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Czoty PW, Tryhus AM, Solingapuram Sai KK, Nader SH, Epperly PM. Association of dopamine D2-like and D 3 receptor function with initial sensitivity to cocaine reinforcement in male rhesus monkeys. Brain Res 2023; 1807:148323. [PMID: 36914041 PMCID: PMC10150948 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Identifying neurobiological characteristics that predict the development of cocaine use disorder would be of great value in prevention efforts. Because of their importance in mediating the abuse-related effects of cocaine, brain dopamine receptors are logical candidates for investigation. We analyzed data from two recently published studies that characterized availability of dopamine D2-like receptors (D2R) with [11C]raclopride PET imaging and dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) sensitivity with quinpirole-induced yawning in cocaine-naïve rhesus monkeys who subsequently acquired cocaine self-administration and completed a cocaine self-administration dose-effect curve. The present analysis compared D2R availability in several brain areas and characteristics of quinpirole-induced yawning, both acquired when monkeys were drug-naïve, with measures of initial sensitivity to cocaine. D2R availability in the caudate nucleus was negatively correlated with the ED50 of the cocaine self-administration curve, although the significance of this relationship was driven by an outlier and was not present after the outlier was removed. No other significant associations were observed between D2R availability in any examined brain region and measures of sensitivity to cocaine reinforcement. However, there was a significant negative correlation between D3R sensitivity, represented by the ED50 of the quinpirole-induced yawning curve, and the dose at which monkeys acquired cocaine self-administration. We also report no change from baseline D2R availability when a second PET scan was conducted after completion of the dose-effect curves. These data suggest the utility of D3R sensitivity, but not D2R availability, as a biomarker for vulnerability and resilience to cocaine. The well-established relationships between dopamine receptors and cocaine reinforcement in cocaine-experienced humans and animals may require extensive cocaine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Czoty
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States.
| | - Aaron M Tryhus
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Kiran K Solingapuram Sai
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Susan H Nader
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Phillip M Epperly
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
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Giorgioni G, Del Bello F, Pavletić P, Quaglia W, Botticelli L, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Piergentili A. Recent findings leading to the discovery of selective dopamine D 4 receptor ligands for the treatment of widespread diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 212:113141. [PMID: 33422983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery, the dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) has been suggested to be an attractive target for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases. Novel findings have renewed the interest in such a receptor as an emerging target for the management of different diseases, including cancer, Parkinson's disease, alcohol or substance use disorders, eating disorders, erectile dysfunction and cognitive deficits. The recently resolved crystal structures of D4R in complexes with the potent ligands nemonapride and L-745870 strongly improved the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involving the D4R functions and may help medicinal chemists in drug design. This review is focused on the recent development of the subtype selective D4R ligands belonging to classical or new chemotypes. Moreover, ligands showing functional selectivity toward G protein activation or β-arrestin recruitment and the effects of selective D4R ligands on the above-mentioned diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfabio Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Pegi Pavletić
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Piergentili
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
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Underlying Susceptibility to Eating Disorders and Drug Abuse: Genetic and Pharmacological Aspects of Dopamine D4 Receptors. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082288. [PMID: 32751662 PMCID: PMC7468707 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) has a predominant expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), brain area strictly involved in the modulation of reward processes related to both food and drug consumption. Additionally, the human DRD4 gene is characterized by a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the exon 3 and, among the polymorphic variants, the 7-repeat (7R) allele appears as a contributing factor in the neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug abuse, aberrant eating behaviors and related comorbidities. The 7R variant encodes for a receptor with a blunted intracellular response to dopamine, and carriers of this polymorphism might be more tempted to enhance dopamine levels in the brain, through the overconsumption of drugs of abuse or palatable food, considering their reinforcing properties. Moreover, the presence of this polymorphism seems to increase the susceptibility of individuals to engage maladaptive eating patterns in response to negative environmental stimuli. This review is focused on the role of DRD4 and DRD4 genetic polymorphism in these neuropsychiatric disorders in both clinical and preclinical studies. However, further research is needed to better clarify the complex DRD4 role, by using validated preclinical models and novel compounds more selective for DRD4.
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Hu T, Yang F, Jiang T, Chen W, Zhang J, Li J, Jiang X, Shen J. Synthesis of Impurities of Pramipexole Dihydrochloride. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Hu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555
Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feipu Yang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555
Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555
Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiming Chen
- Topharman Shanghai Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Topharman Shanghai Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555
Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiangrui Jiang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555
Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jingshan Shen
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555
Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Lazenka MF, Legakis LP, Negus SS. Opposing effects of dopamine D1- and D2-like agonists on intracranial self-stimulation in male rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24:193-205. [PMID: 26987070 PMCID: PMC4891217 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine acts through dopamine Type I receptors (comprising D1 and D5 subtypes) and dopamine Type II receptors (comprising D2, D3, and D4 subtypes). Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is 1 experimental procedure that can be used to evaluate abuse-related effects of drugs targeting dopamine receptors. This study evaluated effects of dopamine receptor ligands on ICSS in rats using experimental procedures that have been used previously to examine abused indirect dopamine agonists such as cocaine and amphetamine. Male Sprague-Dawley rats responded under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule for electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle, and frequency of stimulation varied from 56-158 Hz in 0.05 log increments during each experimental session. Drug potency and time course were determined for the D1 ligands A77636, SKF82958, SKF38393, fenoldopam, and SCH39166 and the D2/3 ligands sumanirole, apomorphine, quinpirole, PD128907, pramipexole, aripiprazole, eticlopride, and PG01037. The high-efficacy D1 agonists A77636 and SKF82958 produced dose-dependent, time-dependent, and abuse-related facilitation of ICSS. Lower efficacy D1 ligands and all D2/3 ligands failed to facilitate ICSS at any dose or pretreatment time. A mixture of SKF82958 and quinpirole produced a mixture of effects produced by each drug alone. Quinpirole also failed to facilitate ICSS after regimens of repeated treatment with either quinpirole or cocaine. These studies provide more evidence for divergent effects of dopamine D1- and D2-family agonists on ICSS procedure in rats and suggest that ICSS may be a useful complement to other approaches for preclinical abuse potential assessment, in part because of the reproducibility of results. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Lazenka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Corresponding Author: Matthew F. Lazenka, Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, PO Box 980613, 410 North 12 St., Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine Richmond, Virginia 23298-0613, Phone: 804-826-2491, FAX: 804-828-1532,
| | - Luke P. Legakis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S. Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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John WS, Banala AK, Newman AH, Nader MA. Effects of buspirone and the dopamine D3 receptor compound PG619 on cocaine and methamphetamine self-administration in rhesus monkeys using a food-drug choice paradigm. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1279-89. [PMID: 25327444 PMCID: PMC4754084 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The dopamine (DA) D2 and D3 receptors have been associated with cocaine abuse. A recent study with the D3 receptor (D3R) partial agonist PG619 found that it attenuated cocaine-induced reinstatement and the D2-like receptor antagonist buspirone has shown positive outcomes in two studies of cocaine abuse in monkeys. However, a recent clinical trial indicated that buspirone did not improve abstinence in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to examine PG619 and buspirone under a food-drug choice paradigm in order to better model the clinical findings. In addition, we extended the characterization of both compounds to include methamphetamine (MA) self-administration (SA). METHODS Six adult male rhesus monkeys were trained to respond under a concurrent food (1.0-g pellets) and drug (0.01-0.3 mg/kg/injection cocaine or MA) choice paradigm in which complete SA dose-response curves were determined each session (N = 3/group). Monkeys received 5 days of treatment with either PG619 (0.1-3.0 mg/kg, i.v.) or buspirone (0.01-1.0 mg/kg, i.m.). In a follow-up study, the SA doses were reduced (0.003-0.1 mg/kg/injection) to increase reinforcement frequency and buspirone was retested. RESULTS PG619 did not affect cocaine or MA choice, while buspirone increased low-dose cocaine choice. Changing the SA doses increased the number of reinforcers received each session, but buspirone did not decrease drug choice. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with clinical findings, these results do not support the use of buspirone for psychostimulant abuse and suggest that food-drug choice paradigms may have greater predictive validity than the use of other schedules of reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S. John
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest, University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA
| | - Ashwini K. Banala
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications, Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural, Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy H. Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications, Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural, Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael A. Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest, University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA
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Martelle SE, Nader SH, Czoty PW, John WS, Duke AN, Garg PK, Garg S, Newman AH, Nader MA. Further characterization of quinpirole-elicited yawning as a model of dopamine D3 receptor activation in male and female monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:205-11. [PMID: 24876234 PMCID: PMC4109495 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine (DA) D3 receptor (D3R) has been associated with impulsivity, pathologic gambling, and drug addiction, making it a potential target for pharmacotherapy development. Positron emission tomography studies using the D3R-preferring radioligand [(11)C]PHNO ([(11)C](+)-propyl-hexahydro-naphtho-oxazin) have shown higher binding potentials in drug abusers compared with control subjects. Preclinical studies have examined D3R receptor activation using the DA agonist quinpirole and the unconditioned behavior of yawning. However, the relationship between quinpirole-elicited yawning and D3R receptor availability has not been determined. In Experiment 1, eight drug-naive male rhesus monkeys were scanned with [(11)C]PHNO, and the ability of quinpirole (0.01-0.3 mg/kg i.m.) to elicit yawning was examined. Significant positive (globus pallidus) and negative (caudate nucleus, putamen, ventral pallidum, and hippocampus) relationships between D3R receptor availability and quinpirole-induced yawns were noted. Experiment 2 replicated earlier findings that a history of cocaine self-administration (n = 11) did not affect quinpirole-induced yawning and extended this to examine monkeys (n = 3) with a history of methamphetamine (MA) self-administration and found that monkeys with experience self-administering MA showed greater potency and significantly higher quinpirole-elicited yawning compared with controls. Finally, quinpirole-elicited yawning was studied in drug-naive female monkeys (n = 6) and compared with drug-naive male monkeys (n = 8). Sex differences were noted, with quinpirole being more potent and eliciting significantly more yawns in males compared with females. Taken together these findings support the use of quinpirole-elicited yawning as a behavioral tool for examining D3R activation in monkeys and that both drug history and sex may influence individual sensitivity to the behavioral effects of D3R compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Martelle
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.E.M., S.H.N., P.W.C., W.S.J., A.N.D., M.A.N.) and Radiology (P.K.G., S.G., M.A.N.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and the Intramural Research Program (A.H.N.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susan H Nader
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.E.M., S.H.N., P.W.C., W.S.J., A.N.D., M.A.N.) and Radiology (P.K.G., S.G., M.A.N.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and the Intramural Research Program (A.H.N.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul W Czoty
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.E.M., S.H.N., P.W.C., W.S.J., A.N.D., M.A.N.) and Radiology (P.K.G., S.G., M.A.N.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and the Intramural Research Program (A.H.N.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William S John
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.E.M., S.H.N., P.W.C., W.S.J., A.N.D., M.A.N.) and Radiology (P.K.G., S.G., M.A.N.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and the Intramural Research Program (A.H.N.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angela N Duke
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.E.M., S.H.N., P.W.C., W.S.J., A.N.D., M.A.N.) and Radiology (P.K.G., S.G., M.A.N.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and the Intramural Research Program (A.H.N.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pradeep K Garg
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.E.M., S.H.N., P.W.C., W.S.J., A.N.D., M.A.N.) and Radiology (P.K.G., S.G., M.A.N.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and the Intramural Research Program (A.H.N.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sudha Garg
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.E.M., S.H.N., P.W.C., W.S.J., A.N.D., M.A.N.) and Radiology (P.K.G., S.G., M.A.N.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and the Intramural Research Program (A.H.N.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy H Newman
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.E.M., S.H.N., P.W.C., W.S.J., A.N.D., M.A.N.) and Radiology (P.K.G., S.G., M.A.N.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and the Intramural Research Program (A.H.N.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael A Nader
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.E.M., S.H.N., P.W.C., W.S.J., A.N.D., M.A.N.) and Radiology (P.K.G., S.G., M.A.N.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and the Intramural Research Program (A.H.N.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
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Di Ciano P, Grandy DK, Le Foll B. Dopamine D4 receptors in psychostimulant addiction. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 69:301-21. [PMID: 24484981 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the cloning of the D4 receptor in the 1990s, interest has been building in the role of this receptor in drug addiction, given the importance of dopamine in addiction. Like the D3 receptor, the D4 receptor has limited distribution within the brain, suggesting it may have a unique role in drug abuse. However, compared to the D3 receptor, few studies have evaluated the importance of the D4 receptor. This may be due, in part, to the relative lack of compounds selective for the D4 receptor; the early studies were mainly conducted in mice lacking the D4 receptor. In this review, we summarize the literature on the structure and localization of the D4 receptor before reviewing the data from D4 knockout mice that used behavioral models relevant to the understanding of stimulant use. We also present evidence from more recent pharmacological studies using selective D4 agonists and antagonists and animal models of drug-seeking and drug-taking. The data summarized here suggest a role for D4 receptors in relapse to stimulant use. Therefore, treatments based on antagonism of the D4 receptor may be useful treatments for relapse to nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Di Ciano
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David K Grandy
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Alcohol Research and Treatment Clinic, Addiction Medicine Services, Ambulatory Care and Structured Treatments, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Neisewander JL, Cheung THC, Pentkowski NS. Dopamine D3 and 5-HT1B receptor dysregulation as a result of psychostimulant intake and forced abstinence: Implications for medications development. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:301-19. [PMID: 23973315 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Addiction to psychostimulants, including cocaine and amphetamine, is associated with dysregulation of dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter systems. Neuroadaptations in these systems vary depending on the stage of the drug taking-abstinence-relapse cycle. Consequently, the effects of potential treatments that target these systems may vary depending on whether they are given during abstinence or relapse. In this review, we discuss evidence that dopamine D3 receptors (D3Rs) and 5-HT1B receptors (5-HT1BRs) are dysregulated in response to both chronic psychostimulant use and subsequent abstinence. We then review findings from preclinical self-administration models which support targeting D3Rs and 5-HT1BRs as potential medications for psychostimulant dependence. Potential side effects of the treatments are discussed and attention is given to studies reporting positive treatment outcomes that depend on: 1) whether testing occurs during self-administration versus abstinence, 2) whether escalation of drug self-administration has occurred, 3) whether the treatments are given repeatedly, and 4) whether social factors influence treatment outcomes. We conclude that D3/D2 agonists may decrease psychostimulant intake; however, side effects of D3/D2R full agonists may limit their therapeutic potential, whereas D3/D2R partial agonists have fewer undesirable side effects. D3-selective antagonists may not reduce psychostimulant intake during relapse, but nonetheless, may decrease motivation for seeking psychostimulants with relatively few side-effects. 5-HT1BR agonists provide a striking example of treatment outcomes that are dependent on the stage of the addiction cycle. Specifically, these agonists initially increase cocaine's reinforcing effects during maintenance of self-administration, but after a period of abstinence they reduce psychostimulant seeking and the resumption of self-administration. In conclusion, we suggest that factors contributing to dysregulation of monoamine systems, including drug history, abstinence, and social context, should be considered when evaluating potential treatments to better model treatment effects in humans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Neisewander
- School of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA.
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Czoty PW, Nader MA. Effects of dopamine D2/D3 receptor ligands on food-cocaine choice in socially housed male cynomolgus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 344:329-38. [PMID: 23211363 PMCID: PMC3558818 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.201012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine D2/D3 receptor partial agonists have been suggested as medications for cocaine dependence. The present experiments examined the effect of acute and repeated administration of drugs with varying intrinsic efficacy at D2/D3 receptors on the relative reinforcing strength of cocaine. Use of socially housed cynomolgus monkeys permitted the assessment of whether social status, known to alter D2/D3 receptor availability, influenced the behavioral effects of D2/D3 receptor compounds. The high-efficacy agonist R(-)-norpropylapomorphine [(-)-NPA], low-efficacy agonist aripiprazole (ARI), and antagonist eticlopride (ETIC) were administered acutely to monkeys self-administering cocaine under a food-cocaine choice procedure in which a cocaine self-administration dose-effect curve was determined daily. The effects of 5-day treatment with ARI and (-)-NPA were characterized under conditions in which monkeys did (ARI) or did not [ARI and (-)-NPA] self-administer cocaine during treatment. When administered acutely, ARI and ETIC increased the choice of low cocaine doses, and only (-)-NPA decreased the choice of higher cocaine doses and cocaine intake; effects were similar across social ranks. When administered repeatedly while self administration occurred only on days 1 and 5 of treatment, ARI, but not (-)-NPA, decreased cocaine choice in dominant monkeys, whereas (-)-NPA, but not ARI, did so in subordinates. When dominant monkeys self-administered cocaine on all five days of ARI treatment, however, these effects were not observed. The results indicate that the behavioral effects of D2/D3 receptor agonists can differ according to intrinsic efficacy and subject characteristics. Moreover, these results suggest that exposure to cocaine during treatment can counteract treatment-induced reductions in the reinforcing effects of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Czoty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA
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