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“I remember the attack”: a pilot study investigating flashbulb memory in individuals with schizophrenia. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractFlashbulb memories are autobiographical memories for important and emotional events, which have the particularity of being at the intersection of personal and public events. Autobiographical memory impairments are highly prevalent in schizophrenia, a psychiatric condition intrinsically linked to self-disorders. Thus, we aimed to evaluate flashbulb and event memory functioning in individuals with schizophrenia. Twenty-four individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and 25 control participants were tested on a flashbulb memory questionnaire about the July 14th, 2016, Nice (France) terrorist attack, including questions on flashbulb and event memory, certainty, vividness, rehearsal, emotion, novelty, consequentiality, implication, and importance. Participants also underwent cognitive assessments. Analysis showed lower scores for both flashbulb and event memories in patients compared to control participants. Subjective ratings of the phenomenological characteristics of flashbulb memory were similar between the two groups overall. However, individuals with schizophrenia reported having higher levels of emotion when they first learned about the attack compared to the control group. Our results replicate findings of impaired autobiographical memory functioning in schizophrenia and extend these findings to public events. Our findings also indicate that flashbulb memories may lead to substantial contextual recall in schizophrenia patients and that collective memories, such as a terrorist attack, can have a profound emotional impact on patients.
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Herrmann D, Oudman E, Postma A. The era of our lives: The memory of Korsakoff patients for the first Covid-19 pandemic lockdown in the Netherlands. Conscious Cogn 2023; 107:103454. [PMID: 36525743 PMCID: PMC9742220 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Memories for worldwide and emotional events (such as 9/11) are more vividly relived and recalled than memories for everyday events. Previous studies have shown that flashbulb memories of a single event enhanced the memory strength in severe amnesia. It is currently unknown whether macro-events that stretch out over longer periods of time (weeks, months) strengthen memory even further. Our aim was therefore to investigate to what extent patients with severe amnesia, due to Korsakoff's syndrome (KS), were able to relive the first Covid-19 lockdown in the Netherlands, and whether experienced emotions enhanced reliving of the participants. We included 22 KS patients and 24 age-, education-, and gender-matched healthy controls. Covid-19 related memories were assessed by measures of autobiographical memory specificity, phenomenological reliving, emotional intensity and semantic-and episodic knowledge about the first lockdown in March 2020 - May 2020 in the Netherlands. Although amnesia patients remembered significantly fewer autobiographical details regarding the Covid-19 lockdown than healthy controls, one fourth of the KS patients recalled specific events. Amnesia patients reported levels of emotional intensity equivalent to those in the control group. Stronger autobiographical reliving was associated with higher emotional intensity. Both amnesia patients and healthy controls had higher recall of episodic than semantic lockdown related information. In conclusion, results demonstrate that information for macro-events can still be memorized and relived, most specifically when emotional valence is high, even by highly amnestic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Herrmann
- Helmholtz Institute, Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Lelie Care Group, Slingedael Korsakoff Center, Slinge, 901, 3086 EZ Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Pigliautile M, Colombo M, Pizzuti T, Procopio N, Stillo M, Curia R, Mecocci P. DMapp: a developing promising approach to monitor symptoms progression and stimulate memory in Italian people with cognitive impairments. Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:2721-2731. [PMID: 36036304 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-022-02219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on recent researches on the use of natural language processing techniques for very early detection of cognitive decline and the benefits of cognitive stimulation for people with cognitive impairments, the Dementia Monitoring application (DMapp) is developed inside the Memento project. AIMS The aims of this work are: (1) to present DMapp; (2) to report the results of two preliminary studies on DMapp; (3) to describe the clinical and experimental potentiality of DMapp. METHODS Italian people with the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease or dementia due to Alzheimer's Disease with a Mini-Mental-State-Examination between 24 and 28 (inclusive) were involved in the DMapp development prototype during the Lab Trial (4 subjects) and Filed Trial (5 subjects) of the Memento project. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected to evaluate participants' opinions, the DMapp ability to perform the automatic analysis of the speech and participants' visible emotional state effective. Ad hoc interviews, the Observed Emotion Rating Scale and performance metrics to solve different tasks were used. The relation between cognitive measures (global cognitive measures) and linguistic indexes values was considered using Euclidean distances between the participants. RESULTS Linguistic indexes were calculated and seemed to classify the participants' performance as expected from cognitive measures. The DMapp was appreciated by people with cognitive impairment. Positive emotions were present. CONCLUSION DMapp seems an interesting approach to monitor dementia symptoms progression and stimulate memory. Possible developments and open questions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pigliautile
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Matteo Colombo
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Stillo
- Innovation Lab, Integris S.P.A, Rende and Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosario Curia
- Innovation Lab, Integris S.P.A, Rende and Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy.,Division of Clinical Geriatrics NVS Department Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Associations between Time Processing Ability, Daily Time Management, and Dementia Severity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073928. [PMID: 35409618 PMCID: PMC8997539 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated associations between time processing ability (TPA), daily time management (DTM), and dementia severity. Persons with dementia (PwDs) (n = 53) and their significant others (n = 49) participated in this cross-sectional study. Bivariate analyses were used to investigate associations between TPA and DTM and the dementia severity. Linear regression models were used to further predict the contribution of the subtests in the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) for TPA results. The results showed significant correlations between TPA and dementia severity, where visuospatial functions were the most highly correlated. TPA also showed a significant correlation to proxy-rated DTM. In addition, proxy-rated DTM was significantly correlated with dementia severity and PwDs' own self-ratings of their DTM. Knowledge of the association between TPA, dementia severity, and visuospatial functions can enable early detection of TPA impairments. For a comprehensive assessment of TPA and DTM, objective measures should be used in combination with self-ratings and proxy-ratings. The findings can be used in clinical research and healthcare settings to develop methods to compensate for impaired TPA and support DTM in PwDs.
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The Past as Seen by Women and Men With Alzheimer Disease: Sex Differences in Autobiographical Memory. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2021; 34:170-174. [PMID: 31913962 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is a large body of research demonstrating the negative effects of Alzheimer disease (AD) on autobiographical memory (ie, memory of personal information), little is known about sex differences in autobiographical retrieval in AD. METHODS We addressed this issue by inviting patients with AD and healthy control participants to retrieve autobiographical memories and analyzed them with regard to specificity, subjective experience (ie, time travel, emotion, and visual imagery), and retrieval time. RESULTS Analyses demonstrated no significant differences between women and men with AD with regard to autobiographical specificity, time travel, visual imagery, or retrieval time. However, the higher emotional value was attributed to memories by women with AD than by men with AD. DISCUSSION AD seems to equally affect the ability of women and men with AD to construct specific autobiographical memories, to mentally travel in time to relive these memories, to construct mental visual images during memory retrieval, and to organize and monitor search processes, as the latter are mirrored by retrieval time. However, women with AD seem to attribute greater emotional value to autobiographical memories than men with AD.
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Haj ME, Allain P. Self-defining Memories and their Contribution to the Sense of Self in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 17:508-516. [PMID: 32851943 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200807184942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Unlike autobiographical memory (i.e., memory for personal information) in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), little is known about Self-Defining Memories (SDM) (i.e., memories of highly significant personal events) in AD. METHODS The characteristics of self-defining memories in AD were evaluated by analyzing their specificity, emotional valence, and integration, as well as their centrality and contribution to self-continuity. Results demonstrated fewer specific SDM in AD participants than in controls. RESULTS No significant differences were observed between AD participants and controls regarding the production of positive or integrated SDM. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between AD participants and controls regarding the rating of the centrality of SDM and their contribution to self-continuity. These results demonstrate that, although AD participants produce fewer specific SDM than controls, both populations have similar levels of emotional valence, integration, centrality, and selfcontinuity of these memories. CONCLUSION It is concluded that patients with AD, at least those in the mild stages of the disease, can build on significant personal events and experiences (i.e., SDM) to reflect on how these events have changed the way they see themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El Haj
- Nantes Universite, Univ Angers, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (LPPL - EA 4638), F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Allain
- Centre National de Reference pour les Maladies Neurogenetiques de l'Adulte, Departement de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
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Persson AC, Boman IL, Dahlberg L, Janeslätt G, Möller MC, Löfgren M. Lack of time and dependence on significant others: Occupational therapists´ experiences of prescribing time assistive technology for persons with dementia. Scand J Occup Ther 2020; 27:614-624. [PMID: 32356475 DOI: 10.1080/11038128.2020.1751875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is lack of knowledge on how occupational therapists (OTs) assess daily time management (DTM) for persons with dementia (PwDs) and on which aspects affect prescription of time assistive technology (AT).Aim: To explore OTs' experiences of assessing the need for and prescribing time AT for PwDs.Material and methods: Focus group interviews with OTs that prescribe time AT for PwDs analyzed via qualitative content analysis.Results: A main category and four categories were identified. The categories illustrated a complex and time-consuming prescription process, which was facilitated if the PwD was supported by a significant other (SO). Support from a SO was especially important during implementation and follow-up. OTs had to take individual responsibility for staying informed about time AT. Organizational limitations and time constraints were barriers for OTs striving to work according to national prescription guidelines.Conclusions and significance: High demands are made on SO's participation during the prescription process. PwDs with no support from SOs are at risk not receiving or fully benefitting from time AT. To avoid inequalities, specific forms of support need to be developed and targeted at PwDs without SOs to ensure that they have sufficient opportunities to access and use time AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christine Persson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inga-Lill Boman
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Dahlberg
- School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden.,Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Janeslätt
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Disability and Habilitation, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Center for Clinical Research in Dalarna, Falun, Sweden
| | - Marika C Möller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Löfgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) not only are suffering from amnesia but also are prone to memory distortions, such as experiencing detailed and vivid recollections of episodic events that have never been encountered (i.e., false memories). To describe and explain these distortions, we offer a review to synthesize current knowledge on false memory in AD into a framework allowing for better understanding of the taxonomy and phenomenology of false memories and of the cognitive mechanisms that may underlie false memory formation in AD. According to this review, certain phenomenological characteristics of memories (e.g., high emotional load, high vividness, or high familiarity) result in misattributions in AD. More specifically, this review proposes that generalized decline in cognitive control and inhibition in AD may result in difficulties in suppressing irrelevant information during memory monitoring, especially when irrelevant (i.e., false) information is characterized by high emotion, vividness, or familiarity. This review also proposes that binding deficits in AD decrease the ability to retrieve relevant contextual details, leading to source monitoring errors and false memories. In short, this review depicts how phenomenological characteristics of memories and failures of monitoring during retrieval contribute to the occurrence of false memory in AD.
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Nandrino JL, Gandolphe MC, Saloppe X, Daoudi M, Moustafa AA, El Haj M. The face of memory: experiential avoidance and facial expressions during the retrieval of autobiographical memories. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2019.1637879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Louis Nandrino
- University of Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 – SCALab – Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
| | - Marie Charlotte Gandolphe
- University of Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 – SCALab – Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
| | - Xavier Saloppe
- University of Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 – SCALab – Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
- Research Center in Social Defense, Tournai, Belgium
- Psychiatric Hospital, Saint-Amand-les-Eaux, France
| | - Mohamed Daoudi
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9189 – CRIStAL – Centre de Recherche en Informatique Signal et Automatique de Lille, Villeneuve-d’Ascq, France
| | - Ahmed A. Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology & Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mohamad El Haj
- Faculté de Psychologie, LPPL – Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Unité de Gériatrie, Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, Tourcoing, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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Gandolphe MC, Haj ME. Flashbulb memories for Paris attacks in Korsakoff's syndrome: a case study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0101-60830000000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamad El Haj
- Univ. Lille, France; Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, France
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Seeing life through rose-colored spectacles: Autobiographical memory as experienced in Korsakoff’s syndrome. Conscious Cogn 2018; 60:9-16. [PMID: 29501971 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gandolphe MC, Nandrino JL, Delelis G, Ducro C, Lavallee A, Saloppe X, Moustafa AA, El Haj M. Positive facial expressions during retrieval of self-defining memories. J Integr Neurosci 2017; 17:367-376. [PMID: 29154290 DOI: 10.3233/jin-170073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated, for the first time, facial expressions during the retrieval of Self-defining memories (i.e., those vivid and emotionally intense memories of enduring concerns or unresolved conflicts). Participants self-rated the emotional valence of their Self-defining memories and autobiographical retrieval was analyzed with a facial analysis software. This software (Facereader) synthesizes the facial expression information (i.e., cheek, lips, muscles, eyebrow muscles) to describe and categorize facial expressions (i.e., neutral, happy, sad, surprised, angry, scared, and disgusted facial expressions). We found that participants showed more emotional than neutral facial expressions during the retrieval of Self-defining memories. We also found that participants showed more positive than negative facial expressions during the retrieval of Self-defining memories. Interestingly, participants attributed positive valence to the retrieved memories. These findings are the first to demonstrate the consistency between facial expressions and the emotional subjective experience of Self-defining memories. These findings provide valuable physiological information about the emotional experience of the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Charlotte Gandolphe
- Université de Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France. E-mail:
| | - Jean Louis Nandrino
- Université de Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France. E-mail:
| | - Gérald Delelis
- Université de Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France. E-mail:
| | - Claire Ducro
- Université de Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France. E-mail:
| | - Audrey Lavallee
- Université de Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France. E-mail:
| | - Xavier Saloppe
- Université de Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France. E-mail:
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.,Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mohamad El Haj
- Université de Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France. E-mail: .,Unité de Gériatrie, Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, Tourcoing, France
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El Haj M, Janssen SMJ, Antoine P. Memory and time: Backward and forward telescoping in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Cogn 2017. [PMID: 28629646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Backward and forward telescoping are opposite timing biases. The former refers to misattributing events to earlier dates, whereas the latter refers to misattributing events to later dates. The present study investigated both biases in participants with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and healthy older adults, matched on age, sex, and education level. Participants were asked to recall the years when five remote and five recent public events had occurred. They were also assessed with a cognitive and clinical battery that included a context memory task on which they had to associate letters and locations. Results showed backward telescoping for recent events and forward telescoping for remote events in AD participants and older adults. Furthermore, poorer context recall was observed in AD participants and older adults displaying backward telescoping than in those displaying forward telescoping. These findings suggest an association between the amount of contextual information recalled and the direction of the timing bias. Backward telescoping can be associated with deficiencies in retrieving context characteristics of events, which have been associated with retrograde amnesia and pathological changes to the hippocampus in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El Haj
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, Unité de Psychogériatrie, Pôle de gérontologie, 59037 Lille, France.
| | | | - Pascal Antoine
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France
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Gandolphe MC, El Haj M. Flashbulb memories of the Paris attacks. Scand J Psychol 2017; 58:199-204. [DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamad El Haj
- Department of Psychology; University of Lille; Lille France
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