Depth-Resolved Imaging of Papillary Vitreoretinal Neovascularization: OCT-Angiography Assessment in Ocular Ischemic Syndrome

Ocular manifestations of internal carotid artery dissection

Internal carotid artery dissection (ICAD) results from disruption of the intima of the arterial wall, and can lead to intrusion of blood into the arterial wall and form an intramural hematoma. The hematoma can compress the true lumen of the vessel, causing functional stenosis or occlusion. The classic triad signs of ICAD include pain in the ipsilateral neck, head and orbital regions; a (partial) Horner syndrome; and cerebral or retinal ischemia. However, not all ICAD patients present with this classic signs. In some cases, ocular manifestations are the initial (and sometimes the only) findings. We summarize the ocular manifestations associated with ICAD in 3 categories: visual symptoms, oculosympathetic palsy, and ocular motor nerve palsy.

An evidence-based approach to the routine use of optical coherence tomography

Optical coherence tomography is an imaging technology that has revolutionised the detection, assessment and management of ocular disease. It is now a mainstream technology in clinical practice and is performed by non-specialised personnel in some settings. This article provides a clinical perspective on the implications of that movement and describes best practice using multimodal imaging and an evidence-based approach. Practical, illustrative guides on the interpretation of optical coherence tomography are provided for three major diseases of the ocular fundus, in which optical coherence tomography is often crucial to management: age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. Topics discussed include: cross-sectional and longitudinal signs in ocular disease, so-called 'red-green' disease whereby clinicians rely on machine/statistical comparisons for diagnosis in managing treatment-naïve patients, and the utility of optical coherence tomography angiography and machine learning.