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Guo L, Chen L, Lin SB, Chen C, Wu XJ. Free medial femoral condyle osteocutaneous flap for repairing stage IIIB osteonecrosis of the lunate: a case report. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:603. [PMID: 39080622 PMCID: PMC11287989 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07720-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are several surgical options for osteonecrosis of the lunate, and confirming the effectiveness of various surgical methods remains challenging. Here, we present a case of stage IIIB osteonecrosis of the lunate repaired with a free medial femoral condyle osteocutaneous flap. CASE PRESENTATION A 43-year-old male construction worker was admitted to our hospital due to right wrist pain, impaired mobility, and pain aggravated by activity for 10 months. The patient was diagnosed with stage IIIB osteonecrosis of the lunate based on the orthopantomogram and magnetic resonance imaging of the right wrist. Considering the patient's medical history, physical examination, auxiliary examination, and wishes, reconstruction was performed using a free medial femoral condyle osteocutaneous flap. After the flap survived completely, the K-wires were removed one month after the operation, the external brace was removed two months after the operation, and functional wrist rehabilitation was initiated. After six months of follow-up, the wrist swelling and pain resolved, and the reconstructed lunate bone was viable. Additionally, the last follow-up was conducted in the sixth month after surgery; the affected hand grip strength improved from about 70% (28 kg) to 80% (32 kg) compared with the healthy side (40 kg); the visual analog scale score decreased from 6.5 points before the operation to 1 point; and the MAYO score increased from 60 points before the operation to 85 points. CONCLUSIONS The success of this case reinforces the potential of the free medial femoral condyle osteocutaneous flap as a new treatment option for stage IIIB osteonecrosis of the lunate and further expands the existing treatment options. Using a free medial femoral condyle osteocutaneous flap to reconstruct the lunate and restore the carpal anatomy may.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Fuzhou Second General Hospital, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Fuzhou Second General Hospital, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Shi-Bei Lin
- Fuzhou Second General Hospital, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Chu Chen
- Fuzhou Second General Hospital, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Xue-Jun Wu
- Fuzhou Second General Hospital, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
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García-González LA, Aguilar-Sierra FJ, Gómez-Cadavid D, Rodriguez-Ricardo MC, Gomez-Eslava B. Clinical outcomes in patients with scaphoid non-union treated with the vascularized medial femoral condyle technique a case series. Injury 2023; 54 Suppl 6:110727. [PMID: 38143150 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-union is a prevalent complication of scaphoid fractures. Late diagnosis is common and has a clinical impact due to functional limitations for the patient. Multiple treatments have been proposed to manage this complication, ranging from conservative (i.e., orthopedic) to surgical treatment. The vascularized medial femoral condyle technique has shown satisfactory clinical and paraclinical results, mainly in presence of avascular necrosis of the proximal pole but data regarding functional outcomes and patient satisfaction is scarce. This case series aims to describe the clinical and patient-reported outcomes in a consecutive series of patients with non-union of the proximal third of the scaphoid treated with vascularized medial femoral condyle technique. METHODS Case series reporting results for a consecutive - initial cohort of patients who presented with a non united fracture of the proximal pole of the scaphoid, avascular necrosis of the proximal pole was documented by CT od MRI imaging preoperatively in all patients. Measurement instruments include the q-DASH and PRWE questionnaires, radiographic images, goniometry, and assessment of grip strength. RESULTS Twelve consecutive patients are included and they represent the initial cases for all surgeons involved; bone union was obtained in 10 patients (83%) after a mean follow-up time of 31 months (6-72), successful improvement in the range of motion and grip strength was documented. A high rate of satisfaction expressed by the patient was obtained, with an average score in Q-DASH of 17.3 and 20.1 in PRWE. CONCLUSIONS The vascularized medial condyle technique in cases of nonunion of scaphoid fracture is a reproducible treatment in clinical terms, both in imaging and functional terms, and in patient satisfaction. The learning curve is flat for a dedicated multi surgeon team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alejandro García-González
- Service of hand surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, San Ignacio University Hospital, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Francisco Javier Aguilar-Sierra
- Service of hand surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, San Ignacio University Hospital, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel Gómez-Cadavid
- Service of hand surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, San Ignacio University Hospital, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María Cristina Rodriguez-Ricardo
- Service of hand surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, San Ignacio University Hospital, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Barbara Gomez-Eslava
- Service of hand surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, San Ignacio University Hospital, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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Shtarbanov P, Ajam Y, Berber O, Nikkhah D. Management of capitate avascular necrosis in an adult with a free medial femoral condyle flap. HAND SURGERY & REHABILITATION 2023; 42:455-458. [PMID: 37482273 DOI: 10.1016/j.hansur.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of the extremely uncommon avascular necrosis of the capitate with a medial femoral condyle corticocancellous free flap has been described previously by one group reporting on outcomes in a paediatric patient. However, no literature to-date has detailed results of this procedure in an adult. We illustrate the case of a 53-year-old man who sustained capitate avascular necrosis and tendon rupture of traumatic aetiology. He was managed by resection of the necrotic segment, followed by inset of the medial femoral condyle free flap with the novel applications of indocyanine green to ensure adequate perfusion and intramedullary cannulated screw fixation of the capitate. Tendon transfer was also performed in the same operative sitting. At 9 months postoperatively, the patient displayed full range of motion of the wrist without any pain, and the imaging demonstrated union. This microsurgical approach may be performed in adult patients with favourable postoperative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petko Shtarbanov
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Yazan Ajam
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Onur Berber
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dariush Nikkhah
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Monitor selection according to the defect location in the medial femoral condyle flap . Injury 2022; 53:4139-4145. [PMID: 36192200 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medial femoral condyle(MFC) flap is frequently used in hand reconstruction, but like other buried flaps, MFC is not easy to monitor and follow.In this study, we present our adipofascial and periosteal tissue technical modifications and results for MFC free flap monitoring and compare different monitoring methods. METHODS Twenty one patients with wrist bone or metacarpal defect reconstructed with MFC flap were included in the study. Adipofascial tissue in wrist defect and periosteal tissue in metacarpal defect were selected as MFC flap's monitor. Patient characteristics, type of injury, flap size, early or late-period complications, flap elevation time,satisfaction scale, visual analogue scale (VAS) and postoperative X-ray view were noted. RESULTS There were 3 female and 18 male patients in the study. The mean age of the patients was 50.8 (38-68). The elevation times of flaps with adipofascial and periosteal monitors were 48 and 53.3 min, respectively. The satisfaction scale averages for the adipofascial and periosteal monitor groups were 3.5 and 3.54, respectively. The VAS scores of the adipofascial and periosteal monitor groups were 2.9 and 3.9, respectively. The flap sizes with periosteal and adipofascial monitors were 10.48 cm3 and 1.36 cm3, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between flap elevation, VAS, and satisfaction scale (>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in flap sizes. (<0.05) CONCLUSION: MFC free flap is frequently used in wrist and metacarpal reconstruction. Monitor selection according to the defect area positively affects the prognosis of the flap in the postoperative period.
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Mulica M, Horch RE, Arkudas A, Cai A, Müller-Seubert W, Hauck T, Ludolph I. Does indocyanine green fluorescence angiography impact the intraoperative choice of procedure in free vascularized medial femoral condyle grafting for scaphoid nonunions? Front Surg 2022; 9:962450. [PMID: 36117816 PMCID: PMC9478374 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.962450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Free vascularized medial femoral condyle (MFC) bone grafts can lead to increased vascularity of the proximal pole and restore scaphoid architecture in scaphoid nonunions. The intraoperative perfusion assessment of the bone graft is challenging because the conventional clinical examination is difficult. Indocyanine green (ICG) angiography has previously been shown to provide a real-time intraoperative evaluation of soft tissue perfusion in reconstructive surgery. The present study investigated the utility of ICG angiography in patients treated with a free medial femoral condyle graft for scaphoid nonunions. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with scaphoid nonunions, in which ICG angiography was used intraoperatively for perfusion assessment. The medical records, radiographs, intraoperative imaging, and operative reports of all patients were reviewed. Intraoperative ICG dye was administered intravenously, and laser angiography was performed to assess bone perfusion. The scaphoid union was examined using postoperative CT scans. Results Two patients had documented osteonecrosis of the proximal pole at the time of surgery. Four patients received a nonvascularized prior bone graft procedure, and a prior spongiosa graft procedure was performed in one patient. The mean time from injury to the MFC bone graft surgery was 52.7 months, and the mean time from prior failed surgery was 10.4 months. Perfusion of the vascular pedicle of the MFC and the periosteum could be detected in all patients. In two patients, even perfusion of the cancellous bone could be demonstrated by ICG angiography. Following transplantation of the bone graft, patency of the vascular anastomosis and perfusion of the periost were confirmed by ICG angiography in the assessed cases. No additional surgery regarding a salvage procedure for a scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse was necessary for the further course. Conclusion ICG-angiography has shown to be a promising tool in the treatment of scaphoid nonunion with medial femoral condyle bone grafts. It enables intraoperative decision making by assessment of the microvascular blood supply of the periosteum and the vascular pedicle of the MFC bone graft. Further studies need to evaluate the impact on union rates in a long-term follow-up.
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Polat O, Toy S, Kibar B. Treatment of proximal scaphoid waist nonunions with vascularized bone graft from the distal radius or medial femoral condyle. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2022; 47:610-617. [PMID: 35062834 DOI: 10.1177/17531934211073858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fractures of the proximal scaphoid waist are more prone to nonunion than distal scaphoid fractures. Thirty-nine patients (five females, 34 males; mean age 31 years) who had operation for proximal scaphoid waist nonunion between 2017 and 2020 were retrospectively analysed. Patients received a free vascularized medial femoral condyle graft (Group 1: 18 patients) or distal radial bone graft based on a 1,2 intercompartmental supraretinacular artery pedicle (Group 2: 21 patients). In Group 1, union was achieved in 17 of 18 cases, with mean time to union of 13 weeks and mean operation time was 221 minutes. In Group 2, union was achieved in 19 of 21 cases, with mean time to union of 15 weeks and mean operation time was 100 minutes. The radiological and functional results of both groups were similar. We recommend a distal radial bone graft based on the 1,2 intercompartmental supraretinacular artery pedicle for proximal scaphoid waist nonunions since the operation is shorter, technically more manageable and requires less microsurgical experience.Level of evidence: III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktay Polat
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Ağrı Training and Research Hospital, Ağrı, Turkey
| | - Serdar Toy
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Ağrı Training and Research Hospital, Ağrı, Turkey
| | - Birkan Kibar
- Department of Orthopedic and Hand Surgeon, Haydarpasa Numune Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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Addressing common orthopaedic calamities with microsurgical solutions. Injury 2021; 52:3561-3572. [PMID: 34030865 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Reconstructive microsurgery has been an essential aspect of orthopaedic surgery and extremity reconstruction since the introduction of the operating microscope in the mid-20th century. The reconstructive ladder ranges from simple healing by secondary intention to complex procedures such as free tissue transfer and vascularized composite allotransplantation. As orthopaedic surgery has evolved over the past 60 years, so too have the reconstructive microsurgical skills that are often needed to address common orthopaedic surgery problems. In this article, we will discuss a variety of complex orthopaedic surgery scenarios ranging from trauma to infection to tumor resection as well as the spectrum of microsurgical solutions that can aid in their management.
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Maraşlı MK, Kibar B, Cavit A. Comparison of the functional and radiological outcomes of vascularized and non-vascularized bone graft options in the treatment of scaphoid nonunion. Jt Dis Relat Surg 2021; 32:736-743. [PMID: 34842107 PMCID: PMC8650647 DOI: 10.52312/jdrs.2021.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to compare the functional and radiological outcomes of the patients with scaphoid waist nonunion treated with non-vascularized bone graft and vascularized bone graft options. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between January 2016 and February 2020, a total of 24 patients (22 males, 2 females; mean age: 30.6±9.4 years; range, 18 to 66 years) with scaphoid waist nonunion who were treated with vascularized or non-vascularized bone graft were retrospectively analyzed. Of these patients, eight were treated with iliac crest non-vascularized bone graft (IC-NBG), seven with vascularized free medial femoral condyle (MFC) graft, and nine with 1,2-intercompartmental supraretinacular artery pedicled vascularized bone graft (1,2-ICSRA-VBG). The grip strength, flexion, extension, radial deviation, ulnar deviation angles were measured and compared to the contralateral hand for functional outcomes. Union rates, the scaphoid height-to-length ratio, the lateral intrascaphoid angle (LISA) were evaluated for radiological outcomes. The Mayo Wrist Score, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score, and Quick Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (Q-DASH) Questionnaire score were calculated. RESULTS Union was observed in seven (87.5%) patients after IC-NBG, in six (85.7%) patients after MFC bone graft and nine (100%) patients in the treatment group with 1,2-ICSRA-VBG. There were no statistically significant differences among the IC-NBG, MFC and 1,2-ICSRA-VBG groups in terms of the union rates, the scaphoid height-to-length ratio, VAS score, Q-DASH score, grip strength and flexion, ulnar deviation, radial deviation angles after surgery (p>0.05). However, extension was statistically lower in the MFC group than IC-NBG and 1,2-ICSRA-VBG groups after surgery. The Mayo score was better in the IC-NBG group than MFC and 1,2-ICSRA-VBG, indicating a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Based on our study results, we suggest to use IC-NBG for scaphoid waist nonunion as the primary procedure, as the union rates are comparable with the MFC and 1,2-ICSRA-VBG techniques and it has advantages such as shorter operation time, easier technique, no special experience requirement, and better functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Kahraman Maraşlı
- Haydarpaşa Numune Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Kliniği, 34668 Üsküdar, İstanbul, Türkiye.
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9
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Abstract
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this article and viewing the videos, the participant should be able to: 1. Recognize the following five wrist operations as consistent options for different wrist injuries: carpal tunnel release, medial femoral condyle bone flap for scaphoid nonunion associated with carpal collapse and avascular necrosis, scaphocapitate arthrodesis for Kienböck disease, percutaneous screw fixation of nondisplaced scaphoid fracture, and four-corner arthrodesis. 2. Know the state-of-the-art of these five procedures. 3. State the indications of each operation. 4. List the surgical steps of these five procedures. SUMMARY The wrist is a complex joint that concentrates different types of tissues (e.g., bone, cartilage, ligaments, nerves, vessels) and a broad different spectrum of diseases. Treatment of wrist injuries has improved during recent years, mainly because of improvement in strategy, techniques, microsurgical equipment, understanding anatomy and improvements in technology. In this article, we present the five operations (i.e., carpal tunnel release, medial femoral condyle bone flap for scaphoid nonunion associated with carpal collapse and avascular necrosis, scaphocapitate arthrodesis for Kienböck disease, percutaneous screw fixation of nondisplaced scaphoid fracture, and four-corner arthrodesis) that have consistently given good outcomes in patients suffering from different wrist injuries/maladies.
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Pet MA. Vascularized Bone Flaps for Carpal Reconstruction. MISSOURI MEDICINE 2021; 118:147-152. [PMID: 33840858 PMCID: PMC8029614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Within the field of hand and upper extremity surgery, reconstruction of the bony carpus remains a perplexing task and is a field undergoing rapid evolution. Among the eight bones of the carpus, the scaphoid and lunate are most frequently affected by traumatic and avascular processes which render their articular surfaces degenerated and painful. These conditions include scaphoid waist fracture, scaphoid proximal pole fracture, and Kienböck's disease of the lunate. While traditional salvage operations with limited functional outcomes have historically been employed for management of these unsolved problems, advances in microsurgical understanding and capability are changing the treatment algorithm at our center. This paradigm shift centers in large part around the introduction of new techniques for vascularized bone and cartilage transfer for carpal reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A Pet
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
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Struckmann VF, Harhaus L, Simon R, von Recum J, Woelfl C, Kneser U, Kremer T. Vascularized Medial Femoral Condyle Autografts for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus: A Preliminary Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. J Foot Ankle Surg 2021; 59:307-313. [PMID: 32130996 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Talar osteochondral lesions (OCLs) lead to progressive stages of talar destruction. Core decompression with cancellous bone grafting (CBG) is a common treatment for Berndt and Harty stages II and III. However, in a subset of patients, talar revascularization may fail. Surgical angiogenesis using vascularized medial femoral condyle (MFC) autografts may improve on these outcomes. These 2 treatment strategies were directly compared via a prospective preliminary randomized trial including 20 participants with talar core decompression followed by either cancellous (CBG group, n = 10) or vascularized MFC (MFC group, n = 10) bone grafting. Outcome analysis was performed with visual analog scale (VAS), American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. At 12 months of follow-up, the mean VAS score was reduced from 6.6 ± 2.5 preoperatively to 4 ± 1.9 in the CBG group and from 5.2 ± 2.9 preoperatively to 1 ± 1.1 in the MFC group (p < .001). The LEFS improved from 53.4 ± 13.1 to 62.6 ± 16.2 CBG and from 53 ± 9.3 to 72.4 ± 7.4 MFC (p = .114). AOFAS improved from 71 ± 12.1 to 84.1 ± 12.5 in CBG and from 70.5 ± 7.4 to 95.1 ± 4.8 in MFC (p = .019). The MRI scans in the CBG group demonstrated 9 partial malperfusions and 1 hypervascularized bone graft, whereas the MFC group had 8 well-vascularized grafts incorporated into the talus and 1 partial malperfusion. Vascularized MFC autografts provide superior pain relief along with improvement of physical function in patients with talar OCL stage II and III compared with CBG. To confirm these promising results, further multicenter randomized controlled trials are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Franziska Struckmann
- Surgeon, Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center-Hand and Plastic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Leila Harhaus
- Managing Senior Consultant and Professor, Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center-Hand and Plastic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Rainer Simon
- Senior Consultant, Department of Clinical Radiology, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jan von Recum
- Senior Consultant, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Christoph Woelfl
- Head of Department, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Marienhaus Hospital Hetzelstift, Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kneser
- Head of Department and Professor, Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center-Hand and Plastic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kremer
- Head of Department and Professor, Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center-Hand and Plastic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Germany; Head of Department and Professor, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Center-Sankt Georg Hospital Leipzig, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Leipzig, Germany
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Hill JR, Heckmann N, McKnight B, White EA, Ghiassi A, Patel BA. Medial Femoral Trochlea Osteochondral Graft: A Quantitative Anatomic Comparison to the Proximal Pole of the Scaphoid. J Wrist Surg 2020; 9:283-288. [PMID: 32760606 PMCID: PMC7395846 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Treatment of scaphoid proximal pole (SPP) nonunion with a vascularized osteochondral graft from the medial femoral trochlea (MFT) has been described, with positive outcomes thus far. However, our understanding of the congruency between the articular surfaces of these structures is incomplete. Objective Our purpose was to evaluate the congruency of the MFT and SPP using a quantitative anatomical approach. Methods The distal femur and ipsilateral scaphoid were dissected from 12 cadavers and scanned with computerized tomography. Three-dimensional models were created and articular surfaces were digitally "dissected." The radius of curvature (RoC) of the radioulnar (RU) and proximodistal (PD) axes of the SPP and MFT, respectively, as well as the orthogonal axes (SPP, anteroposterior [AP]; MFT, mediolateral [ML]) were calculated. The RoC values were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The RoC values for the SPP and MFT were not significantly different in the RU-PD plane ( p = 0.064). However, RoC values for the SPP and MFT were significantly different in the AP-ML plane ( p = 0.001). Conclusions For most individuals, the RU curvature of the SPP was similar to the PD curvature of the MFT. For nearly all individuals, the AP curvature of the SPP and the ML curvature of the MFT shared less congruence. Clinical Relevance Articular surface congruity may not be a critical factor associated with improvements in wrist function following this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ryan Hill
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nathanael Heckmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Braden McKnight
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric A. White
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alidad Ghiassi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Biren A. Patel
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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13
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Quintero JI, Childs D, Moreno R. The medial femoral condyle free flap: An excellent option for difficult cases: case series. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2020; 8:2050313X20933763. [PMID: 32647579 PMCID: PMC7325544 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x20933763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the medial femoral condyle free flap is a versatile option for the treatment of upper extremity non unions and reconstructive procedures associated with bone loss or osteonecrosis. The benefit of this type of flap is the viability of the bone which favors primary ossification and increases bone density. Vascularized free bone flaps are especially useful for the treatment of recalcitrant nonunions, or nonunions that have failed three or more treatments to obtain consolidation. We present a case series of three patients treated with medial femoral condyle free flap for reconstruction of the upper extremity of different etiologies at the level of the distal humerus, distal radius and distal phalanx of the thumb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I Quintero
- Christine M. Kleinert Institute for Hand and Microsurgery, Louisville, KY, USA.,Division of Hand Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dylan Childs
- Christine M. Kleinert Institute for Hand and Microsurgery, Louisville, KY, USA.,Division of Hand Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Rodrigo Moreno
- Christine M. Kleinert Institute for Hand and Microsurgery, Louisville, KY, USA.,Division of Hand Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Abstract
Management of scaphoid nonunions requires thoughtful preoperative and intraoperative consideration to evaluate for scaphoid flexion or humpback deformity, carpal collapse, and proximal pole vascularity. Most scaphoid nonunions do not require vascularized bone grafts; however, in the setting of avascular necrosis of the proximal pole, vascularized bone grafts should be used to optimize union rates. In addition, scaphoid geometry and carpal stability must be restored to enhance functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Sgromolo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peter C Rhee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Abstract
Internal fixation of the scaphoid using a plate has been reported in the literature as far back as 1977. Recently, a specific plate designed for scaphoids has been developed, which provides considerably more buttress support than intramedullary headless screws, and offers a reliable method of rigid internal fixation for complex fractures. Indications to use such a plate include complex acute fractures, such as those with significant waist comminution or steep reverse oblique fractures, and complex nonunions with central bone loss resulting from failed previous headless screw fixation. This is now the authors' preferred treatment for these injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiran Wu
- Upper Limb Unit, Wrightington Hospital, Hall Lane, Appley Bridge, Wrightington, Wigan WN6 9EP, UK
| | - Chye Yew Ng
- Upper Limb Unit, Wrightington Hospital, Hall Lane, Appley Bridge, Wrightington, Wigan WN6 9EP, UK
| | - Mike Hayton
- Upper Limb Unit, Wrightington Hospital, Hall Lane, Appley Bridge, Wrightington, Wigan WN6 9EP, UK.
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Kollitz KM, Pulos N, Bishop AT, Shin AY. Primary medial femoral condyle vascularized bone graft for scaphoid nonunions with carpal collapse and proximal pole avascular necrosis. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2019; 44:600-606. [PMID: 30049241 DOI: 10.1177/1753193418789329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the outcome of free vascularized medial femoral condyle bone grafts in the primary treatment of scaphoid nonunions with scaphoid foreshortening or carpal collapse and intraoperatively documented avascular necrosis. Thirty-two patients (28 male, four female) met the inclusion criteria. Median time from injury to surgery was 70 weeks. Thirty of 32 patients healed at a median of 12 weeks. There was significant improvement from preoperative to postoperative lateral intrascaphoid angle, scapholunate angle, and radiolunate angle. Two scaphoids failed to unite; one patient underwent scaphoidectomy and four-corner fusion 15 months postoperatively after suffering a subsequent injury. Another patient underwent 1,2-intercompartmental supraretinacular artery-based vascularized bone grafting at 4 months postoperatively and then scaphoid excision with four-corner fusion 4 years later. The free vascularized medial femoral condyle bone graft restores scaphoid vascularity and architecture while promoting union in a subset of scaphoid nonunions that has historically been a clinical challenge. Level of evidence: IV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Pulos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Allen T Bishop
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Y Shin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Struckmann VF, Rusignuolo G, Harhaus L, Trinler U, Bickert B, Kneser U, Kremer T. Donor site morbidity of vascularized bone grafts from the medial femoral condyle for osseous revascularization. Microsurgery 2019; 40:104-109. [PMID: 31077458 DOI: 10.1002/micr.30468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascularized bone grafts from the medial femoral condyle (MFC) are used to gain surgical revascularization of osseous defects. To date objective data regarding the donor site morbidity are limited. This study aims to evaluate the donor site associated outcome after MFC flap harvest. PATIENTS AND METHODS From 2008 to 2016, 22 patients who underwent MFC bone flap harvest for osseous revascularization of 9 talus, 8 scaphoids, 2 metacarpals, 1 phalanx, 1 pilon tibiale, and 1 distal femur were included. Outcome analysis was performed for the whole cohort as well as for two subgroups (recipient site upper [group A] and lower extremity [group B]) by the lower extremity functional scale (LEFS), the OAK-score of the Swiss Orthopedic Society and the visual analog scale (VAS). Additionally, a 3D gait analysis was performed for four patients. RESULTS The mean flap size was 1 × 1 × 3 cm. No flap loss was observed. One minor surgical revision was performed due to donor site hematoma. Mean follow-up was 35.8 (12-98) months. Mean LEFS-score was 74.9 ± 9.5 (A: 74.3 ± 7.9; B: 75.6 ± 11.2, p > .05) and OAK-score was 92.8 ± 9.4 (A: 93.2 ± 5.8; B: 92.4 ± 12.3, p > .05). At follow-up examination, pain at rest was stated with 0.1 ± 0.2 (A: 0.1 ± 0.3; B 0 ± 0, p > .05) and with activity 0.6 ± 1.4 (A: 1.2 ± 1.8; B: 0 ± 0, p > .05) on VAS. The 3-D gait analysis showed normative walking patterns. CONCLUSION After MFC flap harvest knee function and gait pattern were almost unimpaired. Donor site morbidity can be considered as being of minor concern in the decision-making for this microvascular procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Franziska Struckmann
- BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Department of Hand, Plastic und Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Care Center, Hand and Plastic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Rusignuolo
- BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Department of Hand, Plastic und Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Care Center, Hand and Plastic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Leila Harhaus
- BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Department of Hand, Plastic und Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Care Center, Hand and Plastic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ursula Trinler
- BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Laboratory for Clinical Movement Analysis, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Berthold Bickert
- BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Department of Hand, Plastic und Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Care Center, Hand and Plastic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kneser
- BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Department of Hand, Plastic und Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Care Center, Hand and Plastic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kremer
- BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Department of Hand, Plastic und Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Care Center, Hand and Plastic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany.,Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Leipzig, Germany
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Overstuffing of Unstable Scaphoid Nonunions: A Radiographic Analysis of Carpal Parameters. J Hand Surg Am 2019; 44:423.e1-423.e6. [PMID: 30301646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to radiographically evaluate scaphoid length and carpal parameters before and after reconstruction of nonunions with interposition vascularized medial femoral condyle (MFC) bone graft to determine if the scaphoid was overstuffed or if normal anatomy was restored and to determine the effect on ulnar carpal translocation when the volar radiocarpal ligaments were left unrepaired. METHODS Thirty-nine patients with established scaphoid nonunions with carpal collapse were reconstructed by interposition vascularized MFC bone grafts without repair of the volar radiocarpal ligaments. Pre- and postoperative radiographs and computed tomography scans of the 39 patients were reviewed. The scaphoid length, capitate-ulnar distance ratio (CUDR), modified carpal height ratio (MCHR), radiolunate (RL) and scapholunate (SL) angles were measured before and 3 months after surgery. Thirteen of these patients had contralateral wrist radiographs that were used for analysis of scaphoid length restoration. RESULTS No significant changes were observed for CUDR and MCHR before and after surgery. The length of the scaphoid significantly improved after reconstruction from 21.9 ± 3.3 to 23.7 ± 3.4 mm on posteroanterior x-ray views and from 24.0 ± 2.2 to 27.7 ± 2.8 mm on lateral views. The RL and SL angles also changed significantly after surgery from 19.5° ± 13.5° to 4.1° ± 16.9° and from 67.5° ± 12.5° to 56.0° ± 12.5°, respectively. Regarding the 13 patients with contralateral x-rays, no differences were seen on CUDR, MCHR, or scaphoid length on posteroanterior x-ray views. However, the scaphoid length on lateral x-ray views increased from 23.1 ± 2.40 to 27.6 ± 2.78 mm and was significantly longer than the contralateral side by 9.6%. The RL and SL angles were restored and comparable with the contralateral side. CONCLUSIONS The use of vascularized MFC bone graft increased scaphoid length by 9.6% and restored normal carpal alignment. Despite the increased scaphoid length compared with the contralateral side, the lack of repair of the volar radiocarpal ligaments did not cause ulnar carpal translocation in short-term follow-up. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic IV.
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Aibinder WR, Wagner ER, Bishop AT, Shin AY. Bone Grafting for Scaphoid Nonunions: Is Free Vascularized Bone Grafting Superior for Scaphoid Nonunion? Hand (N Y) 2019; 14:217-222. [PMID: 29078719 PMCID: PMC6436125 DOI: 10.1177/1558944717736397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonvascularized bone grafting (NVBG) and vascularized bone grafts (VBGs) have been used to treat scaphoid nonunions. A comparison of a single institution' s experience using structural iliac crest bone graft (ICBG), 1,2-intercompartmental supraretinacular artery (1,2-ICSRA), and medial femoral condyle (MFC) grafts to treat scaphoid nonunions was undertaken. METHODS Thirty-one patients underwent ICBG, 33 patients underwent 1,2-ICSRA, and 45 patients underwent MFC grafting. Mean time to follow-up was 16 months (range, 2-153). Twenty-three percent used tobacco products. Mean age was 24 years (range, 11-66), with 86% male patients. Outcomes included union rate, time to healing, range of motion, complications, and reoperations. RESULTS Union rates and mean time to union were 71% and 19 weeks for the ICBG group, 79% and 26 weeks for the 1,2-ICSRA group, and 89% and 16 weeks for the MFC group, respectively. Failure of union was associated with tobacco use but not with age, gender, time from injury to surgery, or type of fixation. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding range of motion or strength. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the need for careful patient selection. In patients with the most complicated scaphoid nonunions (avascular necrosis, carpal collapse, and previous surgeries), the MFC group had the highest union rate and fastest time to union. Patients with risk factors for failure should be counseled on the outcomes and possible need for salvage fusion surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexander Y. Shin
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Alexander Y. Shin, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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20
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Donor-Site Morbidity and Functional Status following Medial Femoral Condyle Flap Harvest. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018; 142:734e-741e. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000004886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Pulos N, Kollitz KM, Bishop AT, Shin AY. Free Vascularized Medial Femoral Condyle Bone Graft After Failed Scaphoid Nonunion Surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2018; 100:1379-1386. [PMID: 30106819 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.17.00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outcomes following revision surgery for scaphoid nonunions with osteonecrosis are guarded. We hypothesized that use of free vascularized medial femoral condyle (MFC) bone grafts can lead to healing of the nonunion, increase vascularity of the proximal pole, and restore scaphoid architecture, resulting in acceptable functional outcomes. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of 49 patients who were treated with an MFC bone graft, between May 2005 and September 2016, after prior failure of operative treatment for scaphoid nonunion. The mean time from the injury to the revision surgery with the MFC bone graft was 24 months, and the mean time from the prior, failed surgery was 15 months. Thirty-six of the 49 patients had had a prior bone graft procedure and 6 patients had had 2 previous surgical procedures for the nonunion. The initial internal fixation of the scaphoid fracture was with a scaphoid screw in 43 patients. All patients had documented osteonecrosis of the proximal pole at the time of our surgery. Carpal indices, time to union, pain scores, functional outcomes, and complications were recorded. RESULTS Forty-one (84%) of the 49 previously operated on scaphoid nonunions healed at a mean of 16 weeks (range, 9 to 31 weeks) after the MFC bone-grafting as confirmed on computed tomography (CT). Radiographs demonstrated significant improvement in carpal alignment following the surgery with the MFC bone graft. Comparison between preoperative and postoperative values showed a trend toward improved grip strength and no important change in total wrist range of motion. Subsequent procedures were performed in 29 patients, 21 of whom had planned Kirschner wire removal. All 24 patients in whom scaphoid union had been achieved and who were available for follow-up were able to work or attend school full-time, and 88% were satisfied or very satisfied with their wrist function. Age, smoking status, body mass index, time to surgery, and preoperative radiographic findings were not found to be significant predictors of failure. CONCLUSIONS MFC grafts increase vascularity and restore scaphoid architecture, promoting union in most patients with the combination of proximal pole osteonecrosis, carpal collapse, and failed prior scaphoid nonunion surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Pulos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Allen T Bishop
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alexander Y Shin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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22
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Descending genicular artery. Branching patterns and measuring parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of several anatomical studies. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2018; 71:967-975. [PMID: 29655665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The medial femoral condyle (MFC) flap is based on the descending genicular artery (DGA), which is a vessel with different variations in its course and branching patterns. Many studies have dealt with the vascular anatomy of the MFC. However, the results of the investigations differ markedly. METHODS The authors performed a systematic literature search in MEDLINE for articles published until May 2017 on the vascular anatomy of the DGA. After the screening, 23 relevant studies with a similar topic were included into this comprehensive analysis. RESULTS The systematic review examined the lengths and diameters of the individual arteries with regard to the vascularized bone flap of the MFC. The DGA is present in 94% of cases with an average length of 1.8 cm. In 63% of the investigated cases, the DGA divides into three terminal branches. The articular branch has an average length of 7.7 cm, the saphenous branch has a length of 10.7 cm, and the muscular branch has a length of 3.2 cm. CONCLUSION To ensure a secured survival of this free flap, a detailed understanding of the convoluted vascular anatomy above the MFC is necessary. We recommend the Dubois classification for a systematic classification of the anatomical patterns of the DGA.We present a summary of all anatomical studies dealing with the vascular supply to the MFC and the DGA to date.
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23
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Reexploring the Anatomy of the Distal Humerus for its Role in Providing Vascularized Bone. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2018; 6:e1636. [PMID: 29464165 PMCID: PMC5811295 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: The lateral arm flap is used for composite defects in need of vascularized soft tissue, skin, and bone. From its original description, the distal humeral metaphysis can be included with the flap, supplied by the periosteal extensions of the posterior branch of the radial collateral artery. We sought to reexplore the anatomy of the lateral arm to determine its utility as a donor site for vascularized bone. Methods: Twelve fresh, silicone-injected cadaver dissections were performed. Arteriovenous anatomy, pedicle length and diameter, and anatomic variability as well as photo documentation was recorded. Results: The distal extent of the deltoid, lateral intermuscular septum and lateral humeral epicondyle were identified before the dissection. A septocutaneous perforator was consistently located 10 cm proximal to the lateral humeral epicondyle, which could be used for a skin paddle to monitor. Harvest of a 1.5 cm × 2 cm corticocancellous bone graft was performed. Average pedicle length was 9.1 ± 1.1 cm, and average pedicle diameter was 1.74 ± 0.52 mm. The inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm and the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm were consistently identified and preserved. Conclusion: The predictable anatomy of the lateral distal humerus make it an ideal donor site for small segments of vascularized bone.
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24
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The Medial Femoral Condyle Corticoperiosteal Free Flap for Frontal Sinus Reconstruction. J Craniofac Surg 2018; 28:813-816. [PMID: 28277474 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000003375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the medial femoral condyle has been used for reconstruction in various areas of the body, to the authors' knowledge it has not been used for frontal sinus reconstruction. The authors describe a novel approach to a complex patient using the medial femoral condyle cortiocoperiosteal free flap to reconstruct an anterior frontal sinus defect in conjunction with a recalcitrant mucocele.
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25
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Morsy M, Sur YJ, Akdag O, Eisa A, El-Gammal TA, Lachman N, Moran SL. Anatomic and high-resolution computed tomographic angiography study of the lateral femoral condyle flap: Implications for surgical dissection. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2018; 71:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Chaudhry T, Uppal L, Power D, Craigen M, Tan S. Scaphoid Nonunion With Poor Prognostic Factors: The Role of the Free Medial Femoral Condyle Vascularized Bone Graft. Hand (N Y) 2017; 12:135-139. [PMID: 28344523 PMCID: PMC5349415 DOI: 10.1177/1558944716661994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: To report on the results of free medial femoral condyle (MFC) vascularized bone graft for scaphoid nonunions with 1 or more poor prognostic factors. Methods: We have used the free MFC vascularized bone graft for scaphoid nonunions that have 1 or more factors associated with a poor prognosis. These were, a delay in presentation of over 5 years, a proximal pole nonunion, the presence of avascular necrosis (AVN), or previous nonunion surgery. We used this technique on 20 patients over a 4.5-year period. Results: Our overall union rate was 88.5% (17 of 19 patients), with 1 patient failing to attend for follow-up. Our mean union time was 7 months (2-18). All patients had at least 1 poor prognostic factor and over half had 2 or more. Of those with AVN with or without other factors, the union rate was 85% (11 of 13). There were 2 donor site complications that required a further procedure and 2 patients with residual wrist pain that required a scapho-trapezio-trapezoid joint fusion and a radial styloidectomy, respectively. Both nonunions were offered further surgery, and 1 elected to undergo successful revision surgery. Conclusions: Overall, this technique showed good results, in a subgroup of patients that typically have poorer outcomes, with a low incidence of donor site morbidity. Our union rate compares favorably with other techniques for this difficult subset of patients with 1 or more poor prognostic factors, although results are clearly not as good as those of studies using the MFC graft for all scaphoid nonunions. We continue to reserve this technique for nonunions with 1 or more poor prognostic factors, and we believe that this technique should at least be considered in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahseen Chaudhry
- University Hospital Birmingham, UK,Tahseen Chaudhry, University Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK.
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Kazmers NH, Thibaudeau S, Steinberger Z, Scott Levin L. Upper and lower extremity reconstructive applications utilizing free flaps from the medial genicular arterial system: A systematic review. Microsurgery 2016; 38:328-343. [DOI: 10.1002/micr.30138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Thibaudeau
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; McGill University; Montreal Quebec H3A 14A Canada
| | - Zvi Steinberger
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Penn Medicine University City; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - L. Scott Levin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Penn Medicine University City; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Division of Plastic Surgery; Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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Kalb K. Freies gefäßgestieltes Femurknochentransplantat bei Skaphoidpseudarthrose. DER ORTHOPADE 2016; 45:966-973. [DOI: 10.1007/s00132-016-3334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Kazmers NH, Thibaudeau S, Levin LS. A Scapholunate Ligament-Sparing Technique Utilizing the Medial Femoral Condyle Corticocancellous Free Flap to Reconstruct Scaphoid Nonunions With Proximal Pole Avascular Necrosis. J Hand Surg Am 2016; 41:e309-15. [PMID: 27436566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This article demonstrates a technique for the treatment of scaphoid fracture waist and proximal pole nonunions with avascular necrosis using a free vascularized medial femoral condyle flap. We present our surgical technique and representative case examples in which the scapholunate ligament, a key structure required to preserve carpal kinematics, is spared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas H Kazmers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Penn Medicine University City, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Stephanie Thibaudeau
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Penn Medicine University City, Philadelphia, PA
| | - L Scott Levin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Penn Medicine University City, Philadelphia, PA
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31
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Rhee PC, Jones DB, Shin AY, Bishop AT. Evaluation and Treatment of Scaphoid Nonunions: A Critical Analysis Review. JBJS Rev 2016; 2:01874474-201407000-00004. [PMID: 27490062 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.m.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Rhee
- Division of Hand Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
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Abstract
The scaphoid is the most common fractured bone in the wrist. Despite adequate non-surgical treatment, around 10% to 15% of these fractures will not heal. Untreated scaphoid non-union can cause a scaphoid non-union advance collapse (SNAC), this is a progressive deformity and can cause degenerative changes in the wrist. Surgery is focused on achieving consolidation, pain reduction and a good position of the scaphoid while preventing osteoarthritis in the long-term. Surgery consists of reduction and fixation of the scaphoid with a non-vascularized or vascularized bone graft. An overview of the most used vascularized and non-vascularized bone grafts and their indications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E R Hovius
- 1 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim de Jong
- 1 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Dodds SD, Halim A. Scaphoid Plate Fixation and Volar Carpal Artery Vascularized Bone Graft for Recalcitrant Scaphoid Nonunions. J Hand Surg Am 2016; 41:e191-8. [PMID: 27212412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes after treatment of symptomatic, recalcitrant scaphoid nonunions using a novel combination of volar scaphoid buttress plating with a pedicled vascularized bone graft. METHODS We retrospectively followed 9 patients with recalcitrant scaphoid waist nonunions, characterized by failed prior surgery, long duration of nonunion, avascular necrosis of the proximal pole, or considerable bone loss at the nonunion site. We treated these persistent nonunions through a single volar incision with a pedicled vascularized bone graft, based on the volar carpal artery, and a 1.5-mm precontoured, scaphoid-specific, volar buttress plate. Postoperatively, we assessed objective and subjective outcomes as well as radiographs and computed tomography scans. RESULTS The median duration of nonunion was 15 months, ranging from 6 to 96 months. Postoperative follow-up ranged from 11 to 19 months. Computed tomography scans demonstrated union in 8 of 9 cases. Complications included 1 minor hematoma that spontaneously resolved. One scaphoid failed to unite, requiring revision surgery. Three patients experienced problems with the plate. One plate was removed from a patient who noted persistent clicking, and 2 plates have caused symptomatic clicking, likely requiring future removal. Eight of nine patients reported satisfaction with the procedure, with QuickDash scores averaging 8.2. CONCLUSIONS We present a series of recalcitrant scaphoid nonunions treated with a novel technique of volar buttress plating and vascularized bone graft. In this series, we found a high rate of union, with consistent radiographic improvement and symptomatic relief. This procedure can be performed using a single incision and with minimal donor site morbidity. Volar plating of a scaphoid nonunion comes with the risk of articular prominence, but offers a new alternative to headless screw fixation. Our early results from this series are promising and support this protocol as a viable alternative for challenging nonunions. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D Dodds
- Yale University Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, New Haven, CT.
| | - Andrea Halim
- Yale University Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, New Haven, CT
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Struckmann VF, Harhaus L, Simon R, Woelfl C, von Recum J, Thiele J, Kneser U, Kremer T. Surgical Revascularization-An Innovative Approach to the Treatment of Talar Osteonecrosis Dissecans Stages II and III. J Foot Ankle Surg 2016; 56:176-181. [PMID: 27090295 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Talar osteonecrosis dissecans is caused by osseous malperfusion, leading to destruction of the talar bone. The current reference standard for advanced stages lacking arthrosis is core decompression, followed by autologous cancellous bone grafting. However, talar revascularization has not been observed in a subset of patients after this procedure. Microsurgical vascularized bone grafting can improve outcomes by the induction of angiogenesis. We present the 1-year follow-up data from 3 patients with talar osteonecrosis dissecans, who had undergone free vascularized medial femoral condyle autotransplantation. The patients were evaluated preoperatively and 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. The active range of motion, pain (visual analog scale [VAS]), and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot scale, and lower extremity functional scale were used. Osteonecrosis dissecans stage II was seen in patient 1 (aged 27 years) and stage III in patients 2 (aged 18 years) and 3 (aged 41 years). Preoperative pain of the ankle was recorded as VAS score of 3 by patients 1 and 2 and VAS score of 6 by patient 3. At 12 months postoperatively, patients 1 and 2 recorded a VAS score of 2 and patient 3, a VAS score of 0. All patients showed improvement in the lower extremity functional scale and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society scale scores. After 6 and 12 months, magnetic resonance imaging showed a well-vascularized femoral condyle incorporated into the talus in all the patients. Autotransplantation of vascularized bone grafts from the medial femoral condyle is a promising technique for surgical revascularization of talar osteonecrosis dissecans stage II and III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria F Struckmann
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Severe Burn Injuries, Division of Hand and Plastic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Leila Harhaus
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Severe Burn Injuries, Division of Hand and Plastic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Rainer Simon
- Department of Clinical Radiology, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Christoph Woelfl
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jan von Recum
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jörn Thiele
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kneser
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Severe Burn Injuries, Division of Hand and Plastic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kremer
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Severe Burn Injuries, Division of Hand and Plastic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Wong VW, Bürger HK, Iorio ML, Higgins JP. Lateral Femoral Condyle Flap: An Alternative Source of Vascularized Bone From the Distal Femur. J Hand Surg Am 2015; 40:1972-80. [PMID: 26277210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.06.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the vascular anatomy of the superolateral geniculate artery (SLGA) and its supply to the periosteum of the lateral femoral condyle (LFC) and to provide guidelines for flap design and describe an illustrative case. METHODS Thirty-one fresh cadaveric limbs were dissected. The vascular anatomy of the SLGA and its distal branches to skin, muscle, and periosteum were identified. Fluoroscopic images were taken during continuous perfusion of a radiopaque contrast dye into the SLGA. Intra-arterial injections of latex rubber were performed in 12 cadaver limbs. The vascular territory was traced from the SLGA to its distal branches, and surrounding soft tissues were dissected. RESULTS The SLGA originated from the popliteal artery 4.9 ± 1.2 cm (range, 2.8-7 cm) from the knee joint and its pedicle diameter was 1.8 ± 0.5 mm (range, 1-3 mm). SGLA pedicle-specific fluoroscopic angiography demonstrated a dense filigree of vessels over the lateral distal femur. Arterial latex injections confirmed that the SLGA supplied the periosteum of the LFC and distal femur shaft. The proximal-most extent of periosteal perfusion was 11.7 ± 2.1 cm (range, 9.3-14.1 cm) from the knee joint. The average pedicle length of LFC osteoperiosteal flaps was 4.8 ± 0.9 cm (range, 3.5-6.3 cm). CONCLUSIONS The LFC flap consistently demonstrated almost 12 cm of femur length perfusion based on the SLGA pedicle. The anatomy of this flap enables chimeric designs combining soft tissue, bone, and cartilage. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The vascularized LFC flap is an option for reconstruction of osseous defects of the upper extremity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor W Wong
- Curtis National Hand Center, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Matthew L Iorio
- Curtis National Hand Center, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - James P Higgins
- Curtis National Hand Center, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD.
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Elgammal A, Lukas B. Vascularized medial femoral condyle graft for management of scaphoid non-union. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2015; 40:848-54. [PMID: 25487319 DOI: 10.1177/1753193414561900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the results of the management of difficult scaphoid non-unions using a vascularized medial femoral condyle graft. We operated on 30 patients with necrosis of the proximal pole or with severe humpback deformity or who presented with persistent non-union despite previous surgery. Twenty-four cases in our series showed full consolidation and six cases showed persistent non-union. The free vascularized medial femoral condyle bone graft can provide not only structural support, but also a consistent and good blood supply that results in excellent rates of union. Level of evidence: IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elgammal
- Ain Shams University Hospitals Egypt, Landshut Achdorf Klinik, Munich, Germany
| | - B Lukas
- Hand, Elbow and Plastic Surgery Department, Schön Klinik München Harlaching, Munich, Germany
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Ben-Amotz O, Ho C, Sammer DM. Reconstruction of scaphoid non-union and total scaphoid avascular necrosis in a pediatric patient: a case report. Hand (N Y) 2015; 10:477-81. [PMID: 26330781 PMCID: PMC4551645 DOI: 10.1007/s11552-014-9711-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The medial femoral condyle vascularized bone graft has grown in popularity for treating recalcitrant fracture non-unions and has become particularly useful in treating scaphoid non-union with avascular necrosis of the proximal pole. The medial femoral condyle is an excellent source of dense, well-vascularized bone and results in minimal donor site morbidity. METHODS We describe an unusual case of chronic scaphoid non-union and total scaphoid avascular necrosis in a skeletally immature patient. Scaphoid reconstruction was performed with a vascularized medial femoral condyle graft, with successful graft incorporation, and restoration of pain-free wrist motion. CONCLUSIONS Technical considerations for harvest of the medial femoral condyle bone graft in the skeletally immature patient are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Ben-Amotz
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 1801 Inwood Rd., Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Christine Ho
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children-Children’s Medical Center of Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Douglas M. Sammer
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 1801 Inwood Rd., Dallas, TX 75390 USA
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Vascularized Treatment Options for Reconstruction of the Ascending Mandible With Introduction of the Femoral Medial Epicondyle Free Flap. J Craniofac Surg 2014; 25:1690-7. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000001192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Levinson H, Miller KJ, Adams SB, Parekh SG. Treatment of Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Tarsal Navicular With a Free Medial Femoral Condyle Vascularized Bone Graft: A New Approach to Managing a Difficult Problem. Foot Ankle Spec 2014; 7:332-337. [PMID: 24368773 DOI: 10.1177/1938640013514270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adult-onset spontaneous osteonecrosis of the tarsal navicular joint, or Mueller-Weiss syndrome (MWS), is an uncommon debilitating disease characterized by a painful clinical course with progressive midfoot deformity. Treatment options include nonoperative management and/or operative intervention, including percutaneous decompression of the navicular bone, stabilization of existing structures, and cancellous bone grafting from the tibia or iliac crest. To our knowledge, there have been no reported cases of treatment of MWS with a vascularized bone graft. We report an unusual case of unilateral MWS in a 25-year-old male who failed nonoperative therapy and was successfully treated with a novel operative approach using debridement followed by a free medial femoral condyle vascularized bone graft. At 18-month follow-up, the patient demonstrated an excellent outcome with return to previous level of function, including work-related and recreational activities. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, Level IV: Case study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Levinson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Pathology (HL, KJM), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North CarolinaDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery (SBA), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North CarolinaNorth Carolina Orthopaedic Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (SGP), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North CarolinaFuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (SGP)
| | - Kyle J Miller
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Pathology (HL, KJM), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North CarolinaDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery (SBA), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North CarolinaNorth Carolina Orthopaedic Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (SGP), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North CarolinaFuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (SGP)
| | - Samuel B Adams
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Pathology (HL, KJM), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North CarolinaDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery (SBA), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North CarolinaNorth Carolina Orthopaedic Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (SGP), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North CarolinaFuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (SGP)
| | - Selene G Parekh
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Pathology (HL, KJM), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North CarolinaDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery (SBA), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North CarolinaNorth Carolina Orthopaedic Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (SGP), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North CarolinaFuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (SGP)
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Bürger HK, Windhofer C, Gaggl AJ, Higgins JP. Vascularized medial femoral trochlea osteochondral flap reconstruction of advanced Kienböck disease. J Hand Surg Am 2014; 39:1313-22. [PMID: 24855965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the operative technique and report the results of 16 consecutive cases of arthroplasty for advanced Kienböck disease using a vascularized osteochondral graft from the medial femoral trochlea (MFT) with a minimum 12-month follow-up. METHODS Chart reviews of 16 cases of osteochondral MFT flap transfers for lunate reconstruction were performed in 2 institutions. Mean patient age was 35 years (range, 19-51 y). Preoperative Lichtman staging was 2 in 7 patients, 3a in 8 patients, and 3b in 1. Five of 16 patients had undergone a previous procedure for Kienböck disease (3 radial shortening osteotomies, 1 wrist denervation, and 1 distal radius vascularized bone grafting). Ulnar variance recorded at the time of the MFT reconstruction was negative in 8 patients, positive in 6 patients, and neutral in 2 patients. Follow-up data were recorded at a minimum of 12 months (average, 19 mo). Radiographic parameters recorded included preoperative ulnar variance, preoperative and final follow-up radioscaphoid angle, lunate height, lunate diameter, and the Stahl index and Lichtman stage. RESULTS Healing was confirmed in 15 of 16 reconstructed lunates. Lichtman staging remained unchanged in 10 patients, improved in 4 patients from grade 3a and 3b to 2, and worsened in 2 patients from grade 3a to 3b. All but 1 patient experienced improvement in wrist pain (12/16 complete relief; 3/16 incomplete relief). Wrist motion at follow-up averaged 50° extension and 38° flexion, similar to preoperative measurements. Grip strength at follow-up was 85% of the contralateral side. CONCLUSIONS Osteochondral vascularized MFT flaps provided a reliable means of lunate reconstruction in advanced Kienböck disease. This flap allowed resection of the proximal portion of the collapsed lunate and reconstruction with an anatomically analogous convex segment of vascularized cartilage-bearing bone. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz K Bürger
- Privat Hospital Maria Hilf, Klagenfurt, Austria; Trauma Department, Unfallkrankenhaus, Austria; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Salzburg, Austria; Curtis National Hand Center, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christian Windhofer
- Privat Hospital Maria Hilf, Klagenfurt, Austria; Trauma Department, Unfallkrankenhaus, Austria; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Salzburg, Austria; Curtis National Hand Center, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alexander J Gaggl
- Privat Hospital Maria Hilf, Klagenfurt, Austria; Trauma Department, Unfallkrankenhaus, Austria; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Salzburg, Austria; Curtis National Hand Center, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - James P Higgins
- Privat Hospital Maria Hilf, Klagenfurt, Austria; Trauma Department, Unfallkrankenhaus, Austria; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Salzburg, Austria; Curtis National Hand Center, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD.
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Al-Jabri T, Mannan A, Giannoudis P. The use of the free vascularised bone graft for nonunion of the scaphoid: a systematic review. J Orthop Surg Res 2014; 9:21. [PMID: 24690301 PMCID: PMC3976175 DOI: 10.1186/1749-799x-9-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fractures of the scaphoid are well known to be problematic especially when complicated by avascular necrosis, nonunion and carpal collapse. Fixation techniques have involved nonvascularised bone grafting; however, in the presence of avascular necrosis, generally poor union rates (47%) occur as identified by a meta-analysis performed by Merrell et al. The introduction of pedicled vascularised bone grafts showed further improvement; however, in the presence of carpal collapse, union rates as low as 50% have been reported by Chang et al. amongst others using the 1,2-intercompartmental supraretinacular artery pedicled graft. The difficulty lies in having a short pedicle with limited manoeuvrability to correct a humpback deformity and insert into the scaphoid cavity. Prior trauma to the soft tissues or distal radius may prohibit the use of pedicled grafts. The aim of this systematic review is to examine the published evidence for the use of free vascularised bone grafts in cases of scaphoid nonunion. METHODS A systematic review was performed with the following defined search strategy on MEDLINE and Google Scholar: ((scaphoid nonunion) OR scaphoid pseudarthrosis) AND bone graft. Articles were reviewed and data compiled into tables for analysis. Statistical analysis was performed with determination of descriptive statistics, and differences between the groups were calculated using categorical variables and chi-square test. A p value of 0.05 or less was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS Two hundred and sixty-three articles were identified with a total of 12 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Two hundred and forty-five cases of scaphoid nonunion were identified through the articles included in this systematic review. Fifty-six patients underwent free vascularised bone grafts from the medial femoral condyle with a 100% union rate and correction of humpback deformity, and 188 patients underwent free vascularised bone grafting from the iliac crest with an 87.7% union rate. The difference between the two similar groups was statistically significant (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS The promising data suggests that the medial femoral condylar free graft based on the descending genicular vessels can be considered in cases of proximal pole avascular necrosis and humpback deformity or in situations where other flaps are precluded or deemed unlikely to cause union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal Al-Jabri
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Woon Tan JS, Tu YK. 2,3 intercompartmental supraretinacular artery pedicled vascularized bone graft for scaphoid nonunions. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg 2013; 17:62-67. [PMID: 23689850 DOI: 10.1097/bth.0b013e31827c28e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Scaphoid nonunion is a complex problem that may continue to exist despite conventional methods of bone grafting and internal fixation. Vascularized bone grafting has been proposed as a treatment option for scaphoid nonunions with or without avascular necrosis of the proximal pole. Zaidemberg and colleagues first introduced the dorsal distal radius graft that has gained considerable popularity in the past 2 decades. Less commonly, the 2,3 intercompartmental supraretinacular artery pedicled vascularized bone graft has been used successfully with equally promising results. It has become the graft of our choice for the treatment of scaphoid nonunions as it has a longer pedicle and is able to provide a wider arc of rotation that allows easier reach of the volar carpus. The use of rigid internal fixation with screws also permitted early wrist range of motion and shorter periods of immobilization. In this article, we describe our surgical technique of harvesting the 2,3 intercompartmental supraretinacular artery pedicled vascularized bone graft. The anatomy, indications, contraindications, and complications of treatment are also detailed.
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Bürger HK, Windhofer C, Gaggl AJ, Higgins JP. Vascularized medial femoral trochlea osteocartilaginous flap reconstruction of proximal pole scaphoid nonunions. J Hand Surg Am 2013; 38:690-700. [PMID: 23474156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The descending geniculate artery's branching pattern includes periosteal vessels supplying the cartilage-bearing trochlea of the medial patellofemoral joint. Previous cadaveric studies described anatomic similarities between the greater curvature of the proximal scaphoid and the convex surface of the medial femoral trochlea (MFT). We describe the technique and report our first 16 consecutive cases of vascularized osteocartilaginous arthroplasty for chronic scaphoid proximal pole nonunions using the MFT, with a minimum of 6 months of follow-up. METHODS Chart reviews of 16 consecutive cases of osteocartilaginous MFT flap transfers for scaphoid reconstruction were performed at 2 institutions. Follow-up data were recorded at a minimum of 6 months, with an average of 14 months (range, 6-72 mo). Patient age and sex, duration of nonunion, number of previous surgical procedures, surgical technique, achievement of osseous union, preoperative and postoperative scapholunate angles, preoperative and postoperative range of motion, and pain relief were recorded. RESULTS Computed tomography imaging confirmed healing in 15 of 16 reconstructed scaphoids. Mean patient age was 30 years (range, 18-47 y). The average number of previous surgical procedures was 1 (range, 0-3). All patients experienced some wrist pain improvement (12/16 complete relief, 4/16 incomplete relief). Wrist range of motion at follow-up averaged 46° extension (range, 28° to 80°) and 44° flexion (range, 10° to 80°), which was similar to preoperative measurements (average 46° extension and 43° flexion). Scapholunate relationship remained unchanged with average scapholunate angles of 52° before surgery and 49° after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Osteochondral vascularized MFT flaps provide a reliable means of achieving resolution of difficult proximal pole scaphoid nonunions. These flaps allow resection of the proximal portion of the unhealed scaphoid and reconstruction with an anatomically analogous convex segment of cartilage-bearing bone. This technique provides the advantages of vascularized bone and ease of fixation. Early follow-up demonstrates a high rate of union with acceptable motion and pain relief. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Early follow-up suggests that the vascularized MFT osteocartilaginous flap is a valuable tool for treating challenging proximal pole scaphoid nonunions.
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Abstract
Since the advent of the operating microscope by Julius Jacobson in 1960, reconstructive microsurgery has become an integral part of extremity reconstruction and orthopaedics. During World War I, with the influx of severe extremity trauma Harold Gillies introduced the concept of the reconstructive ladder for wound closure. The concept of the reconstructive ladder goes from simple to complex means of attaining wound closure. Over the last half century microsurgery has continued to evolve and progress. We now have a microsurgical reconstructive ladder. The microsurgical reconstruction ladder is based upon the early work on revascularization and replantation extending through the procedures that are described in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Tintle
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - L Scott Levin
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Derby BM, Murray PM, Shin AY, Bueno RA, Mathoulin CL, Ade T, Neumeister MW. Vascularized bone grafts for the treatment of carpal bone pathology. Hand (N Y) 2013; 8:27-40. [PMID: 24426890 PMCID: PMC3574491 DOI: 10.1007/s11552-012-9479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary bone healing fails to occur in 5-15 % of scaphoid bones that undergo fracture fixation. Untreated, occult fractures result in nonunion up to 12 % of the time. Conventional bone grafting is the accepted management in the treatment algorithm of scaphoid nonunion if the proximal pole is vascularized. Osteonecrosis of the proximal scaphoid pole intuitively suggests a need for transfer of the vascularized bone to the nonunion site. Scaphoid nonunion treatment aims to prevent biological and mechanical subsidence of the involved bone, destabilization of the carpus, and early degenerative changes associated with scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse. Pedicled distal radius and free vascularized bone grafts (VBGs) offer hand surgeons an alternative treatment option in the management of carpal bone nonunion. VBGs are also indicated in the treatment of avascular necrosis of the scaphoid (Preiser's disease), lunate (Kienböck's disease), and capitate. Relative contraindications to pedicled dorsal radius vascularized bone grafting include humpback deformity, carpal instability, or collapse. The free medial femoral condyle bone graft has offered a novel treatment option for the humpback deformity to restore geometry of the carpus, otherwise not provided by pedicled grafts. In general, VBGs are contraindicated in the setting of a carpal bone without an intact cartilaginous shell, in advanced carpal collapse with degenerative changes, and in attempts to salvage small or collapsed bone fragments. Wrist salvage procedures are generally accepted as the more definitive treatment option under such circumstances. This manuscript offers a current review of the techniques and outcomes of VBGs to the carpal bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Derby
- />Institute for Plastic Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 747 North Rutledge 3rd Floor, P.O. Box 19653, Springfield, IL 62794 USA
| | - Peter M. Murray
- />Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Alexander Y. Shin
- />Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Reuben A. Bueno
- />Institute for Plastic Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 747 North Rutledge 3rd Floor, P.O. Box 19653, Springfield, IL 62794 USA
| | | | - Tim Ade
- />Institute for Plastic Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 747 North Rutledge 3rd Floor, P.O. Box 19653, Springfield, IL 62794 USA
| | - Michael W. Neumeister
- />Institute for Plastic Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 747 North Rutledge 3rd Floor, P.O. Box 19653, Springfield, IL 62794 USA
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Jones DB, Rhee PC, Bishop AT, Shin AY, Shin AY. Free vascularized medial femoral condyle autograft for challenging upper extremity nonunions. Hand Clin 2012; 28:493-501. [PMID: 23101599 DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Free vascularized bone grafts from the medial femoral condyle have increasingly demonstrated utility in the successful treatment of challenging nonunions and bony defects. The consistent, robust vascular anatomy and the versatility to function as either a thin, flexible periosteal or corticoperiosteal graft or as a structural corticocancellous graft have made this graft a valuable option for addressing recalcitrant nonunions. The rationale, indications, vascular anatomy, and surgical technique of harvesting these grafts from the medial femoral condyle are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Jones
- Division of Hand Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Holm J, Vangelisti G, Remmers J. Use of the medial femoral condyle vascularized bone flap in traumatic avascular necrosis of the navicular: a case report. J Foot Ankle Surg 2012; 51:494-500. [PMID: 22726653 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The medial femoral condyle vascularized bone flap has a high success rate in published literature regarding its use in nonunions and avascular necrosis of the upper and lower extremities. It is reported to have minimal donor site morbidity and the ability to provide structural support and torsional strength to load-bearing areas. The flap has found particular success in the treatment of scaphoid nonunions. The tarsal navicular, similar to the scaphoid, is largely articular cancellous bone with little surface area for vascular inflow. These anatomic features make the navicular prone to nonunion and avascular necrosis in traumatic scenarios. We describe a case of nonunion and avascular necrosis of the tarsal navicular occurring as sequelae of a high-impact midfoot injury sustained in an automobile accident. After an initial attempt at open reduction and internal fixation with midfoot bridge plating, subsidence and nonunion resulted. An attempt at arthrodesis of the talonavicular and naviculocuneiform joints was then undertaken. This too failed, leading to the development of additional collapse and avascular necrosis. The site was treated with a medial femoral condyle vascularized bone flap. In this single case, the patient returned to pain-free ambulation and reported excellent outcomes and functional capacity. Although we present a successful case, a larger case series is necessary to establish the use of this flap as a reliable option for the treatment of nonunion and avascular necrosis of the tarsal navicular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janson Holm
- Legacy Health/Kaiser Permanente Podiatric Surgical Residency, Portland, OR, USA
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Cutaneous angiosome territory of the medial femoral condyle osteocutaneous flap. J Hand Surg Am 2012; 37:1033-41. [PMID: 22483181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The medial femoral condyle flap is used for treatment of nonunions with or without intercalary bone loss. Most reported uses have been without a skin segment, but this flap can provide a skin component supplied by the saphenous artery branch (SAB) of the descending genicular artery (DGA) pedicle. Experience with this flap suggests that an additional distinct, reliable, more-distal, DGA-cutaneous branch can be found at condyle level, capable of supporting skin without using the SAB. This cadaver study evaluated SAB and DGA-cutaneous branch angiosome territories. A clinical case series assesses the DGA-cutaneous branch's clinical utility. METHODS The DGA and SAB were isolated in 12 cadaveric legs, divided, and separately cannulated. Red dye and methylene blue were selectively injected into each vessel manually. Skin perfusion was measured and photographed. RESULTS In all specimens, the DGA was present, originating 14.2 cm proximal to the joint line, and demonstrated a distinct cutaneous branch at condyle level. This vessel provided an average perfusion area of 70 cm(2), centered over the medial knee. The SAB was identified in 11 specimens (92%), with an average perfusion area of 361 cm(2) along the medial aspect of the distal thigh and proximal leg. The DGA communicating branch was present and used for perfusion of the skin paddle in 17 of 20 cases. The SAB was present in 18 of 20 cases, used with DGA-communicating branch in 4 cases, and the sole source of skin perfusion in 1 case. In 2 remaining cases, neither the SAB nor DGA communicating branch was adequate for perfusion of a skin segment. CONCLUSIONS The medial femoral condyle flap can be harvested with a large skin paddle based on the SAB. A smaller skin segment can be harvested using the more distal DGA-communicating branch at condyle level. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Improved understanding of the skin island associated with the DGA's saphenous and cutaneous branches can provide a rapid, reliable method of skin-segment harvest.
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Lenoir H, Lazerges C, Coulet B, Mares O, Chammas M. [Long-term results of surgical treatment of scaphoid non union: influence of the correction of dorsal intercalated segment instability]. CHIRURGIE DE LA MAIN 2011; 30:400-5. [PMID: 22071440 DOI: 10.1016/j.main.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The publications dealing with scaphoid non-union emphasize importance of correction of the Dorsal Intercalated Segment Instability (DISI) to achieve good functional results and to prevent osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to assess, over 10 years follow-up, the functional outcomes of 25 patients with scaphoid non-union surgery. X-ray and DISI deformity were assessed. METHODS Between 1994 and 1998, 53 patients underwent surgery for scaphoid non-union. Over 10 years follow-up, functional evaluation based on pain, QuickDASH and Mayo Wrist Score was performed, and a physical examination including mobility, strength and pain on the region of the scaphoid. Outcomes on X-rays were assessed by searching osteoarthritis damages and by measuring carpal height index and intracarpal angles. RESULTS Eight patients had pain on the scaphotrapeziotrapezoidal joint without degenerative lesions on radiography. Compared to other patients, they had worse functional results, decrease of scapholunate angle, decrease of the DISI and increase of carpal height. CONCLUSIONS The correction of the DISI is not always associated with good functional results. Although there were no osteoarthritic changes on the radiography, residual pain may be related to affection of the scapho-trapezo-trapezoidal joint. Surgical treatment with osteotomy of the scaphoid seems to be dangerous because of the moderate impact on function for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lenoir
- Département de chirurgie de la main et du membre supérieur, CHU Lapeyronie, Montpellier cedex, France.
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Iorio ML, Masden DL, Higgins JP. The limits of medial femoral condyle corticoperiosteal flaps. J Hand Surg Am 2011; 36:1592-6. [PMID: 21872407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The medial femoral condyle (MFC) vascularized corticoperiosteal flap has been well described for the treatment of nonunion with minimal bone loss. Recent applications of this donor site as a corticocancellous flap for large intercalary defects bring into question the vascular territory of bone supplied by the descending genicular artery (DGA). This study's purpose is to delineate the proximal extent of periosteal blood supply of the medial column of the femur provided by the DGA system. METHODS In 18 cadaveric specimens, the DGA was isolated, measured, and cannulated. Using subtraction techniques of fluoroscopic angiography, the vascular network and proximal-most extent of periosteal perfusion were recorded using radiopaque contrast dye. RESULTS The DGA branched from the superficial femoral artery 14.2 ± 2.4 cm proximal to the joint line of the knee. The length of the vascular pedicle to its attachment onto the periosteum was 7.7 ± 2.2 cm. All specimens demonstrated a filigree of periosteal vessels dominated by a transverse and a longitudinal branch at the level of the condyle. Proximal perfusion was consistently noted by a large, longitudinal medial metaphyseal periosteal artery. The medial metaphyseal periosteal artery demonstrated that the proximal-most perfusion of the DGA was 13.7 ± 1.3 cm proximal to the joint line. Average femur length was 47.1 ± 3.1 cm. The DGA provided perfusion of 29% ± 2% of the total length of the medial femur. CONCLUSIONS The DGA provides a large and reliable region of periosteal perfusion, suggesting that corticocancellous MFC harvest might provide the benefits of vascularized bone for large, intercalary nonunion defects conventionally treated with fibula flaps. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Harvest of MFC osseous flaps extending up to 13.7 cm proximal to the joint line can be perfused from the DGA pedicle. The MFC donor site might, therefore, be a reliable option for vascularized reconstruction of larger bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Iorio
- The Curtis National Hand Center, Union Memorial Hospital, 3333 North Calvert Street, Mezzanine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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