Vlok R, Buscher H, Delaney A, Garside T, McDonald G, Chatoor R, Myburgh J, Nair P. Anticoagulation and associated complications in veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adult patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
CRIT CARE RESUSC 2024;
26:332-363. [PMID:
39781486 PMCID:
PMC11704180 DOI:
10.1016/j.ccrj.2024.10.003]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 10/02/2024] [Accepted: 10/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
Objective
To describe the incidence of bleeding and thrombotic complications in VA-ECMO according to anticoagulation strategy.
Design
This systematic review and meta-analysis included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies reporting bleeding and thrombotic complications in VA-ECMO. The incidence of primary outcomes according to anticoagulation drug and monitoring test was described.
Data sources
CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL (2010-January 2024).
Review methods
Data was extracted using Covidence. A meta-analysis of proportions was performed using STATA MP v18.1 metaprop.
Results
We included 159 studies with 21,942 patients. No studies were at low risk of bias. The incidence of major bleeding or thrombotic events was similar among heparin-, bivalirudin- and anticoagulation-free cohorts. The pooled incidence of major bleeding and thrombotic complications were 40% (95%CI 36-44, I2 = 97.12) and 17% (95%CI 14-19, I 2 = 92.60%), respectively. The most common bleeding site was thoracic. The most common ischaemic complication was limb ischaemia. The incidences of major bleeding or thrombotic events, intracranial haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke were similar among all monitoring tests. Mechanical unloading was associated with a high incidence of major bleeding events (60%, 95%CI 43-77, I2 = 93.32), and ischaemic strokes (13%, 95%CI 7-19, I2 = 81.80).
Conclusions
Available literature assessing the association between anticoagulation strategies in VA-ECMO, and bleeding and thrombosis is of limited quality. We identified a substantially higher incidence of major bleeding events than a previous meta-analysis. Limited numbers of patients anticoagulated with alternatives to heparin were reported. Patients with additional mechanical LV unloading represent a cohort at particular risk of bleeding and thrombotic complications.
Collapse