Surgical and Visual Outcomes of Childhood Glaucoma at a Tertiary Eye Care Center in South India

Characteristics and long-term outcomes of childhood glaucoma: a retrospective-cohort study

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with childhood glaucoma.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data of patients with childhood glaucoma who visited the glaucoma clinics at the Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health and the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital between January 2008 and January 2018. The diagnosis was based on the Childhood Glaucoma Research Network classification. We recorded their clinical characteristics and requirement of any glaucoma interventions.

Results: A total of 691 eyes from 423 patients were included in this study. The patients predominantly comprised boys. The average follow-up duration was 71.3±63.8 months. The mean age at presentation was 3.9±4.4 years. Most patients presented with a high initial intraocular pressure (IOP). The average intial IOP of all patients was 28.5±11.2 mmHg. Glaucoma associated with non-acquired ocular anomalies (22.9%) was the most common subtype, followed by primary congenital glaucoma (20.8%). We recorded a family history of glaucoma in 6.4% of patients of the 234 patients with an available family history. Most patients had bilateral glaucoma (63.4%) and required at least one intervention (51.5%). The average IOP at the latest follow-up visit was 19.1±10.8 mmHg. All glaucoma types had significantly lower IOP, compared to that at their baselines (all p<0.001). Moreover, most patients had an unfavourable visual acuity (49.5%) at their latest visit.

Conclusions: Secondary glaucoma associated with non-acquired ocular anomalies is the most common subtype of glaucoma. The majority of patients had unfavourable visual outcomes. These real-world findings are fundamental to acquire a better understanding of childhood glaucoma.

Characteristics and long-term outcomes of childhood glaucoma: a retrospective-cohort study

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with childhood glaucoma. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data of patients with childhood glaucoma who visited the glaucoma clinics at the Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health and the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital between January 2008 and January 2018. The diagnosis was based on the Childhood Glaucoma Research Network classification. We recorded their clinical characteristics and requirement of any glaucoma interventions. Results: A total of 691 eyes from 423 patients were included in this study. The patients predominantly comprised boys. The average follow-up duration was 71.3±63.8 months. The mean age at presentation was 3.9±4.4 years. Most patients presented with a high initial intraocular pressure (IOP). The average intial IOP of all patients was 28.5±11.2 mmHg. Glaucoma associated with non-acquired ocular anomalies (22.9%) was the most common subtype, followed by primary congenital glaucoma (20.8%). We recorded a family history of glaucoma in 6.4% of patients of the 234 patients with an available family history. Most patients had bilateral glaucoma (63.4%) and required at least one intervention (51.5%). The average IOP at the latest follow-up visit was 19.1±10.8 mmHg. All glaucoma types had significantly lower IOP, compared to that at their baselines (all p<0.001). Moreover, most patients had an unfavourable visual acuity (49.5%) at their latest visit. Conclusions: Secondary glaucoma associated with non-acquired ocular anomalies is the most common subtype of glaucoma. The majority of patients had unfavourable visual outcomes. These real-world findings are fundamental to acquire a better understanding of childhood glaucoma.

Clinical profile and outcome of early surgery in neonatal-onset glaucoma presenting over a 5-year period

BACKGROUND

Neonatal-onset glaucoma (NOG) is a severe form of childhood glaucoma and is not always due to primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). Due to advances in neonatal care, the incidence of NOG is rising, but it remains an under-reported entity. The objective of the paper was to study the clinical profiles, surgical and visual outcomes of NOG at least 1 year following early surgery.

METHODS

Prospective interventional cohort study at a tertiary care referral centre. Babies with NOG, who presented between January 2013 and December 2017, had a history suggestive of disease onset within 1 month of birth, and underwent surgery by 3 months of age, were prospectively enrolled. Those who completed a 1-year follow-up after surgery were analysed.

RESULTS

94 eyes of 53 babies were analysed. 35 (66%) had PCG. Neonatal congenital ectropion uveae, congenital rubella syndrome, Peter's anomaly and Sturge-Weber syndrome comprised the non-PCG group. The mean age at presentation and surgery was 24.8±21.9, and 36.7±29.9 days. Additional glaucoma surgery was required in 43 of the 94 eyes (45.7%). PCG had significantly better outcomes than other glaucomas at all time points. 28.3% of eyes had good vision (LogMar (0-0.5)), 34.7% had moderate visual impairment (LogMar 0.7-1.0) and 16% were blind (LogMar <1.62) .

CONCLUSION

Our study shows that NOG does not always have a dismal prognosis. A small but significant proportion could have other underlying conditions than PCG. Timely surgery and rigorous amblyopia therapy resulted in good outcomes in terms of intraocular pressure control and vision in this cohort.

Surgical Outcomes in Children With Primary Congenital Glaucoma: An Eight-Year Experience

Background

Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is a congenital anomaly arising from an unusual development of the filtration angle, causing a remarkable rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) that is irrelevant to other ocular or systemic deformities.

Purpose

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the surgical outcome in PCG patients between 2011 and February 2019.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of PCG patients who underwent trabeculotomy, trabeculectomy, deep sclerectomy, Ahmed valve, and/or cyclophotocoagulation (CPC) at a tertiary hospital. The IOP must be equal or less than 21 mmHg with or without medication to be designated a successful surgery.

Results

A total of 80 eyes (41 patients) were included in the study, with a slight male predominance of 65.9%. At presentation, the most reported age group was under 30 days (46.3%). Moreover, deep sclerotomy was the most common procedure, followed by CPC, which were performed in 48 (58.5%) and 18 (21.9%) eyes, respectively. In the overall group, the mean initial IOP was 23.65±8.52 mmHg, while the mean IOP was 16.73±8.56 mmHg at final follow-ups (p < 0.001), with a 46% reduction. The mean axial length showed a slight progression from 21.11±2.58 at the initial visit to 22.92±3.57 mm at the last follow-up (p<0.001). However, the mean horizontal diameter increased from 12.63±1.83 mm at the initial visit to 13.31±1.13 mm at the final visit (p=0.004).

Conclusion 

An excellent IOP reduction could be accomplished in the majority of eyes. Deep sclerectomy can effectively reduce IOP in PCG without the occurrences of serious complications that are commonly seen after other procedures like trabeculectomy or trabeculotomy.

Prognosis of different glaucomas seen at a tertiary center: A 10-year overview

Aim:

This study aims to determine treatment patterns, long-term intraocular pressure (IOP) and perimetric control in different glaucomas seen at a tertiary eye center.

Settings and Design:

Hospital-based, cross-sectional chart review of patients routinely following up at an outpatient glaucoma service.

Methods:

Patients with a follow-up of at least 10 years were evaluated. Their mean IOP, visual field (VF) status, and medications/surgery required at final assessment were noted.

Statistical Analysis:

Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and range) were used for all parameters.

Results:

A total of 230 patients met our inclusion and exclusion criteria, 79 having ocular hypertension with open angles or primary angle closure (PAC), 35 primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), 50 PAC glaucoma (PACG), 20 primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), 46 secondary glaucoma patients. Ocular hypertensives with open angles showed progression to POAG in 3.7%, those with PAC in 5.2%, at a mean IOP of 17.3 ± 3.37 mmHg and 17.13 ± 4.41 mmHg, respectively. A progression on Humphrey Field Analyzer was seen in 11% of POAG and PACG eyes at a mean IOP of 13.50 ± 5.07 and 13.09 ± 3.95 mmHg, respectively. Fifteen percent of primary congenital glaucomas (PCGs) showed a glaucomatous VF defect after 10 years. In secondary glaucoma eyes, the mean IOP at last follow-up visit was 12.38 ± 3.74 mmHg, with progression noted in 7.69% of eyes.

Conclusion:

This study provides evidence that routine delivery of care can provide well controlled IOP in glaucomas, both primary and secondary, and the VF stabilized in about 90% of patients over a period of 10 years, with the currently available glaucoma medications and trabeculectomy.