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A gender-specific association of the polymorphism Ile197Met in the kininogen 1 gene with plasma irbesartan concentrations in Chinese patients with essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2018; 32:781-788. [PMID: 30283089 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-018-0119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to explore interactions in the association of the kininogen (KNG1) Ile197Met polymorphism and gender with plasma concentrations of irbesartan in Chinese patients with essential hypertension. A total of 1100 subjects with essential hypertension received a daily oral dose of 150 mg irbesartan for twenty-eight consecutive days. High-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence (HPLC) was used to detect plasma irbesartan concentrations on day 28. The KNG1 Ile197Met gene polymorphism was determined using high-throughput TaqMan technology. The frequency distribution of KNG1 Ile197Met genotype conformed to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. After 28 days of treatment, patients with the GG genotype had significantly lower irbesartan concentrations (P = 0.033) compared to homozygous TT genotype carriers. After stratifying by gender, male G allele carriers had significantly lower irbesartan concentrations (GG, P = 0.015; TG, P = 0.015, respectively) relative to TT genotype after adjusting for age, region, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and alcohol consumption. However, there was no significant difference in female subjects. A further test for a multiplicative interaction between the KNG1 Ile197Met polymorphism and gender in association with ln-plasma irbesartan concentrations in a multiple linear regression model was also significant (P for interaction = 0.033). This is the first study to suggest that gender may influence the association of the Ile197Met variant of KNG1 with ln-plasma irbesartan concentration. This finding may indicate that the interaction of gender and the KNG1 Ile197Met gene polymorphism can influence plasma trough irbesartan concentrations, which may contribute to a better development of personalized hypertensive treatment in Chinese patients.
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Gutiérrez-Malacatt H, Ayala-Sanchez M, Aquino-Ortega X, Dominguez-Rodriguez J, Martinez-Tovar A, Olarte-Carrillo I, Martinez-Hernandez A, C CCC, Orozco L, Cordova EJ. The rs61764370 Functional Variant in the KRAS Oncogene is Associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Risk in Women. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 17:2265-70. [PMID: 27221928 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.4.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is one of the most frequent hematopoietic malignancies in the elderly population; however, knowledge is limited regarding the genetic factors associated with increased risk for CML. Polymorphisms affecting microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis or mRNA:miRNA interactions are important risk factors in the development of different types of cancer. Thus, we carried out a case-control study to test the association with CML susceptibility of gene variants located in the miRNA machinery genes AGO1 (rs636832) and GEMIN4 (rs2740348), as well as in the miRNA binding sites of the genes BRCA1 (rs799917) and KRAS (rs61764370). MATERIALS AND METHODS We determined the genotype of 781 Mexican-Mestizo individuals (469 healthy subjects and 312 CML cases) for the four polymorphisms using TaqMan probes to test the association with CML susceptibility. RESULTS We found a borderline association of the minor homozygote genotype of the KRAS_rs61764370 polymorphism with an increased risk for CML susceptibility (P = 0.06). After gender stratification, this association was significant only for women (odds ratio [OR] = 13.41, P = 0.04). The distribution of the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the four studied SNPs was neither associated with advanced phases of CML nor treatment response. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show a significant association of the KRAS_rs61764370 SNP with CML. To further determine such an association of with CML susceptibility, our results must be replicated in different ethnic groups.
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Lin CH, Liao CC, Huang CH, Tung YT, Chang HC, Hsu MC, Huang CC. Proteomics Analysis to Identify and Characterize the Biomarkers and Physical Activities of Non-Frail and Frail Older Adults. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:231-239. [PMID: 28367083 PMCID: PMC5370285 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.17627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the proportion of older adults is increasing. Older people face chronic conditions such as sarcopenia and functional decline, which are often associated with disability and frailty. Proteomics assay of potential serum biomarkers of frailty in older adults. Older adults were divided into non-frail and frail groups (n = 6 each; 3 males in each group) in accordance with the Chinese-Canadian Study of Health and Aging Clinical Frailty Scale. Adults were measured for grip power and the 6-min walk test for physical activity, and venous blood was sampled after adults fasted for 8 h. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used for proteomics assay. The groups were compared for levels of biomarkers by t test and Pearson correlation analysis. Non-frail and frail subjects had mean age 77.5±0.4 and 77.7±1.6 years, mean height 160.5±1.3 and 156.6±2.9 cm and mean weight 62.5±1.2 and 62.8±2.9 kg, respectively. Physical activity level was lower for frail than non-frail subjects (grip power: 13.8±0.4 vs 26.1±1.2 kg; 6-min walk test: 215.2±17.2 vs 438.3±17.2 m). Among 226 proteins detected, for 31, serum levels were significantly higher for frail than non-frail subjects; serum levels of Ig kappa chain V-III region WOL, COX7A2, and albumin were lower. The serum levels of ANGT, KG and AT were 2.05-, 1.76- and 2.22-fold lower (all p < 0.05; Figure 1A, 2A and 3A) for non-frail than frail subjects and were highly correlated with grip power (Figure 1B, 2B and 3B). Our study found that ANGT, KG and AT levels are known to increase with aging, so degenerated vascular function might be associated with frailty. In total, 226 proteins were revealed proteomics assay; levels of angiotensinogen (ANGT), kininogen-1 (KG) and antithrombin III (AT) were higher in frail than non-frail subjects (11.26±2.21 vs 5.09±0.74; 18.42±1.36 vs 11.64±1.36; 22.23±1.64 vs 9.52±0.95, respectively, p < 0.05). These 3 factors were highly correlated with grip power (p < 0.05), with higher correlations between grip power and serum levels of ANGT (r = -0.89), KG (r = -0.90), and AT (r = -0.84). In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate a serum proteomic profile characteristic of frailty in older adults. Serum ANGT, KG and AT levels could be potential biomarkers for monitoring the development and progression of frailty in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hung Lin
- Physical Education Office, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chung Liao
- Proteomics Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huang Huang
- Department of Athletic Training and Health, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, Taiwan Landseed Hospital, Ping-Jen City, Taoyuan 32449, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chich Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan;; Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
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Veronez CL, da Silva ED, Lima Teixeira PV, Cagini N, Constantino-Silva RN, Grumach AS, Mansour E, Velloso LA, Pesquero JB. Genetic analysis of hereditary angioedema in a Brazilian family by targeted next generation sequencing. Biol Chem 2016; 397:315-22. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2015-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is accompanied by an overproduction of bradykinin (BK) as the primary mediator of swelling. Although many proteins may be involved in regulating the wide spectrum of HAE symptoms, most studies have only focused on C1-INH and FXII. For the first time, a next generation sequencing (NGS) method was applied to develop a robust, time- and cost-effective diagnostic and research tool to analyze selected genes related to HAE. The entire coding region and the exon-intron boundaries of 15 genes from 23 subjects of a Brazilian family, nine of whom were symptomatic, were analyzed by NGS. One new mutation found uniquely in the nine symptomatic patients, p.Ala457Pro in the SERPING1 gene, was estimated as likely to be pathogenic (PolyPhen-2 software analysis) and is the main candidate to be responsible for HAE in these patients. Alterations identified in a few asymptomatic individuals but also found in almost all symptomatic patients, such as p.Ile197Met (HMWK), p.Glu298Asp (NOS3) and p.Gly354Glu (B2R), may also be involved in modulating patient-specific symptoms. This NGS gene panel has proven to be a valuable tool for a quick and accurate molecular diagnosis of HAE and efficient to indicate modulators of HAE symptoms.
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Xu J, Qian HX, Hu SP, Liu LY, Zhou M, Feng M, Su J, Ji LD. Gender-Specific Association of ATP2B1 Variants with Susceptibility to Essential Hypertension in the Han Chinese Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1910565. [PMID: 26933664 PMCID: PMC4737061 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1910565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) found that several ATP2B1 variants are associated with essential hypertension (EHT). But the "genome-wide significant" ATP2B1 SNPs (rs2681472, rs2681492, rs17249754, and rs1105378) are in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) and are located in the same LD block in Chinese populations. We asked whether there are other SNPs within the ATP2B1 gene associated with susceptibility to EHT in the Han Chinese population. Therefore, we performed a case-control study to investigate the association of seven tagSNPs within the ATP2B1 gene and EHT in the Han Chinese population, and we then analyzed the interaction among different SNPs and nongenetic risk factors for EHT. A total of 902 essential hypertensive cases and 902 normotensive controls were involved in the study. All 7 tagSNPs within the ATP2B1 gene were retrieved from HapMap, and genotyping was performed using the Tm-shift genotyping method. Chi-squared test, logistic regression, and propensity score analysis showed that rs17249754 was associated with EHT, particularly in females. The MDR analysis demonstrated that the interaction of rs2070759, rs17249754, TC, TG, and BMI increased the susceptibility to hypertension. Crossover analysis and stratified analysis indicated that BMI has a major effect on the development of hypertension, while ATP2B1 variants have a minor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hai-xia Qian
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Su-pei Hu
- Department of Research and Teaching, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Li-ya Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Mei Feng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jia Su
- Department of Gerontology, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Lin-dan Ji
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Hu Z, Liu J, Song Z, Hou Q, Fan X, Hou D. Variants in the Atherogenic ALOX5AP, THBD, and KNG1 Genes Potentiate the Risk of Ischemic Stroke via a Genetic Main Effect and Epistatic Interactions in a Chinese Population. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015; 24:2060-8. [PMID: 26159646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke (IS) is a multifactorial disease that displays a strong genetic predisposition. However, the genetic architecture of IS has yet to be fully elucidated. It was hypothesized that epistasis between genes in multiple atherothrombotic pathways may play a vital role in determining the susceptibility to IS. The aim of the present study was to investigate the contributions of the hypothesized genetic factors to IS and the interactions between these genetic factors in a Chinese population. METHODS In this study, 351 cases with IS and 417 control subjects from a Chinese population were genotyped for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 12 genes hypothesized to be involved in atherosclerosis, coagulation, and related pathways. We examined SNP main effects and epistatic interactions between these polymorphic loci. RESULTS rs710446 of the KNG1 gene was associated with IS susceptibility based on an additive genetic model (rs710446: P = .012; odds ratio [OR], 1.247; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.050-1.481) after adjusting for covariates. Furthermore, an epistatic interaction between the ALOX5AP, THBD, and KNG1 gene was also identified in association with stroke susceptibility (P < .001 after 1000 permutations). Based on the chi-squared test, the OR of the high-risk combination of the three-locus model increased the risk of IS by 2.53-fold (95% CI, 1.60-4.01; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the association of the epistatic interactions of ALOX5AP, THBD, and KNG1 and present novel evidence for the main effect of KNG1 gene on IS susceptibility, suggesting a modulation of stroke risk by a genetic main effect and gene-gene interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Neurology, The traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhi Song
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Qiao Hou
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuejun Fan
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Deren Hou
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Dong Y, Ding Y, Cun Y, Xiao C. Association of Renin Binding Protein (RnBP) Gene Polymorphisms with Essential Hypertension in the Hani Minority of Southwestern China. J Genet Genomics 2013; 40:433-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gu D, Zhao Q, Kelly TN, Hixson JE, Rao DC, Cao J, Chen J, Li J, Chen J, Ji X, Hu D, Wang X, Liu DP, He J. The role of the kallikrein-kinin system genes in the salt sensitivity of blood pressure: the GenSalt Study. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 176 Suppl 7:S72-80. [PMID: 23035147 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study comprehensively examined the association between common genetic variants of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) and blood pressure salt sensitivity. A 7-day low-sodium followed by a 7-day high-sodium dietary intervention was conducted among 1,906 Han Chinese participants recruited from 2003 to 2005. Blood pressure was measured by using a random-zero sphygmomanometer through the study. A total of 205 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering 11 genes of the KKS were selected for the analyses. Genetic variants of the bradykinin receptor B2 gene (BDKRB2) and the endothelin converting enzyme 1 gene (ECE1) showed significant associations with the salt-sensitivity phenotypes even after adjustment for multiple testing. Compared with the major G allele, the BDKRB2 rs11847625 minor C allele was significantly associated with increased systolic blood pressure responses to low-sodium intervention (P = 0.0001). Furthermore, a haplotype containing allele C was associated with an increased systolic blood pressure response to high-sodium intervention (P = 0.0009). Seven highly correlated ECE1 SNPs were shown to increase the diastolic blood pressure response to low-sodium intervention (P values ranged from 0.0003 to 0.002), with 2 haplotypes containing these 7 SNPs also associated with this same phenotype (P values ranged from 0.0004 to 0.002). In summary, genetic variants of the genes involved in the regulation of KKS may contribute to the salt sensitivity of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Gu
- Department of Evidence Based Medicine, Fuwai Hospital and National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Beijing 100037, China.
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Essential hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of other cardiovascular diseases and is caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors, with up to 50% of blood pressure variance currently attributed to an individual's genetic makeup. By studying genes that cause monogenic forms of hypertension and pathways relevant to blood pressure control, a number of polymorphisms have been identified that increase an individual's risk of developing high blood pressure. We report on candidate gene association studies and genome-wide association studies that have been performed to date in the field of hypertension research. It is becoming clear that for the majority of people there is no single gene polymorphism that causes hypertension, but rather a number of common genetic variants, each having a small effect. Using pharmacogenomics to personalize the treatment of hypertension holds promise for achieving and sustaining normotensive pressures quickly, while minimizing the risk of adverse reactions and unwanted side-effects. This will decrease the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction in individuals and lead to a reduced burden of disease upon society as a whole.
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Chen LY, Zhao WH, Tian W, Guo J, Jiang F, Jin LJ, Sun YX, Chen KM, An LL, Li GD, Li Q, Li Y, Wu C, Zhao L, Wang WJ, Zheng GY, Li B, Li XQ, Hu J, Tian XL. STK39 is an independent risk factor for male hypertension in Han Chinese. Int J Cardiol 2012; 154:122-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Wrobel MJ, Figge JJ, Izzo JL. Hypertension in diverse populations: a New York State Medicaid clinical guidance document. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 5:208-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Houlihan LM, Davies G, Tenesa A, Harris SE, Luciano M, Gow AJ, McGhee KA, Liewald DC, Porteous DJ, Starr JM, Lowe GD, Visscher PM, Deary IJ. Common variants of large effect in F12, KNG1, and HRG are associated with activated partial thromboplastin time. Am J Hum Genet 2010; 86:626-31. [PMID: 20303064 PMCID: PMC2850435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is associated with risk of thrombosis and coagulation disorders. We conducted a genome-wide association study for aPTT and identified significant associations with SNPs in three coagulation cascade genes, F12 (rs2731672, combined p = 2.16 x 10(-30)), KNG1 (rs710446, combined p = 9.52 x 10(-22)), and HRG (rs9898, combined p = 1.34 x 10(-11)). These three SNPs explain approximately 18% of phenotypic variance in aPTT in the Lothian Birth Cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna M. Houlihan
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Albert Tenesa
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, The Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sarah E. Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Alan J. Gow
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Kevin A. McGhee
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - David C. Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - David J. Porteous
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Geriatric Medicine Unit, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Victoria, Craigleith Road, Edinburgh EH4 2DN, UK
| | - Gordon D. Lowe
- Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, 10 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - Peter M. Visscher
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital Post Office, Brisbane 4029, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
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