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Katz DH, Lindholm ME, Ashley EA. Charting the Molecular Terrain of Exercise: Energetics, Exerkines, and the Future of Multiomic Mapping. Physiology (Bethesda) 2025; 40:0. [PMID: 39136551 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00024.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 11/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical activity plays a fundamental role in human health and disease. Exercise has been shown to improve a wide variety of disease states, and the scientific community is committed to understanding the precise molecular mechanisms that underlie the exquisite benefits. This review provides an overview of molecular responses to acute exercise and chronic training, particularly energy mobilization and generation, structural adaptation, inflammation, and immune regulation. Furthermore, it offers a detailed discussion of known molecular signals and systemic regulators activated during various forms of exercise and their role in orchestrating health benefits. Critically, the increasing use of multiomic technologies is explored with an emphasis on how multiomic and multitissue studies contribute to a more profound understanding of exercise biology. These data inform anticipated future advancement in the field and highlight the prospect of integrating exercise with pharmacology for personalized disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Katz
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineStanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Maléne E Lindholm
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineStanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Euan A Ashley
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineStanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
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Wang X, Zhang J, Su J, Huang T, Lian L, Nie Q, Zhang X, Li J, Wang Y. Genome-wide mapping of the binding sites of myocyte enhancer factor 2A in chicken primary myoblasts. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104097. [PMID: 39094502 PMCID: PMC11345569 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A) is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In contrast to the wide characterization of its regulation mechanism in mammalian skeletal muscle, its role in chickens is limited. Especially, its wide target genes remain to be identified. Therefore, we utilized Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation (CUT&Tag) technology to reveal the genome-wide binding profile of MEF2A in chicken primary myoblasts thus gaining insights into its potential role in muscle development. Our results revealed that MEF2A binding sites were primarily distributed in intergenic and intronic regions. Within the promoter region, although only 8.87% of MEF2A binding sites were found, these binding sites were concentrated around the transcription start site (TSS). Following peak annotation, a total of 1903 genes were identified as potential targets of MEF2A. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis further revealed that MEF2A target genes may be involved in the regulation of embryonic development in multiple organ systems, including muscle development, gland development, and visual system development. Moreover, a comparison of the MEF2A target genes identified in chicken primary myoblasts with those in mouse C2C12 cells revealed 388 target genes are conserved across species, 1515 target genes are chicken specific. Among these conserved genes, ankyrin repeat and SOCS box containing 5 (ASB5), transmembrane protein 182 (TMEM182), myomesin 2 (MYOM2), leucyl and cystinyl aminopeptidase (LNPEP), actinin alpha 2 (ACTN2), sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1 (SORBS1), ankyrin 3 (ANK3), sarcoglycan delta (SGCD), and ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1 (ORAI1) exhibited consistent expression patterns with MEF2A during embryonic muscle development. Finally, TMEM182, as an important negative regulator of muscle development, has been validated to be regulated by MEF2A by dual-luciferase and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays. In summary, our study for the first time provides a wide landscape of MEF2A target genes in chicken primary myoblasts, which supports the active role of MEF2A in chicken muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Jiannan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Jiancheng Su
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Tianjiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Ling Lian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qinghua Nie
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Joint Nutrition Center for Animal Feeding of Sichuan University-Shengliyuan Group
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; Joint Nutrition Center for Animal Feeding of Sichuan University-Shengliyuan Group
| | - Yajun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; Joint Nutrition Center for Animal Feeding of Sichuan University-Shengliyuan Group.
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Hesketh SJ. Advancing cancer cachexia diagnosis with -omics technology and exercise as molecular medicine. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 6:1-15. [PMID: 38463663 PMCID: PMC10918365 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy exacerbates disease outcomes and increases mortality, whereas the preservation of skeletal muscle mass and function play pivotal roles in ensuring long-term health and overall quality-of-life. Muscle atrophy represents a significant clinical challenge, involving the continued loss of muscle mass and strength, which frequently accompany the development of numerous types of cancer. Cancer cachexia is a highly prevalent multifactorial syndrome, and although cachexia is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths, there are still no approved management strategies for the disease. The etiology of this condition is based on the upregulation of systemic inflammation factors and catabolic stimuli, resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis and enhancement of protein degradation. Numerous necessary cellular processes are disrupted by cachectic pathology, which mediate intracellular signalling pathways resulting in the net loss of muscle and organelles. However, the exact underpinning molecular mechanisms of how these changes are orchestrated are incompletely understood. Much work is still required, but structured exercise has the capacity to counteract numerous detrimental effects linked to cancer cachexia. Primarily through the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis, enhancement of mitochondrial function, and the release of myokines. As a result, muscle mass and strength increase, leading to improved mobility, and quality-of-life. This review summarises existing knowledge of the complex molecular networks that regulate cancer cachexia and exercise, highlighting the molecular interplay between the two for potential therapeutic intervention. Finally, the utility of mass spectrometry-based proteomics is considered as a way of establishing early diagnostic biomarkers of cachectic patients.
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Dent JR, Stocks B, Campelj DG, Philp A. Transient changes to metabolic homeostasis initiate mitochondrial adaptation to endurance exercise. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 143:3-16. [PMID: 35351374 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endurance exercise is well established to increase mitochondrial content and function in skeletal muscle, a process termed mitochondrial biogenesis. Current understanding is that exercise initiates skeletal muscle mitochondrial remodeling via modulation of cellular nutrient, energetic and contractile stress pathways. These subtle changes in the cellular milieu are sensed by numerous transduction pathways that serve to initiate and coordinate an increase in mitochondrial gene transcription and translation. The result of these acute signaling events is the promotion of growth and assembly of mitochondria, coupled to a greater capacity for aerobic ATP provision in skeletal muscle. The aim of this review is to highlight the acute metabolic events induced by endurance exercise and the subsequent molecular pathways that sense this transient change in cellular homeostasis to drive mitochondrial adaptation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Dent
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ben Stocks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dean G Campelj
- Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory, Healthy Ageing Research Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew Philp
- Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory, Healthy Ageing Research Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Medical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Unsihuay D, Hu H, Qiu J, Latorre-Palomino A, Yang M, Yue F, Yin R, Kuang S, Laskin J. Multimodal high-resolution nano-DESI MSI and immunofluorescence imaging reveal molecular signatures of skeletal muscle fiber types. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4070-4082. [PMID: 37063787 PMCID: PMC10094364 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06020e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is a highly heterogeneous tissue comprised of different fiber types with varying contractile and metabolic properties. The complexity in the analysis of skeletal muscle fibers associated with their small size (30-50 μm) and mosaic-like distribution across the tissue tnecessitates the use of high-resolution imaging to differentiate between fiber types. Herein, we use a multimodal approach to characterize the chemical composition of skeletal fibers in a limb muscle, the gastrocnemius. Specifically, we combine high-resolution nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) with immunofluorescence (IF)-based fiber type identification. Computational image registration and segmentation approaches are used to integrate the information obtained with both techniques. Our results indicate that the transition between oxidative and glycolytic fibers is associated with shallow chemical gradients (<2.5 fold change in signals). Interestingly, we did not find any fiber type-specific molecule. We hypothesize that these findings might be linked to muscle plasticity thereby facilitating a switch in the metabolic properties of fibers in response to different conditions such as exercise and diet, among others. Despite the shallow chemical gradients, cardiolipins (CLs), acylcarnitines (CAR), monoglycerides (MGs), fatty acids, highly polyunsaturated phospholipids, and oxidized phospholipids, were identified as molecular signatures of oxidative metabolism. In contrast, histidine-related compounds were found as molecular signatures of glycolytic fibers. Additionally, the presence of highly polyunsaturated acyl chains in phospholipids was found in oxidative fibers whereas more saturated acyl chains in phospholipids were found in glycolytic fibers which suggests an effect of the membrane fluidity on the metabolic properties of skeletal myofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Unsihuay
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Jiamin Qiu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | | | - Manxi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Ruichuan Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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Xu Y, Zhao Y, Gao B. Role of TRPV1 in High Temperature-Induced Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Skeletal Muscle: A Mini Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:882578. [PMID: 35450292 PMCID: PMC9017999 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.882578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a protein that is susceptible to cell environment temperature. High temperatures of 40–45°C can activate the TRPV1 channel. TRPV1 is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and located on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Therefore, TRPV1 activated by high-temperature stress releases Ca2+ from the SR to the cytoplasm. Cellular Ca2+ accumulation is a key event that enhances TRPV1 activity by directly binding to the N-terminus and C-terminus. Moreover, Ca2+ is the key messenger involved in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. Long-term activation of TRPV1 may promote mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle through the Ca2+-CaMKII-p38 MAPK-PGC-1α signaling axis. The discovery of the TRPV1 channel highlights the potential mechanism for high-temperature stress improving muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. The appropriate hot stimulus in thermal environments might be beneficial to the muscular mitochondrial adaptation for aerobic capacity. However, the investigation of TRPV1 on mitochondrial biogenesis is at an early stage. Further investigations need to examine the role of TRPV1 in response to mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle induced by different thermal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Xu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongcai Zhao
- College of Social Sport and Health Sciences, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Binghong Gao
- School of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Binghong Gao,
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Plaza-Diaz J, Izquierdo D, Torres-Martos Á, Baig AT, Aguilera CM, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ. Impact of Physical Activity and Exercise on the Epigenome in Skeletal Muscle and Effects on Systemic Metabolism. Biomedicines 2022; 10:126. [PMID: 35052805 PMCID: PMC8773693 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity induces physiological responses in organisms, and adaptations in skeletal muscle, which is beneficial for maintaining health and preventing and/or treating most chronic diseases. These adaptations are mainly instigated by transcriptional responses that ensue in reaction to each individual exercise, either resistance or endurance. Consequently, changes in key metabolic, regulatory, and myogenic genes in skeletal muscle occur as both an early and late response to exercise, and these epigenetic modifications, which are influenced by environmental and genetic factors, trigger those alterations in the transcriptional responses. DNA methylation and histone modifications are the most significant epigenetic changes described in gene transcription, linked to the skeletal muscle transcriptional response to exercise, and mediating the exercise adaptations. Nevertheless, other alterations in the epigenetics markers, such as epitranscriptomics, modifications mediated by miRNAs, and lactylation as a novel epigenetic modification, are emerging as key events for gene transcription. Here, we provide an overview and update of the impact of exercise on epigenetic modifications, including the well-described DNA methylations and histone modifications, and the emerging modifications in the skeletal muscle. In addition, we describe the effects of exercise on epigenetic markers in other metabolic tissues; also, we provide information about how systemic metabolism or its metabolites influence epigenetic modifications in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (D.I.); (C.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada;
| | - David Izquierdo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (D.I.); (C.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
| | - Álvaro Torres-Martos
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
| | - Aiman Tariq Baig
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 85M, Canada
| | - Concepción M. Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (D.I.); (C.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n., 18016 Granada, Spain
- CIBEROBN (CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (D.I.); (C.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz, Center Munich, Neuherberg, 85764 Munich, Germany
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Matsuda N, Hironaka KI, Fujii M, Wada T, Kunida K, Inoue H, Eto M, Hoshino D, Furuichi Y, Manabe Y, Fujii NL, Noji H, Imamura H, Kuroda S. Monitoring and mathematical modeling of mitochondrial ATP in myotubes at single-cell level reveals two distinct population with different kinetics. QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40484-020-0211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium signaling in muscle cells: Homeostasis and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 350:197-264. [PMID: 32138900 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum is an extensive, dynamic and heterogeneous membranous network that fulfills multiple homeostatic functions. Among them, it compartmentalizes, stores and releases calcium within the intracellular space. In the case of muscle cells, calcium released from the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum in the vicinity of the contractile machinery induces cell contraction. Furthermore, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum-derived calcium also regulates gene transcription in the nucleus, energy metabolism in mitochondria and cytosolic signaling pathways. These diverse and overlapping processes require a highly complex fine-tuning that the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum provides by means of its numerous tubules and cisternae, specialized domains and contacts with other organelles. The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum also possesses a rich calcium-handling machinery, functionally coupled to both contraction-inducing stimuli and the contractile apparatus. Such is the importance of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum for muscle cell physiology, that alterations in its structure, function or its calcium-handling machinery are intimately associated with the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Cardiac hypertrophy, insulin resistance and arterial hypertension are age-related pathologies with a common mechanism at the muscle cell level: the accumulation of damaged proteins at the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum induces a stress response condition termed endoplasmic reticulum stress, which impairs proper organelle function, ultimately leading to pathogenesis.
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Sharlo K, Paramonova I, Turtikova O, Tyganov S, Shenkman B. Plantar mechanical stimulation prevents calcineurin-NFATc1 inactivation and slow-to-fast fiber type shift in rat soleus muscle under hindlimb unloading. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1769-1781. [PMID: 31046517 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00029.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevailing myosin isoform [myosin heavy chain (MyHC)] in a skeletal muscle determines contractile properties of the muscle. Under actual or simulated microgravity conditions such as human bed rest or rat hindlimb unloading, decrease in expression of MyHC of the slow type [MyHC I(β)] has been observed. It was demonstrated that increasing sensory input by performing plantar mechanical stimulation (PMS) on the soles of the feet results in an increase in neuromuscular activation of the lower limb muscles and may prevent slow-to-fast fiber type shift. The calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) signaling pathway is the main cascade regulating MyHC I(β) expression. The present study was aimed to analyze the states of the calcineurin-NFATc1 signaling cascade under conditions of PMS during rat hindlimb unloading. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to vivarium control groups and 1-day unloading (1HS), 3-day unloading (3HS), 1HS+PMS, and 3HS+PMS groups. We found that both 1 day and 3 days of unloading caused decrease in MyHC I(β) mRNA expression and decrease in glycogen synthase kinase-3β phosphorylation (Ser 9) that brought about the kinase activation, and these effects of unloading were prevented by PMS. Three days of unloading also caused increase in expression of calsarcin-2 (myozenin-I), which was found to be the endogenous calcineurin inhibitor. The level of calsarcin-2 expression in the 3HS+PMS group did not differ from the control group. Therefore, we conclude that PMS upregulates the calcineurin-NFATc1 signaling pathway and prevents unloading-induced MyHC I(β) decrease. NEW & NOTEWORTHY It is widely accepted that changes in the myosin phenotype during functional unloading (disuse) are determined by a decreased expression of the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) I(β) gene, and this decrease leads to changes of contractile and fatigue characteristics of soleus muscle. The calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) pathway is one of the most important signaling cascades regulating slow MyHC isoform expression. The present study is the first to show that plantar mechanical stimulation upregulates calcineurin-NFATc1 signaling in soleus muscles of hindlimb-unloaded rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Sharlo
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Inna Paramonova
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Olga Turtikova
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Sergey Tyganov
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Boris Shenkman
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
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Sidorenko S, Klimanova E, Milovanova K, Lopina OD, Kapilevich LV, Chibalin AV, Orlov SN. Transcriptomic changes in C2C12 myotubes triggered by electrical stimulation: Role of Ca2+i-mediated and Ca2+i-independent signaling and elevated [Na+]i/[K+]i ratio. Cell Calcium 2018; 76:72-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tarasova EO, Gaydukov AE, Balezina OP. Calcineurin and Its Role in Synaptic Transmission. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:674-689. [PMID: 30195324 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918060056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CaN) is a serine/threonine phosphatase widely expressed in different cell types and structures including neurons and synapses. The most studied role of CaN is its involvement in the functioning of postsynaptic structures of central synapses. The role of CaN in the presynaptic structures of central and peripheral synapses is less understood, although it has generated a considerable interest and is a subject of a growing number of studies. The regulatory role of CaN in synaptic vesicle endocytosis in the synapse terminals is actively studied. In recent years, new targets of CaN have been identified and its role in the regulation of enzymes and neurotransmitter secretion in peripheral neuromuscular junctions has been revealed. CaN is the only phosphatase that requires calcium and calmodulin for activation. In this review, we present details of CaN molecular structure and give a detailed description of possible mechanisms of CaN activation involving calcium, enzymes, and endogenous and exogenous inhibitors. Known and newly discovered CaN targets at pre- and postsynaptic levels are described. CaN activity in synaptic structures is discussed in terms of functional involvement of this phosphatase in synaptic transmission and neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Tarasova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A E Gaydukov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - O P Balezina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Sharlo CA, Lomonosova YN, Turtikova OV, Mitrofanova OV, Kalamkarov GR, Bugrova AE, Shevchenko TF, Shenkman BS. The Role of GSK-3β Phosphorylation in the Regulation of Slow Myosin Expression in Soleus Muscle during Functional Unloading. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747818010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Amoasii L, Olson EN, Bassel-Duby R. Control of Muscle Metabolism by the Mediator Complex. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a029843. [PMID: 28432117 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exercise represents an energetic challenge to whole-body homeostasis. In skeletal muscle, exercise activates a variety of signaling pathways that culminate in the nucleus to regulate genes involved in metabolism and contractility; however, much remains to be learned about the transcriptional effectors of exercise. Mediator is a multiprotein complex that links signal-dependent transcription factors and other transcriptional regulators with the basal transcriptional machinery, thereby serving as a transcriptional "hub." In this article, we discuss recent studies highlighting the role of Mediator subunits in metabolic regulation and glucose metabolism, as well as exercise responsiveness. Elucidation of the roles of Mediator subunits in metabolic control has revealed new mechanisms and molecular targets for the modulation of metabolism and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonela Amoasii
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, and Sen. Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 7539-9148
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, and Sen. Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 7539-9148
| | - Rhonda Bassel-Duby
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, and Sen. Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 7539-9148
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15
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Ravel-Chapuis A, Bélanger G, Côté J, Michel RN, Jasmin BJ. Misregulation of calcium-handling proteins promotes hyperactivation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling in skeletal muscle of DM1 mice. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2192-2206. [PMID: 28369518 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is caused by an expansion of CUG repeats in DMPK mRNAs. This mutation affects alternative splicing through misregulation of RNA-binding proteins. Amongst pre-mRNAs that are mis-spliced, several code for proteins involved in calcium homeostasis suggesting that calcium-handling and signaling are perturbed in DM1. Here, we analyzed expression of such proteins in DM1 mouse muscle. We found that the levels of several sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins (SERCA1, sarcolipin and calsequestrin) are altered, likely contributing to an imbalance in calcium homeostasis. We also observed that calcineurin (CnA) signaling is hyperactivated in DM1 muscle. Indeed, CnA expression and phosphatase activity are both markedly increased in DM1 muscle. Coherent with this, we found that activators of the CnA pathway (MLP, FHL1) are also elevated. Consequently, NFATc1 expression is increased in DM1 muscle and becomes relocalized to myonuclei, together with an up-regulation of its transcriptional targets (RCAN1.4 and myoglobin). Accordingly, DM1 mouse muscles display an increase in oxidative metabolism and fiber hypertrophy. To determine the functional consequences of this CnA hyperactivation, we administered cyclosporine A, an inhibitor of CnA, to DM1 mice. Muscles of treated DM1 mice showed an increase in CUGBP1 levels, and an exacerbation of key alternative splicing events associated with DM1. Finally, inhibition of CnA in cultured human DM1 myoblasts also resulted in a splicing exacerbation of the insulin receptor. Together, these findings show for the first time that calcium-CnA signaling is hyperactivated in DM1 muscle and that such hyperactivation represents a beneficial compensatory adaptation to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Ravel-Chapuis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Center for Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Guy Bélanger
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Center for Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Côté
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Center for Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robin N Michel
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bernard J Jasmin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Center for Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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16
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Simmonds AIM, Seebacher F. Histone deacetylase activity modulates exercise-induced skeletal muscle plasticity in zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R35-R43. [PMID: 28404582 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00378.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise has a positive impact on animals by enhancing skeletal muscle function and locomotor performance. Responses of skeletal muscle to exercise involve changes in energy metabolism, calcium handling, and the composition of contractile protein isoforms, which together influence contractile properties. Histone deacetylases (HDAC) can cause short-term changes in gene expression and may thereby mediate plasticity in contractile properties of skeletal muscle in response to exercise. The aim of this project was to determine (in zebrafish, Danio rerio) the traits that mediate interindividual differences in sustained and sprint performance and to determine whether inhibiting class I and II HDACs mediates exercise-induced changes in these traits. High sustained performers had greater aerobic metabolic capacity [citrate synthase (CS) activity], calcium handling capacity [sarco/endoplasmic reticulum ATPase (SERCA) activity], and slow contractile protein concentration [slow myosin heavy chain (MHC)] compared with low performers. High sprint performers had lower CS activity and slow MHC concentrations compared with low performers, but there were no significant differences in lactate dehydrogenase activity or fast MHC concentrations. Four weeks of aerobic exercise training increased sustained performance, CS activity, SERCA activity, and slow MHC concentration. Inhibiting class I and II HDACs increased slow MHC concentration in untrained fish but not in trained fish. However, inhibiting HDACs reduced SERCA activity, which was paralleled by a reduction in sustained and sprint performance. The regulation of muscle phenotypes by HDACs could be a mechanism underlying the adaptation of sustained locomotor performance to different environmental conditions, and may therefore be of therapeutic and ecological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec I M Simmonds
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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Abreu P, Leal-Cardoso JH, Ceccatto VM. ADAPTAÇÃO DO MÚSCULO ESQUELÉTICO AO EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO: CONSIDERAÇÕES MOLECULARES E ENERGÉTICAS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220172301167371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Os benefícios para a saúde e as adaptações fisiológicas ao exercício regular são amplamente conhecidos e, com o advento das ciências ômicas e moleculares, revelou-se uma complexa rede de vias de sinalização e moléculas reguladoras que coordenam a resposta adaptativa do músculo esquelético ao exercício. As mudanças orgânicas transientes, porém, são cumulativas no pós-exercício. Elas incluem, de forma principal, a transcrição de genes relacionados aos fatores regulatórios da miogênese, ao metabolismo de carboidratos, à mobilização de gorduras, ao transporte e oxidação de substratos, ao metabolismo mitocondrial através da fosforilação oxidativa e, por fim, à regulação transcricional de genes envolvidos na biogênese mitocondrial. Tendo em vista o grande impacto científico, resumiram-se neste trabalho, além de algumas das principais respostas moleculares sofridas pelo músculo esquelético com o exercício físico, fatores que coordenam a plasticidade muscular para o ganho de desempenho. Foram citadas dezenas de biomarcadores ligados a alguns aspectos moleculares das adaptações do músculo esquelético ao exercício físico, algumas principais vias sinalizadoras e o papel mitocondrial, revelando alguns novos paradigmas para o entendimento desta área científica.
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18
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Hwee DT, Cheng AJ, Hartman JJ, Hinken AC, Lee K, Durham N, Russell AJ, Malik FI, Westerblad H, Jasper JR. The Ca 2+ sensitizer CK-2066260 increases myofibrillar Ca 2+ sensitivity and submaximal force selectively in fast skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2017; 595:1657-1670. [PMID: 27869319 PMCID: PMC5330873 DOI: 10.1113/jp273248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points We report that the small molecule CK‐2066260 selectively slows the off‐rate of Ca2+ from fast skeletal muscle troponin, leading to increased myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity in fast skeletal muscle. Rodents dosed with CK‐2066260 show increased hindlimb muscle force and power in response to submaximal rates of nerve stimulation in situ. CK‐2066260 has no effect on free cytosolic [Ca2+] during contractions of isolated muscle fibres. We conclude that fast skeletal muscle troponin sensitizers constitute a potential therapy to address an unmet need of improving muscle function in conditions of weakness and premature muscle fatigue.
Abstract Skeletal muscle dysfunction occurs in many diseases and can lead to muscle weakness and premature muscle fatigue. Here we show that the fast skeletal troponin activator, CK‐2066260, counteracts muscle weakness by increasing troponin Ca2+ affinity, thereby increasing myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity. Exposure to CK‐2066260 resulted in a concentration‐dependent increase in the Ca2+ sensitivity of ATPase activity in isolated myofibrils and reconstituted hybrid sarcomeres containing fast skeletal muscle troponin C. Stopped‐flow experiments revealed a ∼2.7‐fold decrease in the Ca2+ off‐rate of isolated troponin complexes in the presence of CK‐2066260 (6 vs. 17 s−1 under control conditions). Isolated mouse flexor digitorum brevis fibres showed a rapidly developing, reversible and concentration‐dependent force increase at submaximal stimulation frequencies. This force increase was not accompanied by any changes in the free cytosolic [Ca2+] or its kinetics. CK‐2066260 induced a slowing of relaxation, which was markedly larger at 26°C than at 31°C and could be linked to the decreased Ca2+ off‐rate of troponin C. Rats dosed with CK‐2066260 showed increased hindlimb isometric and isokinetic force in response to submaximal rates of nerve stimulation in situ producing significantly higher absolute forces at low isokinetic velocities, whereas there was no difference in force at the highest velocities. Overall muscle power was increased and the findings are consistent with a lack of effect on crossbridge kinetics. In conclusion, CK‐2066260 acts as a fast skeletal troponin activator that may be used to increase muscle force and power in conditions of muscle weakness. We report that the small molecule CK‐2066260 selectively slows the off‐rate of Ca2+ from fast skeletal muscle troponin, leading to increased myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity in fast skeletal muscle. Rodents dosed with CK‐2066260 show increased hindlimb muscle force and power in response to submaximal rates of nerve stimulation in situ. CK‐2066260 has no effect on free cytosolic [Ca2+] during contractions of isolated muscle fibres. We conclude that fast skeletal muscle troponin sensitizers constitute a potential therapy to address an unmet need of improving muscle function in conditions of weakness and premature muscle fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren T Hwee
- Research and Early Development, Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arthur J Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James J Hartman
- Research and Early Development, Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron C Hinken
- Research and Early Development, Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ken Lee
- Research and Early Development, Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nickie Durham
- Research and Early Development, Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alan J Russell
- Research and Early Development, Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fady I Malik
- Research and Early Development, Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Håkan Westerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey R Jasper
- Research and Early Development, Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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19
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Calder AN, Androphy EJ, Hodgetts KJ. Small Molecules in Development for the Treatment of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10067-10083. [PMID: 27490705 PMCID: PMC5744254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease resulting from pathologically low levels of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. The majority of mRNA from the SMN2 allele undergoes alternative splicing and excludes critical codons, causing an SMN protein deficiency. While there is currently no FDA-approved treatment for SMA, early therapeutic efforts have focused on testing repurposed drugs such as phenylbutyrate (2), valproic acid (3), riluzole (6), hydroxyurea (7), and albuterol (9), none of which has demonstrated clinical effectiveness. More recently, clinical trials have focused on novel small-molecule compounds identified from high-throughput screening and medicinal chemistry optimization such as olesoxime (11), CK-2127107, RG7800, LMI070, and RG3039 (17). In this paper, we review both repurposed drugs and small-molecule compounds discovered following medicinal chemistry optimization for the potential treatment of SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N. Calder
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elliot J. Androphy
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kevin J. Hodgetts
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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20
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Hernández-Ochoa EO, Pratt SJP, Lovering RM, Schneider MF. Critical Role of Intracellular RyR1 Calcium Release Channels in Skeletal Muscle Function and Disease. Front Physiol 2016; 6:420. [PMID: 26793121 PMCID: PMC4709859 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle Ca2+ release channel, also known as ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1), is the largest ion channel protein known and is crucial for effective skeletal muscle contractile activation. RyR1 function is controlled by Cav1.1, a voltage gated Ca2+ channel that works mainly as a voltage sensor for RyR1 activity during skeletal muscle contraction and is also fine-tuned by Ca2+, several intracellular compounds (e.g., ATP), and modulatory proteins (e.g., calmodulin). Dominant and recessive mutations in RyR1, as well as acquired channel alterations, are the underlying cause of various skeletal muscle diseases. The aim of this mini review is to summarize several current aspects of RyR1 function, structure, regulation, and to describe the most common diseases caused by hereditary or acquired RyR1 malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick O Hernández-Ochoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J P Pratt
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard M Lovering
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin F Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Ferretti R, Marques MJ, Khurana TS, Santo Neto H. Expression of calcium-buffering proteins in rat intrinsic laryngeal muscles. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/6/e12409. [PMID: 26109185 PMCID: PMC4510619 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILM) are highly specialized muscles involved in phonation and airway protection, with unique properties that allow them to perform extremely rapid contractions and to escape from damage in muscle dystrophy. Due to that, they may differ from limb muscles in several physiological aspects. Because a better ability to handle intracellular calcium has been suggested to explain ILM unique properties, we hypothesized that the profile of the proteins that regulate calcium levels in ILM is different from that in a limb muscle. Calcium-related proteins were analyzed in the ILM, cricothyroid (CT), and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles from male Sprague–Dawley rats (8 weeks of age) using quantitative PCR and western blotting. Higher expression of key Ca2+ regulatory proteins was detected in ILM compared to TA, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-reuptake proteins (Sercas 1 and 2), the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, phospholamban, and the Ca2+-binding protein calsequestrin. Parvalbumin, calmodulin and the ATPase, Ca2+-transporting, and plasma membrane 1 were also expressed at higher levels in ILM compared to TA. The store-operated calcium entry channel molecule was decreased in ILM compared to the limb muscle and the voltage-dependent L-type and ryanodine receptor were expressed at similar levels in ILM and TA. These results show that ILM have a calcium regulation system profile suggestive of a better ability to handle calcium changes in comparison to limb muscles, and this may provide a mechanistic insight for their unique pathophysiological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ferretti
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Biociencias de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Julia Marques
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tejvir S Khurana
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Humberto Santo Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Hwee DT, Kennedy AR, Hartman JJ, Ryans J, Durham N, Malik FI, Jasper JR. The small-molecule fast skeletal troponin activator, CK-2127107, improves exercise tolerance in a rat model of heart failure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:159-68. [PMID: 25678535 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.222224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure-mediated skeletal myopathy, which is characterized by muscle atrophy and muscle metabolism dysfunction, often manifests as dyspnea and limb muscle fatigue. We have previously demonstrated that increasing Ca(2+) sensitivity of the sarcomere by a small-molecule fast skeletal troponin activator improves skeletal muscle force and exercise performance in healthy rats and models of neuromuscular disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a novel fast skeletal troponin activator, CK-2127107 (2-aminoalkyl-5-N-heteroarylpyrimidine), on skeletal muscle function and exercise performance in rats exhibiting heart failure-mediated skeletal myopathy. Rats underwent a left anterior descending coronary artery ligation, resulting in myocardial infarction and a progressive decline in cardiac function [left anterior descending coronary artery heart failure (LAD-HF)]. Compared with sham-operated control rats, LAD-HF rat hindlimb and diaphragm muscles exhibited significant muscle atrophy. Fatigability was increased during repeated in situ isokinetic plantar flexor muscle contractions. CK-2127107 produced a leftward shift in the force-Ca(2+) relationship of skinned, single diaphragm, and extensor digitorum longus fibers. Exercise performance, which was assessed by rotarod running, was lower in vehicle-treated LAD-HF rats than in sham controls (116 ± 22 versus 193 ± 31 seconds, respectively; mean ± S.E.M.; P = 0.04). In the LAD-HF rats, a single oral dose of CK-2127107 (10 mg/kg p.o.) increased running time compared with vehicle treatment (283 ± 47 versus 116 ± 22 seconds; P = 0.0004). In summary, CK-2127107 substantially increases exercise performance in this heart failure model, suggesting that modulation of skeletal muscle function by a fast skeletal troponin activator may be a useful therapeutic in heart failure-associated exercise intolerance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium-Transporting ATPases/metabolism
- Cattle
- Female
- Heart Failure, Systolic/complications
- Heart Failure, Systolic/metabolism
- Heart Failure, Systolic/physiopathology
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Muscular Atrophy/etiology
- Muscular Atrophy/metabolism
- Muscular Atrophy/physiopathology
- Myocardial Infarction/etiology
- Myocardial Infarction/metabolism
- Myocardial Infarction/physiopathology
- Myofibrils/drug effects
- Myofibrils/metabolism
- Physical Conditioning, Animal
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Rabbits
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rotarod Performance Test
- Troponin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julie Ryans
- Cytokinetics Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Fady I Malik
- Cytokinetics Inc., South San Francisco, California
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23
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Ferraro E, Giammarioli AM, Chiandotto S, Spoletini I, Rosano G. Exercise-induced skeletal muscle remodeling and metabolic adaptation: redox signaling and role of autophagy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:154-76. [PMID: 24450966 PMCID: PMC4048572 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Skeletal muscle is a highly plastic tissue. Exercise evokes signaling pathways that strongly modify myofiber metabolism and physiological and contractile properties of skeletal muscle. Regular physical activity is beneficial for health and is highly recommended for the prevention of several chronic conditions. In this review, we have focused our attention on the pathways that are known to mediate physical training-induced plasticity. RECENT ADVANCES An important role for redox signaling has recently been proposed in exercise-mediated muscle remodeling and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) activation. Still more currently, autophagy has also been found to be involved in metabolic adaptation to exercise. CRITICAL ISSUES Both redox signaling and autophagy are processes with ambivalent effects; they can be detrimental and beneficial, depending on their delicate balance. As such, understanding their role in the chain of events induced by exercise and leading to skeletal muscle remodeling is a very complicated matter. Moreover, the study of the signaling induced by exercise is made even more difficult by the fact that exercise can be performed with several different modalities, with this having different repercussions on adaptation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Unraveling the complexity of the molecular signaling triggered by exercise on skeletal muscle is crucial in order to define the therapeutic potentiality of physical training and to identify new pharmacological compounds that are able to reproduce some beneficial effects of exercise. In evaluating the effect of new "exercise mimetics," it will also be necessary to take into account the involvement of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and autophagy and their controversial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Ferraro
- 1 Pathophysiology and Treatment of Muscle Wasting Disorders Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana , Rome, Italy
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24
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Zhang X, Shi L, Li X, Sheng Q, Yao L, Shen D, Lü ZR, Zhou HM, Park YD, Lee J, Zhang Q. Effect of Ca2+ on the activity and structure of α-glucosidase: Inhibition kinetics and molecular dynamics simulations. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 117:696-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Lessard SJ, Rivas DA, Alves-Wagner AB, Hirshman MF, Gallagher IJ, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Atkins R, Greenhaff PL, Qi NR, Gustafsson T, Fielding RA, Timmons JA, Britton SL, Koch LG, Goodyear LJ. Resistance to aerobic exercise training causes metabolic dysfunction and reveals novel exercise-regulated signaling networks. Diabetes 2013; 62:2717-27. [PMID: 23610057 PMCID: PMC3717870 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Low aerobic exercise capacity is a risk factor for diabetes and a strong predictor of mortality, yet some individuals are "exercise-resistant" and unable to improve exercise capacity through exercise training. To test the hypothesis that resistance to aerobic exercise training underlies metabolic disease risk, we used selective breeding for 15 generations to develop rat models of low and high aerobic response to training. Before exercise training, rats selected as low and high responders had similar exercise capacities. However, after 8 weeks of treadmill training, low responders failed to improve their exercise capacity, whereas high responders improved by 54%. Remarkably, low responders to aerobic training exhibited pronounced metabolic dysfunction characterized by insulin resistance and increased adiposity, demonstrating that the exercise-resistant phenotype segregates with disease risk. Low responders had impaired exercise-induced angiogenesis in muscle; however, mitochondrial capacity was intact and increased normally with exercise training, demonstrating that mitochondria are not limiting for aerobic adaptation or responsible for metabolic dysfunction in low responders. Low responders had increased stress/inflammatory signaling and altered transforming growth factor-β signaling, characterized by hyperphosphorylation of a novel exercise-regulated phosphorylation site on SMAD2. Using this powerful biological model system, we have discovered key pathways for low exercise training response that may represent novel targets for the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donato A. Rivas
- Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Ryan Atkins
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L. Greenhaff
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan R. Qi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Roger A. Fielding
- Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James A. Timmons
- Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Steven L. Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lauren G. Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laurie J. Goodyear
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author: Laurie J. Goodyear,
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Abstract
Preservation of aerobic fitness and skeletal muscle strength through exercise training can ameliorate metabolic dysfunction and prevent chronic disease. These benefits are mediated in part by extensive metabolic and molecular remodeling of skeletal muscle by exercise. Aerobic and resistance exercise represent extremes on the exercise continuum and elicit markedly different training responses that are mediated by a complex interplay between a myriad of signaling pathways coupled to downstream regulators of transcription and translation. Here, we review the metabolic responses and molecular mechanisms that underpin the adaptatation of skeletal muscle to acute exercise and exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Egan
- Institute for Sport and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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27
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Pronounced effects of acute endurance exercise on gene expression in resting and exercising human skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51066. [PMID: 23226462 PMCID: PMC3511348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular physical activity positively influences whole body energy metabolism and substrate handling in exercising muscle. While it is recognized that the effects of exercise extend beyond exercising muscle, it is unclear to what extent exercise impacts non-exercising muscles. Here we investigated the effects of an acute endurance exercise bouts on gene expression in exercising and non-exercising human muscle. To that end, 12 male subjects aged 44–56 performed one hour of one-legged cycling at 50% Wmax. Muscle biopsies were taken from the exercising and non-exercising leg before and immediately after exercise and analyzed by microarray. One-legged cycling raised plasma lactate, free fatty acids, cortisol, noradrenalin, and adrenalin levels. Surprisingly, acute endurance exercise not only caused pronounced gene expression changes in exercising muscle but also in non-exercising muscle. In the exercising leg the three most highly induced genes were all part of the NR4A family. Remarkably, many genes induced in non-exercising muscle were PPAR targets or related to PPAR signalling, including PDK4, ANGPTL4 and SLC22A5. Pathway analysis confirmed this finding. In conclusion, our data indicate that acute endurance exercise elicits pronounced changes in gene expression in non-exercising muscle, which are likely mediated by changes in circulating factors such as free fatty acids. The study points to a major influence of exercise beyond the contracting muscle.
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28
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Gordon PL, Doyle JW, Johansen KL. Association of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels with physical performance and thigh muscle cross-sectional area in chronic kidney disease stage 3 and 4. J Ren Nutr 2012; 22:423-33. [PMID: 22227183 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Declines in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)₂D) levels and physical functioning follow the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although the molecular actions of vitamin D in skeletal muscle are well known, and muscle weakness and atrophy are observed in vitamin D-deficient states, there is little information regarding vitamin D and muscle function and size in CKD. OBJECTIVE To examine associations of vitamin D with physical performance (PF) and muscle size. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING CKD clinic. SUBJECTS Twenty-six patients (61 ± 13 years, 92% men) with CKD stage 3 or 4. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Gait speed, 6-minute walk, sit-to-stand time, 1-legged balance, and thigh muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA), measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS Overall, 73% were 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) deficient (n = 10) or insufficient (n = 9) (Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines). 25(OH)D level was associated with normal gait speed only (r = 0.41, P = .04). Normal and fast gait speed, the distance walked in 6 minutes, and sit-to-stand time were best explained by 1,25(OH)₂D and body mass index (P < .05 for all) and 1-legged stand by 1,25(OH)₂D (r = 0.40, P < .05) only. There were no associations of age, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), or albumin with any PF measures. MCSA was associated with eGFR (r = 0.54, P < .01) only. Variance in MCSA was best explained by a model containing 1,25(OH)₂D, plasma Ca²⁺, and daily physical activity (by accelerometry) (P < .05 for all). Once these variables were in the model, there was no contribution of eGFR. CONCLUSION These results suggest that 1,25(OH)₂D is a determinant of PF and muscle size in patients with stage 3 and 4 CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Gordon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
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The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex in the prevention of muscle damage. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:210797. [PMID: 22007139 PMCID: PMC3189583 DOI: 10.1155/2011/210797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are genetically diverse but share common phenotypic features of muscle weakness, degeneration, and progressive decline in muscle function. Previous work has focused on understanding how disruptions in the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex result in muscular dystrophy, supporting a hypothesis that the muscle sarcolemma is fragile and susceptible to contraction-induced injury in multiple forms of dystrophy. Although benign in healthy muscle, contractions in dystrophic muscle may contribute to a higher degree of muscle damage which eventually overwhelms muscle regeneration capacity. While increased susceptibility of muscle to mechanical injury is thought to be an important contributor to disease pathology, it is becoming clear that not all DGC-associated diseases share this supposed hallmark feature. This paper outlines experimental support for a function of the DGC in preventing muscle damage and examines the evidence that supports novel functions for this complex in muscle that when impaired, may contribute to the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy.
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