Outcomes of Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients With Cirrhosis: A National Analysis

Effect of Patient Age on Timing of Inpatient Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and Outcomes for Non-variceal Upper GI Bleeds

Background Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is typically performed within 24 hours of presentation for patients admitted to a hospital for patients presenting with a non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleed (UGIB). To date, no studies have been performed to identify the impact of patient age on the timing of inpatient EGD and patient outcomes in non-variceal UGIB. Our aim was to assess the differences in the timing of EGD, blood transfusion requirements, development of hemorrhagic shock, development of acute renal failure, mortality, length of stay, and total hospital charges for patients aged 18-59 and those aged 60 and older. Methods Admissions for non-variceal UGIB were identified from the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2016 and 2017. Patients who initially presented with hemorrhagic shock were excluded. Patients were divided into two age groups, those aged 18-59 and those aged 60 or older. We classified EGDs as early and delayed. Since the NIS database identifies days as midnight to midnight, we categorized early EGDs as those performed on day 0 and day 1. Delayed EGD were categorized as those performed on days 2 and 3. Multivariate logistic regression was performed on propensity-matched data to compare EGD timing, blood transfusion requirements, development of post-hospitalization hemorrhagic shock, development of acute renal failure, and mortality. The following patient and hospital variables were used in regression models: race, sex, insurance status, income quartile, mortality risk score, illness severity score, admission month, admission day, type of admission, region, bed size, and hospital teaching status. Finally, weighted two-sample T-tests were used to compare the length of stay and total hospitalization cost. Results A total of 12,449 weighted cases of inpatient non-variceal UGIB were included in this study. Patients aged 60 and older were more likely to die during the hospitalization (OR= 1.661, 95%CI: 1.108-2.490, p= 0.014), require blood transfusion (OR= 1.257, 95%CI: 1.131-1.396, p<0.001), and develop acute renal failure (OR= 1.672, 95%CI: 1.447-1.945, p<0.001). Patients aged 60 and older were also less likely to receive an early EGD (OR= 0.850, 95%CI: 0.752-0.961, p= 0.009). Total hospital costs (95%CI: -1397.77 - -4005.68, p<0.001) and length of stay (95%CI: -0.428 - -0.594, p<0.001) were both lower in patients aged 18-59 years. There was no difference in the development of post-hospitalization hemorrhagic shock between the two groups (OR= 0.984, 95%CI: 0.707-1.369, p= 0.923). Conclusions Patients aged 60 and older were less likely to have an early EGD and more likely to have worse outcomes. They had increased rates of inpatient mortality, blood transfusion requirements, development of acute renal failure, increased total hospital costs, and longer lengths of stay. There were no differences in the development of post-hospitalization hemorrhagic shock between the two groups.