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Burunat E. Love is a physiological motivation (like hunger, thirst, sleep or sex). Med Hypotheses 2019; 129:109225. [PMID: 31371074 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The multitude of terms associated with love has given rise to a false perception of love. In this paper, only maternal and romantic love are considered. Love is usually regarded as a feeling, motivation, addiction, passion, and, above all, an emotion. This confusion has consequences in the lives of human beings, leading not only to divorces, suicides, femicides but possibly also to a number of mental illnesses and suffering. Therefore, it is crucial to first clarify what is meant by emotion, motivation and love. This work aims to finally place love within the category of physiological motivations, such as hunger, thirst, sleep, or sex, on the basis that love is also essential for human survival, especially in childhood. Love is presented from an evolutionary perspective. Some other similarities between love and other physiological motivations are pointed out, such as its importance for appropriate human development, both its ontogeny and its permanence, and the long-lasting consequences of abuse and neglect. There are summarized reasons that account for this, such as the fact that physiological motivations are essential for survival and that love is an essential motivation for the survival of human offspring. Other reasons are that minimum changes in the quantity and quality of love alters development, that there can be a variety of neurophysiological and behavioural states within a motivation, and that motivations (also love) appear and change throughout development. Also, motivations and love sometimes may lead to an addictive behaviour. Finally, it is recognized that once physiological motivations (and love) appear, they become permanent. In a third section, some potential social, cultural, clinical and scientific consequences of the proposed consideration of love as a motivation are discussed. Accordingly, love's recognition as a motivation in the clinical field would imply a better understanding of its disorders and its inclusion in classifications manuals such as The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), or in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Considering love as a motivation rather than an emotion could also impact the results of scientific research (an example is included). A comprehensive understanding of these questions could potentially allow for a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of mental illness, while offering an all-inclusive evolutionary explanation of cultural phenomena such as the origin and diffusion of both language and art. Love should be understood as a physiological motivation, like hunger, sleep or sex, and not as an emotion as it is commonly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Burunat
- School of Health Sciences/School of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, University of La Laguna, P.O. Box 456, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Morphology, pathology, and the vertebral posture of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4923-4927. [PMID: 30804177 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820745116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the early postural reconstructions of the Neandertals as incompletely erect were rejected half a century ago, recent studies of Neandertal vertebral remains have inferred a hypolordotic, flat lower back and spinal imbalance for them, including the La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 skeleton. These studies form part of a persistent trend to view the Neandertals as less "human" than ourselves despite growing evidence for little if any differences in basic functional anatomy and behavioral capabilities. We have therefore reassessed the spinal posture of La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 using a new pelvic reconstruction to infer lumbar lordosis, interarticulation of lower lumbar (L4-S1) and cervical (C4-T2) vertebrae, and consideration of his widespread age-related osteoarthritis. La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 exhibits a pelvic incidence (and hence lumbar lordosis) similar to modern humans, articulation of lumbar and cervical vertebrae indicating pronounced lordosis, and Baastrup disease as a product of his advanced age, osteoarthritis, and lordosis. Our findings challenge the view of generally small spinal curvatures in Neandertals. Setting aside the developmentally abnormal Kebara 2 vertebral column, La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 is joined by other Neandertals with sufficient vertebral remains in providing them with a fully upright (and human) axial posture.
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Oh CH, Yoon SH. Whole Spine Disc Degeneration Survey according to the Ages and Sex Using Pfirrmann Disc Degeneration Grades. KOREAN JOURNAL OF SPINE 2017; 14:148-154. [PMID: 29301175 PMCID: PMC5769942 DOI: 10.14245/kjs.2017.14.4.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective Pfirrmann disc grade is a useful scoring tool for evaluating disc degeneration, but normal values according to aging process has not been elucidated. This study was conducted to identify the prevalence and pattern of whole spine disc degeneration according to ages and gender differences. Methods Total 653 patients (336 male and 317 female patients, 48.1±58.7 years old) who took whole spine magnetic resonance images were enrolled in this study. There were 19 cases in their 2nd decades and 74 cases in 3rd decades, 141 cases in 4th decades, 129 cases in 5th decades, 139 cases in 6th decades, and 93 cases in 7th decades, 58 cases in over 8th decades. Pfirrmann disc grades were measured according to sex and ages by 2 neurosurgeons that were blind to this study. Results All spinal disc degeneration grades were correlated with ageing. The Pfirrmann disc grades of degeneration in all spine levels showed the statistically significant difference according to the ages (p<0.001). The common Pfirrmann disc grades according to the ages were grade 3 among 2nd to 5th decades, and grade 4 was more common than 6th decades. The lower cervical level (C2–3 to C4–5) and lumbar level (L1–2 to L5–S1) were happened relatively early severe disc degeneration compared to other levels. The intersexual differences were increased after 6th decades. Conclusion Disc degeneration is natural course after one’s 2nd decades. And its incidence and grade were increased with age, and more affected by sexual difference after 6th decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guri Cham Teun Teun Hospital, Guri, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inha University Hospital, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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Kessler SE, Bonnell TR, Byrne RW, Chapman CA. Selection to outsmart the germs: The evolution of disease recognition and social cognition. J Hum Evol 2017. [PMID: 28622934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of providing care to diseased conspecifics must have been a turning point during the evolution of hominin sociality. On a population level, care may have minimized the costs of socially transmitted diseases at a time of increasing social complexity, although individual care-givers probably incurred increased transmission risks. We propose that care-giving likely originated within kin networks, where the costs may have been balanced by fitness increases obtained through caring for ill kin. We test a novel hypothesis of hominin cognitive evolution in which disease may have selected for the cognitive ability to recognize when a conspecific is infected. Because diseases may produce symptoms that are likely detectable via the perceptual-cognitive pathways integral to social cognition, we suggest that disease recognition and social cognition may have evolved together. Using agent-based modeling, we test 1) under what conditions disease can select for increasing disease recognition and care-giving among kin, 2) whether providing care produces greater selection for cognition than an avoidance strategy, and 3) whether care-giving alters the progression of the disease through the population. The greatest selection was produced by diseases with lower risks to the care-giver and prevalences low enough not to disrupt the kin networks. When care-giving and avoidance strategies were compared, only care-giving reduced the severity of the disease outbreaks and subsequent population crashes. The greatest selection for increased cognitive abilities occurred early in the model runs when the outbreaks and population crashes were most severe. Therefore, over the course of human evolution, repeated introductions of novel diseases into naïve populations could have produced sustained selection for increased disease recognition and care-giving behavior, leading to the evolution of increased cognition, social complexity, and, eventually, medical care in humans. Finally, we lay out predictions derived from our disease recognition hypothesis that we encourage paleoanthropologists, bioarchaeologists, primatologists, and paleogeneticists to test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Kessler
- Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Canada; Durham University, Department of Anthropology, UK.
| | | | - Richard W Byrne
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, UK
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Canada; Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA
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Tardieu C, Hasegawa K, Haeusler M. How Did the Pelvis and Vertebral Column Become a Functional Unit during the Transition from Occasional to Permanent Bipedalism? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:912-931. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tardieu
- UMR 7179 “Mécanismes adaptatifs: des organismes aux communautés”, USM 301-Département E.G.B; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Paris France
| | | | - Martin Haeusler
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
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Wrangham R. A textbook theory of mind The Primate Origins of Human Nature By
Carel P. van Schaik (2016) Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 560 pp. $169.95 (hardcover). ISBN: 978-0-470-14763-4. Evol Anthropol 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.21500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wrangham
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge MA 02138
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Goto Y, Lee YA, Yamaguchi Y, Jas E. Biological mechanisms underlying evolutionary origins of psychotic and mood disorders. Neurosci Res 2016; 111:13-24. [PMID: 27230505 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychotic and mood disorders are brain dysfunctions that are caused by gene environment interactions. Although these disorders are disadvantageous and involve behavioral phenotypes that decrease the reproductive success of afflicted individuals in the modern human society, the prevalence of these disorders have remained constant in the population. Here, we propose several biological mechanisms by which the genes associated with psychotic and mood disorders could be selected for in specific environmental conditions that provide evolutionary bases for explanations of when, why, and where these disorders emerged and have been maintained in humans. We discuss the evolutionary origins of psychotic and mood disorders with specific focuses on the roles of dopamine and serotonin in the conditions of social competitiveness/hierarchy and maternal care and other potential mechanisms, such as social network homophily and symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiori Goto
- Cognition and Learning Section, Department of Cognitive Science, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
| | - Young-A Lee
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoshie Yamaguchi
- Cognition and Learning Section, Department of Cognitive Science, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Emanuel Jas
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Rühli FJ, Galassi FM, Haeusler M. Palaeopathology: Current challenges and medical impact. Clin Anat 2016; 29:816-22. [PMID: 26940256 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Palaeopathology is the science which studies ancient human diseases. Throughout its relatively young history it underwent tremendous technological and methodological improvements (from pure morphology and histology to CT scanning) that have constantly reshaped its scientific rationale. Among other achievements, the study of mummies and fossilized hominids has allowed to effectively extract ancient DNA, prove the existence of atherosclerosis in ancient times, demonstrate the presence of disease vectors, better clarify the etiology of infectious diseases otherwise only postulated on the basis of ancient accounts as well as to show the presence of spine pathology in our hominid ancestors. The research levels in this discipline are three: basic research, individual cases, population. The first and the third levels contribute most to the discipline, while the second is the one more appealing to the general public on account of its description of important cases reports. In addition, a recently introduced sub-specialty of palaeopathology, pathography is aiming to use an interdisciplinary approach to find traces of diseases in ancient literary sources and artistic representations. In spite of its discoveries, palaeopathology is not always viewed positively by clinicians because certain old-fashioned techniques are still due to technical restrictions. The authors provide a set of suggestions on how to strengthen the scientific recognition of this subject and explain at length how it could contribute to the progress of medical research. Clin. Anat. 29:816-822, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Rühli
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine (IEM), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Francesco M Galassi
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine (IEM), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Haeusler
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine (IEM), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland
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Meyer MR, Haeusler M. Spinal cord evolution in early Homo. J Hum Evol 2015; 88:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wang X, Zeng J, Nie H, Chen G, Li Z, Jiang H, Kong Q, Song Y, Liu H. Percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy for pediatric lumbar disc herniation. Childs Nerv Syst 2014; 30:897-902. [PMID: 24301611 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-013-2320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy (PEID) is a widely used minimally invasive procedure which shows satisfying outcomes in the adult population. However, pediatric lumbar disc herniations (PLDH) occur in growing spines and are less related to degeneration, which makes them different from the adult disc herniations. This study evaluates the clinical outcomes of PEID in treating PLDH. METHODS A prospect study was done in the period from June 2010 to December 2012, which included 29 consecutive pediatric patients with a mean age of 16.4 years (range, 13 to 18 years) who underwent PEID for single level lumbar disc herniation. The following measuring tools were used: visual analog scale (VAS) for back and leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Macnab criteria. RESULTS There were no severe complications such as dural tear or nerve root damage found in our study. The mean follow-up period was 19.7 months. The VAS score for leg and back pain decreased dramatically at 1 day postoperatively and kept decreasing until the follow-up visit at 3 months postoperatively, when it became stable at a low level. ODI kept improving until the follow-up visit at 6 months postoperatively when it reached a stable low level. Of the patients, 91% reported no longer having leg pain and 9% had occasional leg pain at last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS PEID shows a satisfying outcome with a minimal rate of complications. It has the advantages of minimal traumatization and scar formation and is a safe and effective treatment for PLDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiandi Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang St, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Isler K, Van Schaik CP. How humans evolved large brains: Comparative evidence. Evol Anthropol 2014; 23:65-75. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.21403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Schiess R, Boeni T, Rühli F, Haeusler M. Revisiting scoliosis in the KNM-WT 15000 Homo erectus skeleton. J Hum Evol 2014; 67:48-59. [PMID: 24491377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its completeness, the 1.5 million year old Nariokotome boy skeleton KNM-WT 15000 is central for understanding the skeletal biology of Homo erectus. Nevertheless, since the reported asymmetries and distortions of Nariokotome boy's axial skeleton suggest adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, possibly associated with congenital skeletal dysplasia, it is questionable whether it still can be used as a reference for H. erectus. Recently, however, the presence of skeletal dysplasia has been refuted. Here, we present a morphological and morphometric reanalysis of the assertion of idiopathic scoliosis. We demonstrate that unarticulated vertebral columns of non-scoliotic and scoliotic individuals can be distinguished based on the lateral deviation of the spinous process, lateral and sagittal wedging, vertebral body torsion, pedicle thickness asymmetry, and asymmetry of superior and inferior articular facet areas. A principal component analysis of the overall asymmetry of all seven vertebral shape variables groups KNM-WT 15000 within non-scoliotic modern humans. There is, however, an anomaly of vertebrae T1-T2 that is compatible with a short left convex curve at the uppermost thoracic region, possibly due to injury or local growth dysbalance. Asymmetries of the facet joints L3-L5 suggest a local right convex curve in the lower lumbar region that probably resulted from juvenile traumatic disc herniation. This pattern is incompatible with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis or other types of scoliosis, including congenital, neuromuscular or syndromic scoliosis. It is, however, consistent with a recent reanalysis of the rib cage that did not reveal any asymmetry. Except for these possibly trauma-related anomalies, the Nariokotome boy fossil therefore seems to belong to a normal H. erectus youth without evidence for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis or other severe pathologies of the axial skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regula Schiess
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zuerich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boeni
- Orthopaedische Universitaetsklinik Balgrist, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zuerich, Switzerland; Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zuerich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Rühli
- Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zuerich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Haeusler
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zuerich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zuerich, Switzerland; Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zuerich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zuerich, Switzerland.
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