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Yang W, Jian M, Wang X, Zhou Y, Liang Y, Chen Y, Li Y, Li K, Ma B, Liu H, Han R. Dynamic Cortical Connectivity During Propofol Sedation in Glioma Patients. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2024:00008506-990000000-00104. [PMID: 38577956 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The behavioral manifestations and neurophysiological responses to sedation can assist in understanding brain function after neurological damage, and can be described by cortical functional connectivity. Glioma patients may experience neurological deficits that are not clinically detectable before sedation. We hypothesized that patients with gliomas exhibit distinct cortical connectivity patterns compared to non-neurosurgical patients during sedation. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of a previously published prospective observational study. Patients scheduled for resection of supratentorial glioma (n=21) or a non-neurosurgical procedure (n=21) under general anesthesia were included in this study. Frontal electroencephalography (EEG) signals were recorded at different sedation levels as assessed by the Observer Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) score. Kernel principal component analysis and k-means clustering were used to determine possible temporal dynamics from the weighted phase lag index characteristics. RESULTS Ten EEG connectivity states were identified by clustering (76% consistency), each with unique properties. At OAA/S 3, the median (Q1, Q3) occurrence rates of state 6 (glioma group, 0.110 [0.083, 0.155] vs. control group, 0.070 [0.030, 0.110]; P=0.008) and state 7 (glioma group, 0.105 [0.083, 0.148] vs. control group: 0.065 [0.038, 0.090]; P=0.001), which are dominated by beta connectivity, were significantly different between the 2 groups, reflecting differential conversion of the beta band between the left and right brain regions. In addition, the temporal dynamics of the brain's functional connectivity was also reflected in the transition relationships between metastable states. CONCLUSIONS There were differences in EEG functional connectivity, which is dynamic, between the glioma and nonglioma groups during sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanning Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Yang W, Wang X, Liu H, Li M, Liu X, Lin N, Hu L, Han R. Electroencephalography characteristics of patients with supratentorial glioma in different consciousness states induced by propofol. Neurosci Lett 2023; 808:137284. [PMID: 37142112 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary intracranial malignant tumors. Some of these patients exhibit previously clinically undetected neurological deficits after sedation. The absence of neurophysiological evidence for this phenomenon limits the use of time-sensitive monitoring methods. The study aims to compare differences between glioma patients under sedation and those without intracranial lesions by comparing their EEG features. Twenty-one patients without intracranial tumors and 21 with frontal lobe supratentorial gliomas were enrolled. The EEG power spectrum of the glioma group was comparable to that of the control group for both sides of the brain (P>0.05 for all frequencies). Compared with those without intracranial lesions, the weighted phase lag index (wPLI) in the alpha and beta bands on the non-occupied side decreased. Glioma patients had weaker functional connectivity during sedation than patients without intracranial lesions, manifesting as reduced functional connectivity on the non-occupied side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanning Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Muhan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Nan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ruquan Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
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Neurosurgical Anesthesia: Optimizing Outcomes with Agent Selection. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020372. [PMID: 36830909 PMCID: PMC9953550 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Anesthesia in neurosurgery embodies a vital element in the development of neurosurgical intervention. This undisputed interest has offered surgeons and anesthesiologists an array of anesthetic selections to utilize, though with this allowance comes the equally essential requirement of implementing a maximally appropriate agent. To date, there remains a lack of consensus and official guidance on optimizing anesthetic choice based on operating priorities including hemodynamic parameters (e.g., CPP, ICP, MAP) in addition to the route of procedure and pathology. In this review, the authors detail the development of neuroanesthesia, summarize the advantages and drawbacks of various anesthetic classes and agents, while lastly cohesively organizing the current literature of randomized trials on neuroanesthesia across various procedures.
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Thakkar K, Mariappan R, Prabhu K, Yadav B, Singh G. Comparison of Monitored Anesthesia Care with Propofol Versus Dexmedetomidine for Awake Craniotomy: A Retrospective study. JOURNAL OF NEUROANAESTHESIOLOGY AND CRITICAL CARE 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1748195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background Anesthetic agents used for awake craniotomy should be safe, short-acting, titratable, and provide an adequate level of sedation and analgesia, along with facilitating adequate neurological assessment during the functional testing. Our study aims to review the efficacy and safety profile, along with the potential for neurophysiological monitoring, of two commonly used anesthetic regimens, i.e., propofol and dexmedetomidine.
Methods After the Ethics Committee approval, a retrospective analysis of 51 patients who underwent awake craniotomy for brain tumor excision over a period of 7 years was done. Those who received monitored anesthesia care (MAC) were divided into two groups, namely, Group P for that received propofol, and Group D that received dexmedetomidine and their hemodynamic profile, perioperative complications, neuromonitoring techniques, and postoperative course was noted from the records.
Results A total of 31 patients were administered MAC with propofol and 20 with dexmedetomidine. The baseline demographic data, duration of surgery, intensive care unit (ICU), and hospital stay were comparable between the two. The hemodynamic profile as assessed by the heart rate and blood pressure was also comparable. The incidence of intraoperative seizures was found to be less in Group P, though. Episodes of transient desaturation were observed more in Group P (9.7%) than in Group D (5%), but none of the patients required conversion to general anesthesia. Direct cortical stimulation was satisfactorily elicited in 80% in Group P and 85% in Group D.
Conclusions MAC with propofol and dexmedetomidine are acceptable techniques with comparable hemodynamic profile, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and potential for neurophysiological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keta Thakkar
- Department of Neuroanaesthesia, Christian Medical college, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramamani Mariappan
- Department of Neuroanaesthesia, Christian Medical college, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishna Prabhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Christian Medical college, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bijesh Yadav
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Georgene Singh
- Department of Neuroanaesthesia, Christian Medical college, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Plitman E, Chowdhury T, Paquin-Lanthier G, Takami H, Subramaniam S, Leong KW, Daniels A, Bernstein M, Venkatraghavan L. Benzodiazepine Sedation and Postoperative Neurological Deficits after Awake Craniotomy for Brain Tumor - An Exploratory Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Oncol 2022; 12:885164. [PMID: 35515117 PMCID: PMC9065444 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.885164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An awake craniotomy is a common neurosurgical procedure for excising brain tumor(s) located near or in eloquent areas. The use of benzodiazepine (BZD) for sedation in some patients with neuropathological conditions (e.g., stroke, brain tumors) has been previously linked with re-appearance of neurological deficits including limb incoordination, ataxia, and motor weakness, resulting in complications for the patient along with procedural challenges. Whether or not these findings can be extrapolated to patients undergoing brain tumor resection is largely unknown. The current work primarily sought to compare neurological outcome(s) in the immediate postoperative period between BZD-free and BZD-based sedation techniques in patients undergoing awake craniotomy. Using a database composed of awake craniotomies conducted within a single center and by a single surgeon, patients were retrospectively classified based on midazolam administration into BZD-free sedation (n=125) and BZD-based sedation (n=416) groups. Patients from each group were matched based on age, sex, tumor location, tumor grade, preoperative neurological deficits, non-operative BZD use, and Karnofsky Performance Scale scores, resulting in 108 patients within each group. Postoperative neurological deficits were recorded. Logistic regression analyses were conducted comparing postoperative neurological deficits between the matched groups. Postoperative neurological deficits were more prevalent within the BZD-based sedation group compared to the BZD-free sedation group (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.903, 95% CI=1.018-3.560, p=0.044). In addition, subgroup analysis of the matched cohort showed a relationship between preoperative neurological symptoms and postoperative neurological deficits in the BZD-based sedation group (aOR=3.756, 95% CI=1.390-10.147, p=0.009). Our findings support the notion that the increased incidence of postoperative neurological deficits with BZD sedation may in part be related to the unmasking of preoperative neurological deficits. Further studies are required to confirm this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Plitman
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tumul Chowdhury
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gabriel Paquin-Lanthier
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hirokazu Takami
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sudhakar Subramaniam
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kok Weng Leong
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abigail Daniels
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Bernstein
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lashmi Venkatraghavan
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Huang HW, Zhang XK, Li HY, Wang YG, Jing B, Chen Y, Patel MB, Ely EW, Liu YO, Zhou JX, Lin S, Zhang GB. Higher Grade Glioma Increases the Risk of Postoperative Delirium: Deficient Brain Compensation Might Be a Potential Mechanism of Postoperative Delirium. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:822984. [PMID: 35493935 PMCID: PMC9045131 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.822984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The brain compensation mechanism in postoperative delirium (POD) has not been reported. We uncovered the mechanism by exploring the association between POD and glioma grades, and the relationship between preoperative brain structural and functional compensation with POD in patients with frontal glioma. Methods A total of 335 adult patients with glioma were included. The multivariable analysis examined the association between tumor grade and POD. Then, 20 patients with left frontal lobe glioma who had presurgical structural and functional MRI data and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in this cohort were analyzed. We measured the gray matter volume (GMV) and functional connectivity (FC) in patients with (n = 8) and without (n = 12) POD and healthy controls (HCs, n = 29) to detect the correlation between the structural and functional alteration and POD. Results The incidence of POD was 37.3%. Multivariable regression revealed that high-grade glioma had approximately six times the odds of POD. Neuroimaging data showed that compared with HC, the patients with left frontal lobe glioma showed significantly increased GMV of the right dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the non-POD group and decreased GMV of right DLPFC in the POD group, and the POD group exhibited significantly decreased FC of right DLPFC, and the non-POD group showed the increasing tendency. Partial correlation analysis showed that GMV in contralesional DLPFC were positively correlated with preoperative neurocognition, and the GMV and FC in contralesional DLPFC were negatively correlated with POD. Conclusions Our findings suggested that insufficient compensation for injured brain regions involving cognition might be more vulnerable to suffering from POD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Center of Brain Tumor, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Yi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Center of Brain Tumor, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Gang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Center of Brain Tumor, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, China
| | - Bin Jing
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - You Chen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Mayur B. Patel
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery and Neurosurgery, Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency General Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Hearing & Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center Service, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - E. Wesley Ely
- Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ya-Ou Liu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Xin Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jian-Xin Zhou,
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Center of Brain Tumor, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jian-Xin Zhou,
| | - Guo-Bin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Center of Brain Tumor, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jian-Xin Zhou,
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Rizk AA, Venkatraghavan L, Shankar JJS, Schaller B, Chowdhury T. Reappearance of Neurological Deficits in Pathologic Brain: Are Sedatives and Opioids Culprits? A Systematic Review. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2022; 34:14-20. [PMID: 34116547 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Following a brain insult, focal neurological deficits may develop. Despite resolution of these deficits with time, the subsequent administration of sedative medications and opioids may lead to recrudescence of previous neurological deficits. Therefore, the present systematic review aims to explore the role of different sedatives and opioid analgesics at reproducing focal neurological deficits in patients with previous brain insults undergoing surgery. Our PRISMA compliant systematic review covering the literature from 1990 to 2020 showed a consistent reoccurrence of neurological deficits following administration of benzodiazepines and opioids across 12 studies. It appears that in all studies, the manifestations were transient and affected mostly middle-aged patients (45 to 67 y of age). In addition, benzodiazepines and opioid antagonism by naloxone and flumazenil reverses the unmasking of prior neurological deficits. In contrast, it is not clear based on our study whether the unmasking or worsening of neurological deficits occurs following recent injuries or an older brain insult, although for most patients it appears to be the former. Future studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in unmasking prior deficits and/or extension of prior injuries by sedative and opioid analgesics. This review will aid in developing prospective studies on individual sedative medications and their effects on unmasking neurological deficits in patients with multiple brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lashmi Venkatraghavan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - Jai J S Shankar
- Section Intervention Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bernhard Schaller
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiopathology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tumul Chowdhury
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
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Yu T, Yu S, Zuo Z, Lin N, Wang J, Zhao Y, Lin S. Dexmedetomidine inhibits unstable motor network in patients with primary motor area gliomas. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:15139-15150. [PMID: 34032606 PMCID: PMC8221338 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background: Sedative agents such as dexmedetomidine have been found to transiently exacerbate or unmask limb motor dysfunction in patients with eloquent area brain gliomas. The present study aims to investigate whether dexmedetomidine can inhibit motor plasticity in patients with glioma via fMRI. Methods: 21 patients with brain glioma were prospectively recruited between September 2017 and December 2018. Patients were classified into pre-M1 (primary motor cortex) group (n=9), post-M1 group (n=6), and non-eloquent group (control group) (n=6) according to the tumor position related to M1. The hand movement task-fMRI and resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI) were performed before and after sedation using dexmedetomidine. The lateralization index (LI) of activation voxels and magnitude and the functional connectivity (FC) of motor network were compared before and after sedation and among different groups. Results: Permanent postoperative motor deficit of the upper limb was found in 5 of 6 patients in the pre-M1 group, and none in other groups (P < .01). Task-fMRI showed the LI of activation volume and activation magnitude at M1 significantly increased only in the pre-M1 group after sedation (P < .05). Rs-fMRI showed 60.0% (27 of 45) FCs of motor network decreased in pre-M1 group after sedation (p[FDR] < .05); whereas there was no FC reduction in post-M1 and control groups (p[FDR] > .05). Conclusions: In patients with eloquent area gliomas, dexmedetomidine can inhibit the unstable compensative motor plasticity on both task- and rs-fMRI. fMRI may be a promising method for elucidating the effect of sedative agents on motor plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Songlin Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100070, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhentao Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Nan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University International Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuanli Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100070, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University International Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100070, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
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Abstract
Anesthesiologists provide care to acute and subacute ischemic stroke (IS) patients and stroke survivors in interventional radiology, intensive care, and operating rooms. These encounters will become more frequent following studies that have extended the treatment window from last known well time for fibrinolytic and endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). The number of stroke centers certified to quickly and effectively initiate treatment of IS patients and the number of patients connected to them by telehealth continue to grow. This article reviews IS pathophysiology, assessment, treatment, pathology, and complications; anesthetic management during EVT; perioperative stroke management; and how anesthesia has an impact on patients with prior stroke.
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Oh S, Chung J, Baek S, Park YJ. Postoperative expressive aphasia associated with intravenous midazolam administration: a 5-year retrospective case-control study. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520948751. [PMID: 32851907 PMCID: PMC7457656 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520948751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of intravenous midazolam-induced postoperative expressive aphasia (EA). Methods The incidence rate, risk ratio, and contributing factors to intravenous midazolam-induced postoperative EA were analyzed retrospectively in 6756 orthopedic patients. A telephone interview was conducted with patients with EA after surgery. Results Patients were allocated to either the midazolam group (n = 6178) or no-midazolam group (n = 578). Twelve patients developed EA in the midazolam group, with an incidence of 0.19%, and no patient developed EA in the no-midazolam group. The mean age of EA patients was 70 years, and 92% were women. Among them, 75% received general anesthesia, and the mean dose of midazolam was 1.8 mg. EA was reversed in nine of 12 (75%) patients within 4 minutes of flumazenil administration, and >60 minutes were required to reverse EA in the other three patients (25%). Conclusion Intravenous midazolam administration for preoperative sedation caused transient EA in 0.19% of patients, especially elderly women who received general anesthesia, and EA could be reversed by flumazenil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saecheol Oh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihyun Chung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sujin Baek
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo Jung Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Saint Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Li Y, Kim J, Simpson D, Aagaard-Kienitz B, Niemann D, Esene IN, Ahmed A. Difference in imaging biomarkers between transient and permanent neurological deficits after endovascular treatment of cerebrovascular aneurysms. J Neurosurg 2020; 134:1861-1870. [PMID: 32559747 DOI: 10.3171/2020.4.jns192718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The literature suggests that blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) plays a significant role in the development of neurological events in patients with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) that is negative for lesions. In this prospective, single-center cohort study, the authors compared the imaging characteristics of patients suffering transient neurological events (TNEs) with those in patients suffering permanent neurological events (PNEs) after having undergone elective embolization of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. METHODS This prospective cohort study was conducted between July 2016 and June 2019. Inclusion criteria were adults undergoing elective neuroendovascular procedures and the absence of contraindications to MRI. All subjects underwent brain MRI including postcontrast FLAIR (pcFLAIR) sequences for evaluation of BBBD within 24 hours postprocedure. RESULTS In total, 128 patients harboring 133 unruptured aneurysms were enrolled, 109 of whom (85.2%) showed some degree of BBBD on pcFLAIR MRI and 50 of whom (39.1%) suffered an ischemic insult per DWI. In total, 23 patients (18%) suffered neurological complications, 16 of which (12.5%) were TNEs and 7 of which (5.5%) were PNEs. The median extent of BBBD was focal in asymptomatic patients as compared to hemispheric and lobar in the TNE and PNE groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification predicted the extent of BBBD (p = 0.046). Lesions on DWI were noted in 34 asymptomatic patients (32.4%) compared to 9 patients (56.3%) with TNEs and all 7 patients (100%) with PNEs (p < 0.001). The median number of DWI lesions was 0 (range 0-18 lesions) in the asymptomatic group compared to 1.5 (range 0-8 lesions) and 8 (range 1-13 lesions) in the TNE and PNE groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Smoking (p = 0.008), older age (p = 0.002), and longer surgery (p = 0.006) were positively associated with the number of lesions on DWI. On multivariate analysis, intraarterial verapamil (p = 0.02, OR 8.01, 95% CI 1.35-47.43) and extent of BBBD (p < 0.001, OR 58.58, 95% CI 9.48-361.84) were positively associated with the development of TNEs, while intravenous infusion of midazolam during surgery (p = 0.02, OR 6.03, 95% CI 1.29-28.20) was negatively associated. An increased number of lesions on DWI was the only significant predictor for the development of PNEs (p < 0.001, OR 49.85, 95% CI 5.56-447.10). CONCLUSIONS An increasing extent of BBBD was associated with the development of TNEs, whereas an increasing number of lesions on DWI was significantly associated with the development of PNEs. BBBD imaging using pcFLAIR may serve as a valuable biomarker for detecting subtle cerebral ischemia and stratifying the risk for ischemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Li
- Departments of1Neurological Surgery and
| | - Jason Kim
- Departments of1Neurological Surgery and
| | | | - Beverly Aagaard-Kienitz
- Departments of1Neurological Surgery and.,2Radiology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin
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Sevoflurane versus PRopofol combined with Remifentanil anesthesia Impact on postoperative Neurologic function in supratentorial Gliomas (SPRING): protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol 2020; 20:117. [PMID: 32429839 PMCID: PMC7236146 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-020-01035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with intracranial tumors are more sensitive to anesthetics than the general population and are therefore more susceptible to postoperative neurologic and neurocognitive dysfunction. Sevoflurane or propofol combined with remifentanil are widely used general anesthetic regimens for craniotomy, with neither regimen shown to be superior to the other in terms of neuroprotective efficacy and anesthesia quality. There is no evidence regarding the variable effects on postoperative neurologic and neurocognitive functional outcome under these two general anesthetic regimens. This trial will compare inhalational sevoflurane or intravenous propofol combined with remifentanil anesthesia in patients with supratentorial gliomas and test the hypothesis that postoperative neurologic function is equally affected between the two regimens. Methods This is a prospective, single-center, randomized parallel arm equivalent clinical trial, which is approved by China Ethics Committee of Registering Clinical Trials (ChiECRCT-20,160,051). Patients with supratentorial gliomas diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging will be eligible for the trial. Written informed consent will be obtained before randomly assigning each subject to either the sevoflurane-remifentanil or propofol-remifentanil group for anesthesia maintenance to achieve an equal-desired depth of anesthesia. Intraoperative intervention and monitoring will follow a standard anesthetic management protocol. All of the physiological parameters and other medications administered during the intervention will be recorded. The primary outcome will be neurologic function change assessed by National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) within 4 h after general anesthesia when observer’s assessment of alertness/sedation (OAA/S) reaches 4. Secondary outcomes will include NIHSS and modified NIHSS change 1 and 2 days after general anesthesia, hemodynamic stability, intraoperative brain relaxation, quality of anesthesia emergence, quality of anesthesia recovery, postoperative cognitive function, postoperative pain, postoperative neurologic complications, as well as perioperative medical expense. Discussion This randomized equivalency trial will primarily compare the impacts of sevoflurane-remifentanil and propofol-remifentanil anesthesia on short-term postoperative neurologic function in patients with supratentorial gliomas undergoing craniotomy. The exclusion criteria are strict to ensure that the groups are comparable in all aspects. Repeated and routine neurologic evaluations after operation are always important to evaluate neurosurgical patients’ recovery and any newly presenting complications. The results of this trial would help specifically to interpret anesthetic residual effects on postoperative outcomes, and perhaps would help the anesthesiologist to select the optimal anesthetic regimen to minimize its impact on neurologic function in this specific patient population. Trial registration The study was registered and approved by the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-IOR-16009177). Principle investigator: Nan Lin (email address: linnan127@gmail.com) and Ruquan Han (email address: hanrq666@aliyun.com) Date of Registration: September 8th, 2016. Country of recruitment: China.
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Qu JZ, Alston TA. Perioperative cognitive function: must the poor get poorer? Minerva Anestesiol 2020; 86:368-370. [PMID: 32304362 DOI: 10.23736/s0375-9393.20.14436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Z Qu
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theodore A Alston
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA -
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Sedatives in neurocritical care: an update on pharmacological agents and modes of sedation. Curr Opin Crit Care 2020; 25:97-104. [PMID: 30672819 DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0000000000000592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this article, the specific and general indications for sedatives in the neurocritical care unit are discussed, together with an overview on current insights in sedative protocols for these patients. In addition, physiological effects of sedative agents on the central nervous system are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS In the general ICU population, a large body of evidence supports light protocolized sedation over indiscriminate deep sedation. Unfortunately, in patients with severe acute brain injury, the evidence from randomized controlled trials is scarce to nonexistent, and practice is supported by expert opinion, physiological studies and observational or small interventional trials. The different sedatives each have different beneficial effects and side-effects. SUMMARY Extrapolating the findings from studies in the general ICU population suggests to reserve deep continuous sedation in the neuro-ICU for specific indications. Although an improved understanding of cerebral physiological changes in patients with brain injury may be helpful to guide individualized sedation, we still lack the evidence base to make broad recommendations for specific patient groups.
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Abstract
This review is intended to provide a summary of the literature pertaining to the perioperative care of neurosurgical patients and patients with neurological diseases. General topics addressed in this review include general neurosurgical considerations, stroke, neurological monitoring, and perioperative disorders of cognitive function.
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Pharmacologic Unmasking of Neurologic Deficits: A Stress Test for the Brain. Anesthesiology 2019; 131:5-6. [PMID: 31166237 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Midazolam Sedation Induces Upper Limb Coordination Deficits That Are Reversed by Flumazenil in Patients with Eloquent Area Gliomas. Anesthesiology 2019; 131:36-45. [DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Editor’s Perspective
What We Already Know about This Topic
What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Background
Midazolam has been found to exacerbate or unmask limb motor dysfunction in patients with brain tumors. This study aimed to determine whether the exacerbated upper limb motor-sensory deficits are mediated through benzodiazepine sites by demonstrating reversibility by flumazenil in patients with gliomas in eloquent areas.
Methods
This was an interventional, parallel assignment, nonrandomized trial. Study subjects were admitted in the operating room. Patients with supratentorial eloquent area gliomas and volunteers of similar age without neurologic disease were sedated with midazolam, but still responsive and cooperative. Motor and sensory functions for upper extremities were evaluated by the Nine-Hole Peg Test before and after midazolam, as well as after flumazenil reversal.
Results
Thirty-two cases were included: 15 in the glioma group and 17 in the control group. The total dose of midazolam and flumazenil were comparable between the groups. In the glioma group, the times to task completion after midazolam in the contralateral hand (P = 0.001) and ipsilateral hand (P = 0.002) were 26.5 (95% CI, 11.3 to 41.7) and 13.7 (95% CI, 5.0 to 22.4) seconds slower than baseline, respectively. After flumazenil reversal, the contralateral hand (P = 0.99) and ipsilateral hand (P = 0.187) performed 1.2 (95% CI, −3.3 to 5.8) and 1.5 (95% CI, −0.5 to 3.5) seconds slower than baseline, respectively. In the control group, the dominant (P < 0.001) and nondominant hand (P = 0.006) were 2.9 (95% CI, 1.4 to 4.3) and 1.7 (95% CI, 0.5 to 2.9) seconds slower than baseline, respectively. After flumazenil, the dominant hand (P = 0.99) and nondominant hand (P = 0.019) performed 0.2 (95% CI, −0.7 to 1.0) and 1.3 (95% CI, −0.2 to 2.4) seconds faster than baseline, respectively.
Conclusions
In patients with eloquent area gliomas, mild sedation with midazolam induced motor coordination deficits in upper limbs. This deficit was almost completely reversed by the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil, suggesting that this is a reversible abnormality linked to occupation of the receptor by midazolam.
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Recent trends in the anesthetic management of craniotomy for supratentorial tumor resection. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2018; 29:552-7. [PMID: 27285727 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0000000000000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The article reviews the recent evidence on the anesthetic management of patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial tumor resection. RECENT FINDINGS A rapid recovery of neurological function after craniotomy for supratentorial tumor allows for the prompt diagnosis of intracranial complications and possibly an early hospital discharge. Intraoperative esmolol infusion was shown to reduce the anesthetic requirements, and may facilitate a more rapid recovery of neurological function. Outpatient craniotomy for supratentorial tumor resection has been associated with several clinical and economic benefits, but has not gained widespread use because of skepticism and medical-legal concerns. Awake craniotomy is associated with advantageous outcomes compared with surgery under general anesthesia, and is regarded as the standard of care for tumors that reside in or in close proximity to the eloquent brain. Recent studies have demonstrated that intraoperative electroacupuncture, dexmedetomidine, pregabalin, and lidocaine may facilitate postcraniotomy pain management. The use of volatile anesthetic agents in cancer surgery is associated with a worse survival compared with intravenous anesthetics, possibly by hindering immunologic defenses against cancer cells. SUMMARY Recent evidence has yielded valuable information regarding anesthetic management of patients undergoing supratentorial tumor craniotomy. Despite a plethora of studies that compare short-term outcomes using different anesthetic and analgesic regimens, randomized controlled trials that examine the long-term outcomes (i.e., neurocognitive function, quality of life, tumor recurrence, and survival) that are of particular interest to patients are needed.
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Mahajan C, Rath GP, Singh GP, Mishra N, Sokhal S, Bithal PK. Efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine infusion for patients undergoing awake craniotomy: An observational study. Saudi J Anaesth 2018; 12:235-239. [PMID: 29628833 PMCID: PMC5875211 DOI: 10.4103/sja.sja_608_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The goal of awake craniotomy is to maintain adequate sedation, analgesia, respiratory, and hemodynamic stability and also to provide a cooperative patient for neurologic testing. An observational study carried out to evaluate the efficacy of dexmedetomidine sedation for awake craniotomy. Materials and Methods: Adult patients with age >18 year who underwent awake craniotomy for intracranial tumor surgery were enrolled. Those who were uncooperative and had difficult airway were excluded from the study. In the operating room, the patients received a bolus dose of dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg followed by an infusion of 0.2–0.7 μg/kg/h (bispectral index target 60–80). Once the patients were sedated, scalp block was given with bupivacaine 0.25%. The data on hemodynamics at various stages of the procedure, intraoperative complications, total amount of fentanyl used, intravenous fluids required, blood loss and transfusion, duration of surgery, Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and hospital stay were collected. The patients were assessed for Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) score and patient satisfaction score (PSS). Results: A total of 27 patients underwent awake craniotomy during a period of 2 years. Most common intraoperative complication was seizures; observed in five patients (18.5%). None of these patients experienced any episode of desaturation. Two patients had tight brain for which propofol boluses were administered. The average fentanyl consumption was 161.5 ± 85.0 μg. The duration of surgery, ICU, and hospital stays were 231.5 ± 90.5 min, 14.5 ± 3.5 h, and 4.7 ± 1.5 days, respectively. The overall PSS was 8 and GOS was good in all the patients. Conclusion: The use of dexmedetomidine infusion with regional scalp block in patients undergoing awake craniotomy is safe and efficacious. The absence of major complications and higher PSS makes it close to an ideal agent for craniotomy in awake state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Mahajan
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Girija Prasad Rath
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gyaninder Pal Singh
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitasha Mishra
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Sokhal
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Parmod Kumar Bithal
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Unmasking of Focal Neurologic Dysfunction Caused by Sedation: Concerns and Ambiguity. Anesthesiology 2017; 125:605-6. [PMID: 27529858 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Anesthesia for awake craniotomy: a how-to guide for the occasional practitioner. Can J Anaesth 2017; 64:517-529. [DOI: 10.1007/s12630-017-0840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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In Reply. Anesthesiology 2016; 125:606. [DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Velly L, Simeone P, Bruder N. Postoperative Care of Neurosurgical Patients. CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40140-016-0175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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