Gastric responses to acute psychological stress in climacteric women: a pilot study

Estrogen Deficiency and Colonic Function: Surgical Menopause and Sex Differences in Angiotensin and Dopamine Receptor Interaction

The physiopathological mechanisms that regulate menopausal and sex differences in colonic transit, inflammatory processes, and efficacy of treatments have not been clarified. The dopaminergic system and renin-angiotensin system coexist in the gut and regulate different processes such as motility, absorption/secretion, and inflammation. We investigated the changes in expression of major angiotensin and dopamine receptors in the colon of male, female, and ovariectomized female mice. Possible interaction between both systems was investigated using male and female mice deficient (ko) for major angiotensin and dopamine receptors. In wild-type mice, colonic tissue from females showed lower angiotensin type 1/angiotensin type 2 ratio (an index of pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory renin-angiotensin system balance), lower dopamine D1 and D2 receptor expression, and lower levels of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative markers relative to males. Interestingly, ovariectomy increased the expression of pro-inflammatory angiotensin type 1 receptor expression and decreased anti-inflammatory angiotensin type 2 receptor expression, increased D1 and D2 receptor expression, and increased the levels of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative markers. Ovariectomy-induced changes were blocked by estrogen replacement. The present results suggest a mutual regulation between colonic angiotensin and dopamine receptors and sex differences in this mutual regulation. Estrogen regulates changes in both angiotensin and dopamine receptor expression, which may be involved in sex- and surgical menopause-related effects on gut motility, permeability, and vulnerability to inflammatory processes.