified in EPOs. Descriptive statistics were used to examine trends in frameworks used by medical schools. Bivariate comparisons between factors and frameworks were conducted using chi-square tests. Logistic regression was used to examine factors predicting use of more recently developed CBME frameworks. RESULTS A total of 135 institutions submitted Snapshots (RR = 88%). All institutions endorsed 1 or more CBME frameworks, with 37% endorsing 2 and 20% endorsing 3 or more. The most common was the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education core competencies (63%). In addition to published frameworks, 36% of institutions developed their own competencies. Schools with pending LCME visits were 2.61 times more likely to use a more recently developed curricular framework, P = .022. CONCLUSIONS Medical schools in the United States have embraced the CBME movement through incorporation of competency-based frameworks in their EPOs. While it is encouraging that CBME frameworks have been integrated in medical school EPOs, the variability and use of multiple frameworks identifies the pressing need for a unified CBME framework in undergraduate medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Ryan
- M.S. Ryan is professor and vice chair of education, Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, and a PhD student, School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3266-9289
| | - Angela D Blood
- A.D. Blood is director of curricular resources, Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2275-923X
| | - Yoon Soo Park
- Y.S. Park is associate professor, Harvard Medical School, and director, health professions education research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8583-4335
| | - Jeanne M Farnan
- J.M. Farnan is professor of medicine and associate dean for medical school education, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1138-9416
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How Prepared Are They? Pediatric Boot Camps and Intern Performance. Acad Pediatr 2022; 22:1237-1245. [PMID: 35577284 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether participation in a pediatric boot camp during medical school was associated with higher intern performance. Secondary objectives were to determine whether participation in general boot camps, pediatric subinternships or pediatric electives was associated with higher performance. METHODS Intern surveys and faculty performance assessments during early internship were collected from a convenience sample of pediatric residency programs. Interns completed a survey regarding participation in medical school boot camps, pediatric subinternships and pediatric electives. Faculty assessed intern performance on selected Milestone-based subcompetencies on a 5-point scale following each intern's initial inpatient rotation and results were compared between groups. RESULTS Seventeen pediatric residency programs participated. Two hundred eighty-seven interns completed the survey (69%), and faculty completed assessments on 71% of these interns. Of interns with complete faculty assessments (n = 198), 25% participated in 5 or more days of pediatric boot camp, 30% in general boot camp, and 45% in no boot camp. There were no educationally significant associations between participation in 5 or more days of pediatric boot camp, general boot camp, subinternships, or electives and intern performance. Interns completing at least 10 days of pediatric boot camp (n = 25) had slightly higher ratings for incorporating feedback and engaging in help-seeking behavior during June and July only. CONCLUSIONS Participation in pediatric boot camps, general boot camps, pediatric subinternships or electives was not associated with substantially higher intern performance as measured by selected Milestone subcompetencies. Pediatric educators should carefully consider boot camp curricula and anticipated outcomes associated with boot camp participation.
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Preparatory surgical bootcamp: an effective form of training with a positive impact on self-confidence and procedural skills of the residents. SURGERY IN PRACTICE AND SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sipas.2022.100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Ryan MS, Iobst W, Holmboe ES, Santen SA. Competency-based medical education across the continuum: How well aligned are medical school EPAs to residency milestones? MEDICAL TEACHER 2022; 44:510-518. [PMID: 34807793 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2021.2004303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Competency-based medical education (CBME) provides a framework for describing learner progression throughout training. However, specific approaches to CBME implementation vary widely across educational settings. Alignment between various methods used across the continuum is critical to support transitions and assess learner performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate alignment between CBME frameworks used in undergraduate medical education (UME) and graduate medical education (GME) settings using the US context as a model. METHOD The authors analyzed content from the core entrustable professional activities for entering residency (Core EPAs; UME model) and residency milestones (GME model). From that analysis, they performed a series of cross-walk activities to investigate alignment between frameworks. After independent review, authors discussed findings until consensus was reached. RESULTS Some alignment was found for activities associated with history taking, physical examination, differential diagnosis, patient safety, and interprofessional care; however, there were far more examples of misalignment. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight challenges creating alignment of assessment frameworks across the continuum of training. The importance of these findings includes implications for assessment and persistence of the educational gap across UME and GME. The authors provide four next steps to improve upon the continuum of education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Ryan
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - William Iobst
- Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eric S Holmboe
- Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sally A Santen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
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Bußenius L, Harendza S, van den Bussche H, Selch S. Final-year medical students' self-assessment of facets of competence for beginning residents. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:82. [PMID: 35130891 PMCID: PMC8822672 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-03039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Final-year undergraduate medical students often do not feel well prepared for their start of residency training. Self-assessment of competences is important so that medical trainees can take responsibility for their learning. In this study, we investigated how final-year medical students self-assessed their competences as they neared their transition to postgraduate training. The aim was to identify areas for improvement in undergraduate training. METHODS In the academic year 2019/2020, a national online survey was sent to final-year undergraduate medical students via their respective medical schools. The survey included ten facets of competence (FOC) most relevant for beginning residents. The participants were asked to self-assess their competence for each FOC on a 5-point Likert scale (1: strongly disagree to 5: strongly agree). We established an order of self-assessed FOC performance by means and calculated paired t-tests. Gender differences were assessed with independent t-tests. RESULTS A total of 1083 students from 35 medical schools completed the questionnaire. Mean age was 27.2 ± 3.1 years and 65.8% were female. Students rated their performance highest in the FOCs 'Teamwork and collegiality' and 'Empathy and openness' (97.1 and 95.0% 'strongly agree' or 'agree', respectively) and lowest in 'Verbal communication with colleagues and supervisors' and 'Scientifically and empirically grounded method of working' (22.8 and 40.2% 'strongly disagree', 'disagree', or 'neither agree nor disagree', respectively). Women rated their performance of 'Teamwork and collegiality', 'Empathy and openness', and 'Knowing and maintaining own personal bounds and possibilities' significantly higher than men did (Cohen's d > .2), while men showed higher self-assessed performance in 'Scientifically and empirically grounded method of working' than women (Cohen's d = .38). The FOCs 'Responsibility', 'Knowing and maintaining own personal bounds and possibilities', 'Structure, work planning, and priorities', 'Coping with mistakes', and 'Scientifically and empirically grounded method of working' revealed lower self-assessed performance than the order of FOC relevance established by physicians for beginning residents. CONCLUSIONS The differences between the level of students' self-assessed FOC performance and physicians' ranking of FOC relevance revealed areas for improvement in undergraduate medical education related to health system sciences. Final-year students might benefit from additional or better training in management skills, professionalism, and evidence-based medicine. Surveys of self-assessed competences may be useful to monitor competence development during undergraduate training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bußenius
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sigrid Harendza
- III. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik van den Bussche
- Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susan Selch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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A systematic review of methodological principles and delivery of surgical simulation bootcamps. Am J Surg 2021; 223:1079-1087. [PMID: 34865734 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2021.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growth of "bootcamp style" simulation training in surgical practice has been exponential over the last decade. Developing and delivering a surgical bootcamp requires a significant investment. This systematic review aims to identify the key components that allow for a successful and rewarding surgical bootcamp course to be implemented that can be applied to all surgical specialities. METHODS To understand the surgical bootcamp principles and delivery mechanisms, we searched peer-reviewed, English language studies published between 2000 and 21. RESULTS From 137 articles, 14 studies with a Medical Education Research Quality Instrument Score of >11.5 were included. Most studies followed the core components; delivery at transition (12), mapping syllabus (13), multimodality delivery (14), and deliberate practice with formative feedback (12) apart from 1:1 training by only 2 studies. CONCLUSIONS Our review suggests that Surgical bootcamp can be an extremely useful education tool for trainees if 5 pillars of a boot camp are respected.
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Anteby R, Petrusa E, Ferrone CR, Mullen JT, Phitayakorn R. Which Patient Do I Attend to First? Night-float Simulation to Assess Surgical Intern's Clinical Prioritization Skills. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2021; 78:e226-e231. [PMID: 34366286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Night-float rotations require general surgery interns to prioritize multiple competing patients' needs efficiently and accurately. Research is lacking on whether these skills can be taught and to what degree the prioritizations taught match overall attending surgeon expectations. DESIGN A night-float situation was developed to simulate the experience of surgical interns responding to multiple patients' needs. Participants were instructed to rank order 10 patient paper-case scenarios with a variety of clinical urgencies. After completing their first ranking, the interns participated in a faculty-facilitated peer discussion (intervention) and were then instructed to re-rank their priorities. Their performance was compared pre- and post-intervention, and to the ranking of 16 surgery faculty attendings. SETTING Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Surgery, Boston, MA. PARTICIPANTS Post-graduate year (PGY) 1 surgical residents. RESULTS Two classes of general surgery interns (n = 25) completed the prioritization training simulation in the middle of their internship year, one class in 2018 and one in 2020. Agreement between interns regarding patient prioritization ranking increased after the facilitated peer discussion (pre-intervention mean standard deviation = 1.8 versus 0.9 post-intervention; p = 0.03). In the post-intervention mean rank, four cases moved by one position (p < 0.05). The facilitated discussion resulted in increased absolute agreement between individual interns and attendings' ranks (mean agreement 38 ± 17% pre-intervention Vesus mean 50 ± 20% post-intervention, p = 0.02). The scenarios with highest agreement between interns and attendings concerned patients with the most urgent conditions. Scenarios with the lowest agreement were those ranked with medium-to-low urgency. CONCLUSION A faculty-led facilitated discussion appears to increase clinical prioritization consistency among surgical interns and better align their prioritizations with expectations of local attending surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Anteby
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emil Petrusa
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cristina R Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John T Mullen
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roy Phitayakorn
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Lamb CR, Shaw RD, Hilty BK, Wong SL, Rosenkranz KM. A Targeted Needs Assessment for the Development of a Surgical Sub-internship Curriculum. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2021; 78:e121-e128. [PMID: 34362707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Medical students often feel inadequately prepared for the responsibilities of surgical internship because of insufficient exposure to resident responsibilities prior to starting residency. This lack of preparation may contribute to burnout and attrition early in residency. Sub-internships should provide these experiences. Significant variation, however, exists in the structure of these rotations. We conducted a targeted needs assessment to inform the development of a didactic curriculum to address gaps in the surgical sub-internship experience and better prepare students for general surgery residency. DESIGN A 25-item needs assessment survey was developed and distributed to senior medical students in their surgical sub-internship, current junior residents, and prior students (alumni) from the past 4 years who matched into general surgery residencies at other institutions. SETTING Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth/Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, a tertiary-care academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS Nine senior medical students; 12 current residents and 14 alumni, including 9 PGY-1, 13 PGY-2, and 4 PGY-3 residents. RESULTS The topics rated most important by medical students were floor management topics, specifically lines, tubes, and drains, hypotension, post-operative fever, chest pain, oliguria, and post-operative pain. In contrast, there was a wider variety of topics rated highly by residents. Residents emphasized non-technical communication and documentation skills. Residents at every training level rated presenting patients on rounds as the most important skill for incoming interns to acquire, whereas only one-third of medical students considered this to be an essential topic. CONCLUSIONS Medical students rank management of common clinical problems as the most critical aspect in their preparation for residency. Residents recognized these topics as important, but also placed high emphasis on non-technical communication and documentation skills. The findings from this need's assessment can be used to guide content structure for a sub-intern curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey R Lamb
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Robert D Shaw
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Bailey K Hilty
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Sandra L Wong
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Kari M Rosenkranz
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.
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Caldwell KE, Hess A, Wise PE, Awad MM. Maintaining Effective Senior Resident-Led Intern Education through Virtual Curricular Transition. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2021; 78:e112-e120. [PMID: 34210647 PMCID: PMC8905095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a significant shift to virtual resident education. While novel methods for virtual resident training have been described, many of these demonstrate a substantial change from previous instructional methods and their efficacy cannot be directly compared to in-person teaching. We sought to determine if the conversion of our intern "summer school" from an in-person to online format (a) impacted the knowledge acquisition of interns, and (b) their preferences for senior resident-led didactics. DESIGN A senior-resident led intern summer curriculum was started in an in-person format with the 2019-2020 academic year. Interns underwent assessments of their knowledge and surveys of changes in subject confidence. After the COVID-19 pandemic, the curriculum was shifted to an online format for the academic year 2020-2021. SETTING Washington University in St. Louis, an academic medical center located in St. Louis, Missouri PARTICIPANTS: PGY1 general surgery residents during academic year 2019-2020 (n = 13) and 2020-2021 (n = 14). RESULTS In both years, interns demonstrated significant increases in confidence pre- and post-summer school in all domains (p <0.01). This was no different between the in-person and the virtual administration of the bootcamp (p 0.76). In both virtual and in-person curricula, interns demonstrated increased knowledge as measured by multiple choice, boards-style question quizzes. There were no significant differences between virtual and in-person formats. In both formats, interns reported a preference for senior residents as teachers (81% v. 77%) and increased comfort in asking questions in senior resident-led vs. attending-led didactics (91% v 100%). CONCLUSION Virtual senior-resident led intern educational sessions are equally as effective as in-person sessions for knowledge acquisition and improving confidence in intern-specific domains. In both virtual and in-person settings, interns prefer senior resident teachers to attendings. Virtual senior resident-led education is an effective and simple method for intern instruction, regardless of the format/approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annie Hess
- Department of General Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Paul E Wise
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael M Awad
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
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Pohl L, Naidoo M, Rickard J, Abahuje E, Kariem N, Engelbrecht S, Kloppers C, Sibomana I, Chu K. Surgical Trainee Supervision During Non-Trauma Emergency Laparotomy in Rwanda and South Africa. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2021; 78:1985-1992. [PMID: 34183277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to describe the level of surgical trainee autonomy during non-trauma emergency laparotomy (NTEL) operations in Rwanda and South Africa. The secondary objective was to identify potential associations between trainee autonomy, and patient mortality and reoperation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a prospective, observational study of NTEL operations at 3 teaching hospitals in South Africa and Rwanda over a 1-year period from September 1, 2017 to August 31, 2018. The study included 543 NTEL operations performed by the acute care and general surgery services on adults over the age of 18 years. RESULTS Surgical trainees led 3-quarters of NTEL operations and, of these, 72% were performed autonomously in Rwanda and South Africa. Notably, trainee autonomy was not significantly associated with reoperation or mortality. CONCLUSIONS Trainees were able to gain autonomous surgical experience without impacting mortality or reoperation outcomes, while still providing surgical support in a high-demand setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Pohl
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Megan Naidoo
- Centre for Global Surgery, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Rickard
- Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Egide Abahuje
- Department of Surgery, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nazmie Kariem
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Surgery, New Somerset Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Christo Kloppers
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Isaie Sibomana
- Department of Surgery, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Kathryn Chu
- Centre for Global Surgery, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Sachdeva AK. Preceptoring, proctoring, mentoring, and coaching in surgery. J Surg Oncol 2021; 124:711-721. [PMID: 34212384 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary models of surgical education that are founded on sound educational theories and constructs need to be used across the continuum of professional development of surgeons starting with the first day of medical school, through surgery residency and fellowship training, to the last day of surgical practice. The highly learner-centered and individually-focused special interventions of preceptoring, proctoring, mentoring, and coaching should be linked to innovative competency-based education models to address the educational needs of learners at all levels, and especially of surgeons in practice to continually improve their knowledge, skills, and performance, with the aspirational goal of achieving expertise and mastery. Each of these interventions is distinct with its own unique characteristics, applications, and anticipated impact, which must be clearly recognized for the interventions to be used most effectively. Broad acceptance and adoption of the aforementioned special interventions require recognition of the value each brings to the learner and the educational program. Professional organizations should play a key role in designing innovative educational programs that include these interventions, supporting their integration into surgical education and surgical practice, and influencing changes in the cultures in surgery to facilitate broad adoption of these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit K Sachdeva
- Division of Education, American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Padley J, Boyd S, Jones A, Walters L. Transitioning from university to postgraduate medical training: A narrative review of work readiness of medical graduates. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e270. [PMID: 33855193 PMCID: PMC8025846 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Work readiness is often described in terms of the clinical competence medical graduates bring to day 1 of internship. Despite being increasingly viewed as a key graduate outcome, work readiness has remained poorly defined. OBJECTIVE This narrative review draws on the international literature to explore how different research methods provide differing insight into what constitutes work readiness of medical graduates. From this, we explored contributory factors and developed a conceptual framework to better understand work readiness. METHODS Databases were searched using the terms including "ready," "readiness," "preparedness," "medical graduates," "intern," and "junior doctor." Information was summarized using a textual description template that included information on study setting, participants, methodologies, limitations, and key result areas (including measures/themes and study conclusions). Consensus discussions between authors led to the naming and understanding of the key themes. RESULTS Seventy studies were included in the review. Study participants included final-year medical students (n = 20), junior doctors early in internship (n = 24), and junior doctors late in internship or postgraduate year 2 and above (n = 23). Most studies explored work readiness through the retrospective self-report of the students and/or junior doctor participants. Quantitative research methods elaborated on key skills-based competencies, whereas qualitative research methods provided insight into key contextual and individual characteristics that contributed to preparedness. CONCLUSIONS Different research methods provided insight into competencies, as well as individual and contextual aspects, associated with preparedness for practice. The transition from university to clinical practice is significant and requires personal capability and confidence, as well as a supportive training context. Enabling students to engage authentically in clinical environments enhanced preparedness by promoting understanding of role and responsibility. Individual resilience is important, but contextual factors, including provision of adequate support and feedback, can enhance or subtract from feeling prepared. We propose a novel conceptual framework for better understanding work readiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Padley
- Discipline of Rural and Remote Health, College of Medicine & Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Sarah Boyd
- Discipline of Rural and Remote Health, College of Medicine & Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Alison Jones
- College of Medicine & Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Lucie Walters
- Discipline of Rural and Remote Health, College of Medicine & Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Adelaide Rural Clinical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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Yu JH, Chang HJ, Kim SS, Park JE, Chung WY, Lee SK, Kim M, Lee JH, Jung YJ. Effects of high-fidelity simulation education on medical students' anxiety and confidence. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251078. [PMID: 33983983 PMCID: PMC8118241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psychological factors such as anxiety and confidence that students have in the patient care situation are important in that this affects the actual clinical performance. Students who are just starting clinical practice have a lack of clinical knowledge, skill proficiency, and patient communication skills, so they experience anxiety and lack of confidence in clinical setting. Practice in a safe environment, such as simulation education, can help students perform more settled and competently in patient care. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of high-fidelity simulation experience on anxiety and confidence in medical students. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study enrolled 37 5th-year students at Ajou University School of Medicine in 2020. Two simulation trainings were implemented, and a survey was conducted to measure students' level of anxiety and confidence before and after each simulation. Based on the research data, a paired t-test was conducted to compare these variables before and after the simulation, and whether this was their first or second simulation experience. RESULTS Students had a significantly lower level of anxiety and a significantly higher level of confidence after the simulation than before. In addition, after one simulation experience, students had less anxiety and more confidence before the second simulation compared to those without simulation experience. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that medical students need to be repeatedly exposed to simulation education experiences in order to have a sense of psychological stability and to competently deliver medical treatment in a clinical setting. There is a practical limitation in that medical students do not have enough opportunities to meet the patients during clinical practice in hospitals. Therefore, in order to produce excellent doctors, students should have the expanded opportunities to experience simulation education so they can experience real-world medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Yu
- Office of Medical Education, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Chang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Soon Sun Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Park
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Wou Young Chung
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Su Kyung Lee
- Ajou Center for Clinical Excellence, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Miran Kim
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jang Hoon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yun Jung Jung
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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Cavalcanti M, Fernandes AK, McCallister JW, Heacock A, Schaffernocker T, Davis JA, Kman NE. Post-Clerkship Curricular Reform: Specialty-Specific Tracks and Entrustable Professional Activities to Guide the Transition to Residency. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDUCATOR 2021; 31:851-861. [PMID: 33686361 PMCID: PMC7929549 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-021-01248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of core entrustable professional activities (EPA) for entering residency and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's milestones have spurred thinking about the fourth year of medical school as a transition to residency. In this monograph, we lay out our specialty focused post-clerkship curriculum and report learner and residency director perceptions over the first three years of implementation. Ongoing curricular monitoring has reinforced core principles but has also informed actionable quality improvement efforts. EPA-focused learning experiences, integration of specialty-specific milestones, addition of the feedforward process, and accessible mentorships have been key curricular elements to guide the transition to residency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley K. Fernandes
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205 USA
| | | | - Allison Heacock
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | | | - John A. Davis
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Nicholas E. Kman
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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McLean ME, Huls TA, Cotarelo AA, Husain A, Park JC, Chan JC, So ES, Anana MC, Chen AS, Chien GK, Chung AS, Cygan LD, Gupta SJ, Kanter MP, Lee E, Mishra D, Ng KM, Restivo AJ, Russell JT, Shah K, Surles RT, Kulkarni ML. Social Media Bridges the Training Gap Between Match Day and Internship With ACGME Milestone-based Clinical Case Curriculum. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2021; 5:e10503. [PMID: 33898907 PMCID: PMC8052994 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective was to bridge the relative educational gap for newly matched emergency medicine preinterns between Match Day and the start of internship by implementing an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Milestone (ACGME)-based virtual case curriculum over the social media platform Slack. METHODS We designed a Milestone-based curriculum of 10 emergency department clinical cases and used Slack to implement it. An instructor was appointed for each participating institution to lead the discussion and encourage collaboration among preinterns. Pre- and postcurriculum surveys utilized 20 statements adapted from the eight applicable Milestones to measure the evolution of preintern self-reported perceived preparedness (PP) as well as actual clinical knowledge (CK) performance on a case-based examination. RESULTS A total of 11 institutions collaborated and 151 preinterns were contacted, 127 of whom participated. After participating in the Slack intern curriculum (SIC), preinterns reported significant improvements in PP regarding multiple Milestone topics. They also showed improved CK regarding the airway management Milestone based on examination performance. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of our SIC may ease the difficult transition between medical school and internship for emergency medicine preinterns. Residency leadership and medical school faculty will benefit from knowledge of preintern PP, specifically of their perceived strengths and weaknesses, because this information can guide curricular focus at the end of medical school and beginning of internship. Limitations of this study include variable participation and a high attrition rate. Further studies will address the utility of such a virtual curriculum for preinterns and for rotating medical students who have been displaced from clinical rotations during the novel coronavirus pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. McLean
- Department of Emergency MedicineSt. John's Riverside HospitalYonkersNYUSA
| | - Thomas A. Huls
- Department of Emergency MedicineSt. John's Riverside HospitalYonkersNYUSA
| | - Adrian A. Cotarelo
- Department of Emergency MedicineSt. John's Riverside HospitalYonkersNYUSA
| | - Abbas Husain
- Department of Emergency MedicineStaten Island University HospitalNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Joel C. Park
- Department of Emergency MedicineWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Jonathan C. Chan
- Department of Emergency MedicineSt. John's Riverside HospitalYonkersNYUSA
| | - Elizabeth S. So
- Department of Emergency MedicineSt. John's Riverside HospitalYonkersNYUSA
| | - Michael C. Anana
- Department of Emergency MedicineRutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolNewarkNJUSA
| | - Angela S. Chen
- Department of Emergency MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mt. SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Gordon K. Chien
- Department of Emergency MedicineJacobi‐Montefiore Emergency Medicine ResidencyBronxNYUSA
| | - Arlene S. Chung
- Department of Emergency MedicineMaimonides Medical CenterBrooklynNYUSA
| | - Lukasz D. Cygan
- Department of Emergency MedicineNewYork‐Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist HospitalBrooklynNYUSA
| | - Suman J. Gupta
- Department of Emergency MedicineMaimonides Medical CenterBrooklynNYUSA
| | - Marc P. Kanter
- Department of Emergency MedicineLincoln Medical and Mental Health CenterBronxNYUSA
| | - Eric Lee
- Department of Emergency MedicineMaimonides Medical CenterBrooklynNYUSA
| | - Diksha Mishra
- Department of Emergency MedicineWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Kristen M. Ng
- Department of Emergency MedicineNew York University Bellevue HospitalNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Andrew J. Restivo
- Department of Emergency MedicineJacobi‐Montefiore Emergency Medicine ResidencyBronxNYUSA
| | - James T. Russell
- Department of Emergency MedicineLincoln Medical and Mental Health CenterBronxNYUSA
| | - Kaushal Shah
- Department of Emergency MedicineWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
| | - R. Taylor Surles
- Department of Emergency MedicineState University of New York Downstate/Kings County Medical CenterBrooklynNYUSA
| | - Miriam L. Kulkarni
- Department of Emergency MedicineSt. John's Riverside HospitalYonkersNYUSA
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30
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Eguia E, Sweigert P, Abood G, Baldea A, Kabaker A, Knab LM. A Needs Assessment for Incoming Surgical Interns: Communication Effectiveness Is the Most Important Skill. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2021; 78:469-477. [PMID: 32863173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medical schools and surgical programs have implemented a "boot camp" to assist medical students' transition into surgical interns and help them contend with a deluge of new responsibilities. This study aims to determine what faculty, residents, and medical students identify as the most critical topics for a surgical boot camp curriculum. METHODS Forty-five-question survey was developed through an iterative review with multiple surgical colleagues in conjunction with the American College of Surgeons/Association of Program Directors/the Association of Surgical Education resident prep curricular modules. The questions were grouped into 3 broad categories, which included technical skills, practical knowledge, and clinical knowledge. Data were analyzed by a chi-squared test for proportions and continuous variables were compared using t test or ANOVA tests, when appropriate. RESULTS There was a total of 62 participants, 19 (31%) were attending surgeons, 28 (45%) were general surgery residents, and 15 (24%) were fourth-year medical students (MS4). The response rate for attendings was 45%, residents was 72%, and fourth-year medical students was 43%. Practical knowledge was the most important skill by all participants, followed by clinical knowledge and technical skills (mean score 4.4 vs 3.9 vs 3.2, p < 0.001). The top 5 most important practical knowledge skills to have according to all participants included: how to communicate with senior residents/attendings/nurses, how to use the electronic medical record, how to perform effective handoffs, and how to write orders. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that communication skills are the most important according to attendings, residents, and medical students. This study has implications for prioritizing the curricular components of an often tightly scheduled surgical boot camp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Eguia
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Patrick Sweigert
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Gerard Abood
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Anthony Baldea
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Adam Kabaker
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Lawrence Mark Knab
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois.
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Keilin CA, Farlow JL, Malloy KM, Bohm LA. Otolaryngology Curriculum During Residency Preparation Course Improves Preparedness for Internship. Laryngoscope 2021; 131:E2143-E2148. [PMID: 33567132 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Residency preparation courses (RPCs) have become a widely adopted practice to ease the transition of medical students into residency, but these courses often lack training in skills expected of subspecialty interns. To fill this gap, a simulation-based curriculum in otolaryngology (ORL) was implemented at the University of Michigan Medical School. The curriculum aimed to improve confidence and perceived ability to perform common ORL skills for graduating students prior to internship. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Six basic simulations (tracheostomy, flexible laryngoscopy, otomicroscopy, myringotomy and tube insertion, epistaxis and peritonsillar abscess management) were included in the first course in 2019. The course was expanded in 2020 with the addition of three advanced simulations (ear foreign body extraction, tracheostomy complications, and "cannot intubate, cannot ventilate" situations). Pre- and postsession surveys were collected to assess individual simulations and the course overall. RESULTS A total of 32 students participated in the ORL simulation curriculum in Spring 2019 and 2020. Paired t-tests showed significant improvement in self-perception of ability on every simulation. Qualitative feedback revealed that students particularly valued the opportunity for hands-on learning. Non-ORL students rated their baseline abilities significantly lower than ORL students on five stations, but they achieved statistically equivalent postsession ratings on all but the otomicroscopy station. CONCLUSIONS An ORL-specific curriculum is a valuable addition to procedural RPCs. The curriculum resulted in increased confidence and perceived ability in skill performance for both students pursuing ORL residencies, as well as those pursuing other procedural specialties. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E2143-E2148, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Keilin
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - Janice L Farlow
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - Kelly M Malloy
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - Lauren A Bohm
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A
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Engelhardt KE, Bilimoria KY, Johnson JK, Hewitt DB, Ellis RJ, Hu YY, Chung JW, Kreutzer L, Love R, Blay E, Odell DD. A National Mixed-Methods Evaluation of Preparedness for General Surgery Residency and the Association With Resident Burnout. JAMA Surg 2021; 155:851-859. [PMID: 32804992 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2020.2420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Importance Differences in medical school experiences may affect how prepared residents feel themselves to be as they enter general surgery residency and may contribute to resident burnout. Objectives To assess preparedness for surgical residency, to identify factors associated with preparedness, to examine the association between preparedness and burnout, and to explore resident and faculty perspectives on resident preparedness. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used convergent mixed-methods analysis of data from a survey of US general surgery residents delivered at the time of the 2017 American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (January 26 to 31, 2017) in conjunction with qualitative interviews of residents and program directors conducted as part of the Flexibility in Duty Hour Requirements for Surgical Trainees (FIRST) trial. A total of 262 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-approved US general surgery residency programs participated. Survey data were collected from 3693 postgraduate year (PGY) 1 and PGY2 surgical residents (response rate, 99%) and 98 interviews were conducted with residents and faculty from September 1 to December 15, 2018. Data were analyzed from June 1, 2017, to February 15, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Hierarchical regression models were developed to examine factors associated with preparedness and to assess the association between preparedness and resident burnout. Qualitative interviews were conducted to identify themes associated with preparation for residency. Results Of the 3693 PGY1 and PGY2 residents who participated (2258 male [61.1%]), 1775 (48.1%) reported feeling unprepared for residency. Approximately half of surgery residents took overnight call infrequently (≤2 per month) during their core medical student clerkship (1904 [51.6%]) or their subinternship (1600 [43.3%]); 524 (14.2%) took no call during their core clerkship. In multivariable analysis, residents were more likely to report feeling unprepared for residency if they were female (odds ratio [OR], 1.34; 95% CI, 1.15-1.57) or did not take call as a medical student (OR for 0 vs >4 calls, 2.72; 95% CI, 2.10-3.52). Residents who did not complete a subinternship were less likely to report feeling prepared for residency (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.48-0.96). Feeling adequately prepared for residency was associated with a nearly 2-fold lower risk of experiencing burnout symptoms (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.48-0.68). In interviews, the dominant themes associated with preparedness included the following: (1) various regulations limit the medical school experience, (2) overnight call facilitates preparation and selection of a specialty compatible with their preferences, and (3) adequate perceptions of residency improve expectations, resulting in improved preparedness, lower burnout rates, and lower risk of attrition. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, the perception of feeling unprepared was associated with inadequate exposure to resident responsibilities while in medical school. These findings suggest that effective preparation of medical students for residency may result in lower rates of subsequent burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Engelhardt
- Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Karl Y Bilimoria
- Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Julie K Johnson
- Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - D Brock Hewitt
- Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan J Ellis
- Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yue Yung Hu
- Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeanette W Chung
- Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lindsey Kreutzer
- Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Remi Love
- Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eddie Blay
- Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David D Odell
- Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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Kassam A, Nickell L, Pethrick H, Mountjoy M, Topps M, Lorenzetti DL. Facilitating Learner-Centered Transition to Residency: A Scoping Review of Programs Aimed at Intrinsic Competencies. TEACHING AND LEARNING IN MEDICINE 2021; 33:10-20. [PMID: 32945704 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2020.1789466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phenomenon: There is currently a move to provide residency programs with accurate competency-based assessments of their candidates, yet there is a gap in knowledge regarding the role and effectiveness of interventions in easing the transition to residency. The impact of key stakeholder engagement, learner-centeredness, intrinsic competencies, and assessment on the efficacy of this process has not been examined. The objective of this scoping review was to explore the nature of the existing scholarship on programs that aim to facilitate the transition from medical school to residency. Approach: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to April 2020. Programs were included if they were aimed at medical students completing undergraduate medical training or first year residents and an evaluative component. Two authors independently screened all abstracts and full text articles in duplicate. Data were extracted and categorized by type of program, study design, learner-centeredness, key stakeholder engagement, the extent of information sharing about the learner to facilitate the transition to residency, and specific program elements including participants, and program outcomes. We also extracted data on intrinsic (non-Medical Expert) competencies, as defined by the CanMEDS competency framework. Findings: Of the 1,006 studies identified, 55 met the criteria for inclusion in this review. The majority of the articles that were eligible for inclusion were from the United States (n = 31, 57%). Most of the studies (n = 47, 85%) employed quantitative, or mixed method research designs. Positive outcomes that were commonly reported included increased self-confidence, competence in being prepared for residency, and satisfaction with the transition program. While a variety of learner-centered programs that focus on specific intrinsic competencies have been implemented, many (n = 29, 52%) did not report engaging learners as key stakeholders in program development. Insights: While programs that aim to ease the transition from medical school to residency can enhance both Medical Expert and other intrinsic competencies, there is much room for novel transition programs to define their goals more broadly and to incorporate multiple areas of professional development. The existing literature highlights various gaps in approaches to easing the transition from medical school to residency, particularly with respect to key stakeholder engagement, addressing intrinsic CanMEDS competencies, and focusing on individual learners' needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Kassam
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leslie Nickell
- Department of Community & Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helen Pethrick
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, David Bradley Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maureen Topps
- Medical Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Diane L Lorenzetti
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Health Sciences Library, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Bobel MC, Branson CF, Chipman JG, Campbell AR, Brunsvold ME. "Who wants me to do what?" varied expectations from key stakeholder groups in the surgical intensive care unit creates a challenging learning environment. Am J Surg 2020; 221:394-400. [PMID: 33303187 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical intensive care units (SICU) require complex care from a multi-disciplinary team. Frequent changes in team members can lead to shifting expectations for junior general surgical trainees, which creates a challenging working and learning environment. We aim to identify expectations of junior surgery trainee's medical knowledge and technical/non-technical skills at the start of their SICU rotation. We hypothesize that expectations will not be consistent across SICU stakeholder groups. METHODS Twenty-eight individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with six SICU stakeholder groups at a medium-sized academic hospital. Expectations were identified from interview transcripts. Frequency counts were analyzed. RESULTS Forty-one expectations were identified. 4 expectations were identified by a majority of interviewees. Most expectations were identified by 7 or fewer interviewees. 23 (53%) expectations were shared by at least one stakeholder group. 2 (8%) expectations were shared by all groups. CONCLUSIONS SICU stakeholder groups identified ten medical knowledge, ten technical skill, and three non-technical skill expectations. Yet, few expectations were shared among the groups. Thus, SICU stakeholder groups have disparate expectations for surgery trainees in our SICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Bobel
- University of Minnesota, Department of Surgery, 420 Delaware Street SE, Mayo Mail Code 195, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Carolina Fernandez Branson
- University of Minnesota, Department of Surgery, 420 Delaware Street SE, Mayo Mail Code 195, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Chipman
- University of Minnesota, Department of Surgery, 420 Delaware Street SE, Mayo Mail Code 195, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Andre R Campbell
- University of California-San Francisco, Department of Surgery, San Francisco, Campus Box 0807, CA, 94143-0807, USA
| | - Melissa E Brunsvold
- University of Minnesota, Department of Surgery, 420 Delaware Street SE, Mayo Mail Code 195, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Valdez TA, Kudaravalli S, Kavanagh KR. Combined web and haptic simulation system: A pilot study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 138:110371. [PMID: 33152964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Simulation education is increasingly used in otolaryngology training. The objective of this pilot study is to describe a mixed web-based and haptic modular platform for pediatric airway conditions. METHODS A web-based modular case presentation and evaluation system were developed to correspond to a pediatric laryngeal condition represented on the haptic models created using 3D printing and silicone elastomer. The haptic microlaryngoscopy simulation training and web module were evaluated by participants using a Likert scale. The mixed modular apparatus systematized the open web platform and haptic simulator, videos, text, questions, and evaluation to provide a more comprehensive simulation experience. RESULTS Seventeen otolaryngology trainees participated, each completing a post-simulation survey. All participants responded 4 or higher (agree or strongly agree) on the Likert scale that the virtual training and case presentations improved their understanding of the pediatric laryngeal conditions presented. CONCLUSION A modular system constitutes a variety of web-based cases for evaluating, diagnosing, and performing procedures on a haptic surgical simulator taking the physician in training from diagnosis to treatment thereby expanding our current use of haptic simulators in surgical education to include case based learning and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulio A Valdez
- Stanford University, 801 Welch Road Palo Alto, CA, 94304, United States.
| | | | - Katherine R Kavanagh
- Connecticut Children's, 282 Washington Street 2L, Hartford, Connecticut, 06119, United States
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Bell SG, Kobernik EK, Burk-Rafel J, Hughes DT, Schiller J, Heidemann LA, Morgan HK. Trainees' Perceptions of the Transition From Medical School to Residency. J Grad Med Educ 2020; 12:611-614. [PMID: 33149831 PMCID: PMC7594769 DOI: 10.4300/jgme-d-20-00183.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is emerging evidence that learners may be suboptimally prepared for the expectations of residency. In order to address these concerns, many medical schools are implementing residency preparation courses (RPCs). OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine trainees' perceptions of their transition to residency and whether they felt that they benefited from participation in an RPC. METHODS All residents and fellows at the University of Michigan (n = 1292) received an electronic survey in July 2018 that queried respondents on demographics, whether medical school had prepared them for intern year, and whether they had participated in an RPC. RESULTS The response rate was 44% (563 of 1292) with even distribution across gender and postgraduate years (PGYs). Most (78%, 439 of 563) felt that medical school prepared them well for intern year. There were no differences in reported preparedness for intern year across PGY, age, gender, or specialty. Overall, 28% (156 of 563) of respondents participated in an RPC and endorsed feeling prepared for intern year, which was more than RPC non-participants (85% [133 of 156] vs 70% [306 of 439], P = .029). Participation in longer RPCs was also associated with higher perceived preparedness for residency. CONCLUSIONS This study found that residents from multiple specialties reported greater preparedness for residency if they participated in a medical school fourth-year RPC, with greater perceptions of preparedness for longer duration RPCs, which may help to bridge the medical school to residency gap.
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McMillan R, Redlich PN, Treat R, Goldblatt MI, Carver T, Dodgion CM, Peschman JR, Davis CS, Alizadegan S, Grushka J, Olson L, Krausert T, Lewis B, Malinowski MJ. Incoming residents’ knot-tying and suturing skills: Are medical school boot camps sufficient? Am J Surg 2020; 220:616-619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jacobs KG, Kugler J, Chi J, Stuart E, Bereknyei Merrell S, Rassbach C. A Mixed Methods Approach to Understanding Curricular Impact of a Capstone Course on the Self-Efficacy of Fourth-Year Medical Students. Cureus 2020; 12:e9537. [PMID: 32905172 PMCID: PMC7465827 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Capstone, or bootcamp, courses have been shown to increase the knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy of students prior to starting intern year and have been recommended by the Alliance for Clinical Education (ACE) to be incorporated into the fourth-year medical school curricula. However, a paucity of research exists regarding the exploration of the student perspective on critical curricular content and teaching strategies in a capstone course. Self-efficacy, one's subjective task-specific judgment of capability, has served in the literature as a framework for capstone outcomes and is derived from four sources of experiences: practice, observation of others, feedback, and one's emotional reaction to difficult situations. Utilizing this framework, we aimed to evaluate the impact of our capstone curriculum on students' self-efficacy and to identify critical curricular content and teaching strategies that affected students' self-efficacy and their transition into residency. Methods We designed a mixed methods study of our institution's capstone course in May 2019. Students were invited to participate in the retrospective pre- and post- self-efficacy survey and focus group immediately after the capstone and in semi-structured interviews four months after they began the intern year. Themes were identified via qualitative analysis using inductive coding to allow participants' voices to guide code development and deductive analysis using codes derived from the self-efficacy framework. Results Nine enrolled students participated in the study (surveys n=8, focus group n=7, follow-up interview n=6). Students reported the capstone was a very valuable educational experience (median 4.5 [interquartile range, or IQR 4-5]), increased their preparedness for intern year (median 5 [IQR 4.25-5]) and increased self-efficacy in multiple domains. Qualitative analysis revealed the critical curricular elements that most impacted students' self-efficacy were practical and communication skills to which students previously had limited exposure, in particular managing acute clinical needs, overnight cross-cover pages, inpatient pharmacology, daily intern communication (handoffs, consults, consenting), and end-of-life communication (goals of care, code status, pronouncing death). While all four sources contributed to self-efficacy, students reported that instructor and peer feedback were fundamental to providing context and substance to their performance. Students preferred practice-based learning via high-fidelity simulation and small groups for familiar tasks (daily intern communication, overnight pages, pharmacology) and observation of peers for new tasks (end-of-life communication and acute clinical deterioration). Conclusions This is the first study describing students' perspectives on critical curricular content and teaching strategies for a capstone course derived from qualitative analysis. Practical and communication skills with previously limited clerkship exposure and task-specific learning strategies increased the students' self-efficacy. Constructive feedback provided an important source of self-efficacy for all tasks, augmenting the benefits of practice and observation. This data provides preliminary groundwork for future research as multi-institutional studies are necessary to better understand students' needs around the curriculum to address residency transition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Kugler
- Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, USA
| | - Jeffrey Chi
- Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Elizabeth Stuart
- Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, USA
| | | | - Caroline Rassbach
- Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, USA
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Crannell WC, Boes C, Brasel K, Cook MR. Evaluating the educational effectiveness of an 8-week patient management course for surgical interns: A nine-year analysis. Am J Surg 2020; 219:800-803. [PMID: 32122659 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our general surgery program mandates an 8-week "intern school" (IS) for matriculating surgery interns. The course consists of a pre-test, didactics, and a post-test. We hypothesized IS exam performance would correlate with American Board of Surgery In Training Examination (ABSITE) scores.∖ METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of IS pre- and post-tests and ABSITE scores for all OHSU surgery interns from 2010 to 2018. McNemar's, chi-square, and Pearson tests were calculated. RESULTS The pre and post-test pass rate for 293 interns was 26% vs. 86% (p < 0.001). Categorical interns were more likely to pass the pre-test (33% vs 11% p = 0.004), and the post-test (96% vs 83% p = 0.007) than non-designated interns and more likely to pass the post-test than designated preliminary intern (96% vs 80%, p = 0.0014). There was no correlation between IS exams and ABSITE performance. DISCUSSION IS improves exam performance, but IS test scores do not correlate with ABSITE scores, and the program is not a means to identify interns at risk of poor ABSITE performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Christian Crannell
- Oregon Health and Science University, Mail Code L223, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Camden Boes
- Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Karen Brasel
- Oregon Health and Science University, Mail Code L223, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Mackenzie R Cook
- Oregon Health and Science University, Mail Code L611, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Germann CA, Strout TD, Park YS, Tekian A. Senior-Year Curriculum in U.S. Medical Schools: A Scoping Review. TEACHING AND LEARNING IN MEDICINE 2020; 32:34-44. [PMID: 31179752 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2019.1618307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Phenomenon: Many U.S. medical schools have responded to the adoption of competency-based medical education (CBME) frameworks by renewing their final-year curricula and including internship preparatory courses. The purpose of this scoping review was to map the published literature regarding the final year to discern how medical schools have responded to this paradigm change. Approach: A structured 5-step approach was used to conduct this scoping review. Electronic searches of PubMed, ERIC, Scopus, MedEdPortal, and 8 medical education journals were conducted to identify relevant articles published from 2006 to 2016. Four authors screened articles for inclusion using standardized eligibility criteria; interrater agreement was discussed and calculated. Authors extracted data elements, and a consensus-based approach was used to categorize, sort, and structure information gathered. Findings: Among 6,485 articles retrieved, 817 articles were included in the study. From 2007-2011 to 2012-2016, articles addressing the final year of medical school increased 93%, whereas articles describing internship preparatory courses increased 218%. The majority of articles did not reference a CBME framework (572/817; 70%), the frequency of mentions increased 268% from 2007-2011 to 2012-2016. Nearly three fourths of preparatory course-related papers reference a CBME framework (37/50; 74%). Insights: Our findings may reflect a movement in U.S. medical schools toward using shared assessment metrics to support 4th-year medical students' preparation for their postgraduate medical education. Despite an increased reference to CBME, there is relatively little use of competency-based assessment frameworks to evaluate learning outcomes. This review also found a substantial increase in the frequency of articles referencing senior-year preparatory courses in U.S. medical schools. Articles tended to describe institution-specific research or experiences. Opportunities likely exist for multi-institutional and organizational collaboration in determining the structure of the final year of medical school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Germann
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, USA
| | - Tania D Strout
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, USA
| | - Yoon Soo Park
- Department of Medical Education, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ara Tekian
- Department of Medical Education, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Boileau É, Talbot-Lemaire M, Bélanger M, St-Onge C. “Playing in the Big Leagues Now”: Exploring Feedback Receptivity During the Transition to Residency. HEALTH PROFESSIONS EDUCATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hpe.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Prozesky DR, Molwantwa MC, Nkomazana O, Kebaetse MB. Intern preparedness for the CanMEDS roles and the Dunning-Kruger effect: a survey. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2019; 19:422. [PMID: 31727028 PMCID: PMC6854771 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-019-1836-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine whether the first cohort of graduates from a new undergraduate medical programme in Botswana were adequately prepared for internship. METHODS The authors surveyed 27 interns and 13 intern supervisors on site, who rated intern preparedness for 44 tasks using a previously validated instrument. Tasks were grouped according to the seven roles of the physician in the CanMEDS framework and Cronbach α values confirmed internal consistency. To determine the direction of differences between intern and supervisor ratings for tasks Likert scale ratings were treated as interval data and mean scores calculated. Rating frequencies for each role were compared using the χ2 statistic. Reasons for differences between intern and supervisor ratings were explored by determining correlations between scores using the Spearman ρ statistic, and analysing qualitative data generated by the questionnaire. RESULTS Preparedness for all seven roles and the majority of tasks was found to be between 'Fairly well prepared' and 'Well prepared'. The ratings for four roles (Medical expert, Communicator, Collaborator, Professional) differed statistically, but not for the three others (Leader, Health advocate, Scholar). Interns rated their proficiency higher than their supervisors for the tasks in six roles; for the 'Professional' role intern ratings were mostly lower. Correlations between intern and supervisors scores were only significant for three roles (Medical expert, Communicator, Collaborator). Qualitative data provided further insights into the reasons for these associations. CONCLUSIONS Intern preparedness for tasks and roles varied but was generally satisfactory. Based on the analysis of the data seeming discrepancies in between interns and supervisor ratings were investigated and explanations are offered. For three roles the data indicate that their component tasks are understood in the same way by interns and supervisors, but not for the other roles. The Dunning-Kruger effect offers a plausible explanation for higher intern scores for tasks in six of the roles. For the 'Professional' role differences between interns' internal, individual understanding and supervisors' external, group understanding may explain lower intern scores. The fact that respondents may understand the tasks they rate differently has implications for all research of this nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oathokwa Nkomazana
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB, 0022 Gaborone, Botswana
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Surgical education research: How to move beyond the survey. Surgery 2019; 167:269-272. [PMID: 31253415 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical education serves as the foundation for high-quality, efficient patient care. Because clinical knowledge is gained and newer surgical techniques developed, this material is incorporated into the curricula of surgical trainees. Methods for studying this integration vary widely, however, providing data that, at times, is challenging to interpret in the context of patient care and outcomes. METHODS A review of the literature was conducted to evaluate current practices in surgical education research, as well as topics areas of focus. RESULTS Several techniques in surgical education research currently exist, including surveys, knowledge assessments, tests of skill, and single-arm educational interventions, which may or may not include a prepost design with assessments administered both before and immediately following the intervention. The applicability of these measures to patient outcomes is variable. CONCLUSION Research in surgical education represents a field of great interest, with opportunity for novel investigations among a broad collection of topic areas. Educational research should be approached in a methodologically rigorous fashion with high investigational standards in order to advance the education of surgical trainees and the care of surgical patients.
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Proficiency development for graduating medical students, using skills-level–appropriate mastery learning versus traditional learning for chest tube placement: Assessing anxiety, confidence, and performance. Surgery 2019; 165:1075-1081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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AlJamal Y, Prabhakar N, Saleem H, Baloul M, Farley DR. Surgical interns in 2018: Objective assessment suggests they are better but still lack critical knowledge and skill. Surgery 2019; 165:1093-1099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dean KM, DeMason CE, Choi SS, Malloy KM, Malekzadeh S. Otolaryngology boot camps: Current landscape and future directions. Laryngoscope 2019; 129:2707-2712. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.27835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Dean
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Christine E. DeMason
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Sukgi S. Choi
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Boston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
| | - Kelly M. Malloy
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Health System Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Sonya Malekzadeh
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryMedStar Georgetown University Hospital Washington District of Columbia U.S.A
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Is There a Role for Internal Medicine Residency Preparation Courses in the Fourth Year Curriculum? A Single-Center Experience. J Gen Intern Med 2018; 33:2048-2050. [PMID: 30094763 PMCID: PMC6258616 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-018-4620-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Arumpanayil AJ, Winkelman C, McConnell KK, Pelyak MR, Brandt CP, Lipman JM. Attitudes Toward Communication and Collaboration After Participation in a Mock Page Program: A Pilot of an Interprofessional Approach to Surgical Residency Preparation. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2018; 75:1491-1497. [PMID: 29935925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A source of insecurity among new physicians and new nurses is communicating and managing acute changes in patient condition. Mock page programs are an effective method for teaching communication and clinical decision-making skills to medical students. Joint participation in a mock page program provides a unique opportunity for medical and nursing students to practice communication, collaboration, and clinical decision-making in a low-risk learning environment. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine attitudes toward communication and collaboration among medical and nursing students after participation in a mock page program. DESIGN Twenty-four medical students participating in a surgical residency preparatory course were paired with 24 senior level nursing students. Over a period of 3 weeks, nursing students delivered 5 mock pages to the medical students. Mock pages consisted of peer-reviewed, prescripted scenarios depicting patients experiencing common postoperative complications. A 12-question survey measuring attitudes toward communication and collaboration between physicians and nurses was administered prior to delivery of the first page and after delivery of the last page. A dependent sample t test was used to perform item analysis. RESULTS Individual item analysis of medical student surveys indicated significant improvement in attitudes toward communication and collaboration with nurses in 12 out of 12 survey items (p < 0.05). Individual item analysis of nursing student surveys indicated significant improvement in attitudes toward communication and collaboration with physicians in 6 out of 10 survey items (p < 0.05). There was no decline in attitudes among any of the survey items. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study suggest that an interprofessional mock page program improves attitudes toward communication and collaboration between medical and nursing students. This program has the potential to improve the quality of education and increase confidence among medical and nursing students as they prepare for their professional roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Winkelman
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Nursing, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Kelly K McConnell
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Nursing, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Michael R Pelyak
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Nursing, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Christopher P Brandt
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Jeremy M Lipman
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Antonoff MB, Nguyen S, Nguyen TC, Odell DD. Conducting high-quality research in cardiothoracic surgical education: Recommendations from the Thoracic Education Cooperative Group. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 157:820-827.e1. [PMID: 30454984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.09.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a clear need for improved quality of research publications in the area of cardiothoracic surgical education. With the goals of enhancing the power, rigor, and strength of educational investigations, the Thoracic Education Cooperative Group seeks to outline key concepts in successfully conducting such research. METHODS Literature and established guidelines for conduct of research in surgical education were reviewed, and recommendations were developed for investigators in thoracic surgical education. RESULTS Key steps in educational research are highlighted and discussed with regard to their application to cardiothoracic surgical education. Specifically, advice is provided in terms of developing a research question, educational methodology, ethical issues, and handling power and sample sizes. Additional caveats of educational research that are addressed include aspects of validity, survey conduct, and simulation research. CONCLUSIONS Educational research can serve to enhance the practices and careers of current trainees, our scientific community, and thoracic surgical educators. To optimize the quality of such educational research, it is imperative that teachers, innovators, and contributors to academic scholarship in our field familiarize themselves with key steps in conducting educational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara B Antonoff
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex.
| | - Stephanie Nguyen
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Tex
| | - Tom C Nguyen
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Tex
| | - David D Odell
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
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Steinemann S, Gardner A, Aulet T, Fitzgibbons S, Campbell A, Acton R. American College of surgeons /Association for Surgical Education Medical Student Simulation-based Surgical Skills Curriculum: Alignment with Entrustable Professional Activities. Am J Surg 2018; 217:198-204. [PMID: 30497660 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesized that medical experts would concur the American College of Surgeons/Association for Surgical Education Medical Student Simulation-based Surgical Skills Curriculum ("ACS/ASE Curriculum") could be used to teach and assess Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs). METHODS A "crosswalk" was created between ACS/ASE Curriculum modules and eight EPAs. Medical education experts participated in a Delphi process regarding feasibility of using the modules for teaching and assessing EPAs. RESULTS Twenty-eight educators from six clinical fields participated. There was consensus that five of the EPAs could be taught and assessed by the ACS/ASE Curriculum. A median of nine hours per month outside the surgical clerkship was recommended for skills training. CONCLUSIONS The ACS/ASE Curriculum lays the framework for implementing select EPAs into medical student education. Experts recommended increased time for skills training with incorporation of the modules into the first three years of medical education, with assessments planned in the third to fourth years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Steinemann
- Department of Surgery, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Aimee Gardner
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, United States
| | - Tess Aulet
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont, United States
| | - Shimae Fitzgibbons
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Andre Campbell
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Robert Acton
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, United States
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