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Wu M, Sun C, Shi Q, Luo Y, Wang Z, Wang J, Qin Y, Cui W, Yan C, Dai H, Wang Z, Zeng J, Zhou Y, Zhu M, Liu X. Dry eye disease caused by viral infection: Past, present and future. Virulence 2024; 15:2289779. [PMID: 38047740 PMCID: PMC10761022 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2289779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Following viral infection, the innate immune system senses viral products, such as viral nucleic acids, to activate innate defence pathways, leading to inflammation and apoptosis, control of cell proliferation, and consequently, threat to the whole body. The ocular surface is exposed to the external environment and extremely vulnerable to viral infection. Several studies have revealed that viral infection can induce inflammation of the ocular surface and reduce tear secretion of the lacrimal gland (LG), consequently triggering ocular morphological and functional changes and resulting in dry eye disease (DED). Understanding the mechanisms of DED caused by viral infection and its potential therapeutic strategies are crucial for clinical interventional advances in DED. This review summarizes the roles of viral infection in the pathogenesis of DED, applicable diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, and potential regions of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cuilian Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Shi
- Department of General Medicine, Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yalu Luo
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Qin
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weihang Cui
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chufeng Yan
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huangyi Dai
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyang Wang
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Zeng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yamei Zhou
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Manhui Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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Wu J, Duan C, Yang Y, Wang Z, Tan C, Han C, Hou X. Insights into the liver-eyes connections, from epidemiological, mechanical studies to clinical translation. J Transl Med 2023; 21:712. [PMID: 37817192 PMCID: PMC10566185 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04543-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of internal homeostasis is a sophisticated process, during which almost all organs get involved. Liver plays a central role in metabolism and involves in endocrine, immunity, detoxification and storage, and therefore it communicates with distant organs through such mechanisms to regulate pathophysiological processes. Dysfunctional liver is often accompanied by pathological phenotypes of distant organs, including the eyes. Many reviews have focused on crosstalk between the liver and gut, the liver and brain, the liver and heart, the liver and kidney, but with no attention paid to the liver and eyes. In this review, we summarized intimate connections between the liver and the eyes from three aspects. Epidemiologically, we suggest liver-related, potential, protective and risk factors for typical eye disease as well as eye indicators connected with liver status. For molecular mechanism aspect, we elaborate their inter-organ crosstalk from metabolism (glucose, lipid, proteins, vitamin, and mineral), detoxification (ammonia and bilirubin), and immunity (complement and inflammation regulation) aspect. In clinical application part, we emphasize the latest advances in utilizing the liver-eye axis in disease diagnosis and therapy, involving artificial intelligence-deep learning-based novel diagnostic tools for detecting liver disease and adeno-associated viral vector-based gene therapy method for curing blinding eye disease. We aim to focus on and provide novel insights into liver and eyes communications and help resolve existed clinically significant issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei China
| | - Caihan Duan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei China
| | - Yuanfan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei China
| | - Chen Tan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei China
| | - Chaoqun Han
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei China
| | - Xiaohua Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei China
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