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Hauru R, Rieppo L, Tuomisto T, Yu J, Laaksonen S, Saarakkala S, Raustia A, Pirttiniemi P. Fourier-transform infrared study on effects of ageing, oestrogen level and altered dietary loading on rat mandibular condylar cartilage. Orthod Craniofac Res 2024; 27:151-164. [PMID: 37565299 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) of the rat was examined with the Fourier-transform infrared (FITR) spectroscopic imaging to study the effects of ageing, oestrogen level and altered dietary loading on the structure of MCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 96) aged 5 and 14 months were divided into 12 subgroups according to age, oestrogen status (ovariectomized [OVX], non-ovariectomized [non-OVX)]) and diet (hard, normal, soft). Specimens of the MCC were examined with FTIR spectroscopic imaging to quantify the distribution of collagens and proteoglycans. MCC was divided sagittally into three segments: anterior, most superior and posterior. From each segment, the collagen and proteoglycan contents at different depths of cartilage were statistically compared between the groups using an N-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS The amount of collagen content was significantly associated with old age in the deep layer of the anterior segment and in the middle layer of the posterior segment of MCC. In the deep layer of the most superior segment, the collagen content also increased with ageing. The amount of proteoglycan content increased significantly when dietary loading increased, and the oestrogen level decreased in the deep layer of the most superior segment of MCC. CONCLUSION Ageing, oestrogen level and altered dietary loading have a significant effect on the location and content of collagens and proteoglycans of rat MCC. Ageing significantly increased the amount of collagen content in the superior and posterior segments, being highest in the older soft-diet rats. Decreased oestrogen levels and increased dietary loading increased the amount of proteoglycan content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Hauru
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lassi Rieppo
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Teresa Tuomisto
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jia Yu
- School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Simo Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aune Raustia
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pertti Pirttiniemi
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Tan Q, Cai Z, Li J, Li J, Xiang H, Li B, Cai G. Imaging Study on Acupuncture Inhibiting Inflammation and Bone Destruction in Knee Osteoarthritis Induced by Monosodium Iodoacetate in Rat Model. J Pain Res 2022; 15:93-103. [PMID: 35046719 PMCID: PMC8760981 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s346242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We aim to explore whether acupuncture inhibits inflammation and bone destruction in rat model monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced knee osteoarthritis (KOA) by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) small-animal positron emission tomography (PET) and micro-computed tomography (CT) imaging. Methods KOA was induced in rats by intra-articular injection MIA (2 mg/50 μL) through the right knee of the rats. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 280 to 340 g (12 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups including Control group, KOA group, KOA plus manual acupuncture group (KOA+MA), KOA plus sham acupuncture group (KOA+SA). The acupuncture treatment lasted for three weeks (one-day rest after six days of treatment). Paw withdrawal threshold test and open-field test were used to assess mechanical allodynia and locomotor activity respectively for once a week. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to assess the damage of the cartilage, synovium and infrapatellar fat pad (IFP). 18F-FDG PET was performed to quantify joint inflammation. The influence on the subchondral bone in these rats was confirmed by micro-CT. Results Mechanical hyperalgesia, joint inflammation, and obvious bone destruction were observed in the KOA group. H&E staining of the knee joint found that manual acupuncture played a protective effect in cartilage, synovium and IFP destruction. However, compared with KOA group, the results in sham acupuncture had no significant difference. After manual acupuncture treatment in KOA rats, inflammation was significantly suppressed shown by 18F-FDG PET imaging. Micro-CT analysis of the knee joint revealed that manual acupuncture protected bone by inhibiting osteophyte development and subchondral bone remodeling. Conclusion The results of 18F-FDG PET and micro-CT showed that manual acupuncture inhibited inflammation and bone destruction, which provides reliable evidence for the effectiveness of acupuncture in hindering development of KOA, and provides reliable evidence for clinical application of acupuncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tan
- Department of Acupuncture, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengkun Cai
- Department of Public Administration, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Li
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Acupuncture, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongchun Xiang
- Department of Acupuncture, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bocun Li
- Department of Acupuncture, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guowei Cai
- Department of Acupuncture, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Guowei Cai Department of Acupuncture, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China Email
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Bösebeck H, Holl AM, Ochsner P, Groth M, Stippich K, Nowakowski AM, Egloff C, Hoechel S, Göpfert B, Vogt S. Cementing technique for total knee arthroplasty in cadavers using a pastry bone cement. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:417. [PMID: 34210335 PMCID: PMC8247244 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In cemented primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA), aseptic loosening remains a major cause for failure. Cementing techniques and characteristics of a chosen cement play a key role for good fixation and implant survival. A pastry bone cement was developed to facilitate the cement preparation and to rule out most of preparation-associated application errors. The pastry bone cement was compared to a conventional polymethyl methacrylate cement in a TKA setting. Methods Standardized implantations of total knee endoprostheses were performed in bilateral knee cadavers to investigate handling properties, variables of cement application, working time, and temperature development. Mechanical aspects and cementation quality were assessed by pull-out trials and microscopic interface analysis. Results Both cements expressed similar characteristics during preparation and application, only the curing time of the pastry cement was about 3 min longer and the temperature peak was lower. Fractures of the conventional cement specimens differed from the pastry cement specimens in the tibial part, while no differences were found in the femoral part. Penetration depth of the pastry cement was similar (tibia) or deeper (femur) compared to the conventional cement. Conclusions The pastry cement facilitates the feasibility of cemented TKA. The pre-clinical tests indicate that the pastry bone cement fulfills the requirements for bone cement in the field of knee arthroplasty. A clinical trial is needed to further investigate the approach and ensure patient safety. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13018-021-02436-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Bösebeck
- Heraeus Medical GmbH, Philipp-Reiss-Strasse 8/13, 61273, Wehrheim, Germany.
| | - Anna-Maria Holl
- Heraeus Medical GmbH, Philipp-Reiss-Strasse 8/13, 61273, Wehrheim, Germany
| | - Peter Ochsner
- Universitätsspital Basel, Orthopädie, Rüttigasse 7, 4402, Frenkendorf,, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Groth
- Heraeus Medical GmbH, Philipp-Reiss-Strasse 8/13, 61273, Wehrheim, Germany
| | - Kevin Stippich
- Heraeus Medical GmbH, Philipp-Reiss-Strasse 8/13, 61273, Wehrheim, Germany
| | | | - Christian Egloff
- Universitätsspital Basel, Orthopädie, Spitalstrasse 21, 4053, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Hoechel
- University of Basel, Musculoskeletal Research, Pestalozzistrasse 20, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Göpfert
- University of Basel, Department Biomedical Engineering, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Vogt
- Heraeus Medical GmbH, Philipp-Reiss-Strasse 8/13, 61273, Wehrheim, Germany
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Wyatt RWB, Chang RN, Royse KE, Paxton EW, Namba RS, Prentice HA. The Association Between Cement Viscosity and Revision Risk After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2021; 36:1987-1994. [PMID: 33610408 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2021.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent case series have reported early failure with the use of high-viscosity cement (HVC) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We evaluated revision risk after TKA with HVC compared with medium-viscosity cement (MVC) in a large cohort. METHODS We conducted a cohort study using data from Kaiser Permanente's Total Joint Replacement Registry. Patients who underwent fully cemented primary TKA for osteoarthritis were identified (2001-2018). Only posterior-stabilized, fixed-mobility designs of the 3 highest-volume implant systems (DePuy PFC, Zimmer NexGen, and Zimmer Persona) were included to mitigate confounding from implant characteristics. Palacos (Zimmer/Heraeus) and Simplex (Stryker) cements comprised the HVC and MVC exposure groups, respectively. Propensity score-weighted Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate risk for any revision during follow-up and risk for revision from aseptic loosening specifically. RESULTS The final cohort comprised 76,052 TKAs, 41.1% using MVC. The crude 14-year cumulative revision probability was 4.55% and 5.12% for TKA with MVC and HVC, respectively. In propensity score-weighted Cox models, MVC compared with HVC had a lower risk of any revision (hazard ratio = 0.82, 95% confidence interval = 0.70-0.95) while no difference was observed for revision from aseptic loosening (hazard ratio = 0.80, 95% confidence interval = 0.56-1.13). CONCLUSION While we observed a lower risk for any revision with the use of Simplex MVC compared with Palacos HVC, we did not observe a difference in revision for aseptic loosening specifically. Given the widespread use of HVC, additional research to investigate other HVC and potential mechanisms for failure outside of loosening is warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald W B Wyatt
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Permanente Medical Group, Walnut Creek, CA
| | - Richard N Chang
- Surgical Outcomes and Analysis, Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, CA
| | - Kathryn E Royse
- Surgical Outcomes and Analysis, Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Robert S Namba
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Irvine, CA
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Kizilkurt T, Bayram S, Ekinci M, Ayik Ö, Ergin ÖN, Öztürk İ. Comparing the effect of tourniquet and tranexamic acid on the tibial cement mantle thickness in total knee arthroplasty. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2021; 32:263-268. [PMID: 33811527 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-021-02961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to determine the efficacy of both tranexamic acid (TXA) and tourniquet on the tibial cement mantle thickness in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the recorded data of patients with primary end-stage knee osteoarthritis who underwent TKA procedure during 2014-2016 at a single institution to evaluate the tibial cement mantle. Patients were categorized in two groups based on the use of tourniquet (groups 1 and 2). In addition, these groups were categorized into two different subgroups based on the use of TXA in groups 1 and 2 (group 1-A, B and group 2-A, B). Four zones at the tibial baseplate on the anteroposterior view and two zones on the lateral view were measured at the 4-6-week postoperative visit. RESULTS A total of 28 patients (30 knees) were operated using tourniquet and TXA (group 1-A), 29 (30 knees) using tourniquet without TXA (group 1-B), 24 (28 knees) using TXA without tourniquet (group 2-A), and 38 (42 knees) without using TXA and tourniquet (group 2-B). Although a significant difference was found in the cumulative cement mantle penetration on postoperative X-rays between groups 1 and 2, no significant differences were found between groups A and B in both groups. CONCLUSIONS This study reports that tourniquet use in TKA increased cement mantle penetration of the tibial component in primary TKA. The main strength of this study was that the TXA use alone exhibited no significant effect on the cement thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Kizilkurt
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Çapa Fatih Istanbul, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serkan Bayram
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Çapa Fatih Istanbul, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Ekinci
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Çapa Fatih Istanbul, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ömer Ayik
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Çapa Fatih Istanbul, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ömer Naci Ergin
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Çapa Fatih Istanbul, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İrfan Öztürk
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Çapa Fatih Istanbul, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
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Paramalingam S, Morgan K, Becce F, Diederichsen LP, Ikeda K, Mandl P, Ohrndorf S, Sedie AD, Sharp V, Tan AL, Terslev L, Wakefield RJ, Bruyn GAW, D'Agostino MA, Keen HI. Conventional ultrasound and elastography as imaging outcome tools in autoimmune myositis: A systematic review by the OMERACT ultrasound group. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2020; 51:661-676. [PMID: 33386164 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To analyze whether there is sufficient data from published literature to demonstrate that ultrasound, including elastography, present good metric properties (truth, discrimination and feasibility) in autoimmune myositis (AIM). METHODS A population, intervention, comparator and outcome-structured (PICO) search was performed in Medline, Cochrane Library and Embase database from 01/01/1973 to 08/05/2019. The inclusion criteria required original research involving adult humans, reported in English, assessing ultrasound and elastography in patients with an AIM. Conference abstracts and computer-assisted diagnostics that focused on technique and not ultrasound domains were excluded. RESULTS Approximately 2670 articles were identified. Forty-one full-text articles were included in the final analysis. There were 551 AIM patients studied. Eighteen studies (43.9%) had a control group, of which 15 (63.3%) were healthy controls. The age of participants (including controls) varied from 18 to 86 years, and most were females (59%). Diagnosis of AIM was largely biopsy-proven, although some were derived through clinical presentation, positive clinical imaging (ultrasound or otherwise) and/or electromyography and steroid responsiveness. The features examined with ultrasound in the 41 included articles consisted of: muscle echogenicity, bulk, atrophy, architecture, power Doppler, perfusion characteristics, shear wave modulus, shear wave velocity, elasticity index and fasciculations. Twelve studies (29.2%) used quantitative methods to assess these characteristics, whilst others used semi-quantitative, dichotomous/binary and descriptive scoring systems. Criterion validity was met in 14 studies (12/14, 85.7%) and construct validity in 22 studies (22/25, 88.0%). Most published articles reported Level 3b to Level 5 evidence with varying degrees of bias. There was only one longitudinal study examining discrimination. Reliability and feasibility were under-reported. CONCLUSION This is the first systematic review studying the utility of ultrasound, including elastography, in AIM. There is some evidence for criterion and construct validity, suggesting that ultrasound may be a promising outcome measurement instrument in AIM. Agreement on the standardization of acquisition, and the definitions of target domains, is required. Additionally, further validation studies are required to determine discrimination, reliability and feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen Paramalingam
- Department of Rheumatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, 11 Robin Warren Dr, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; University of Notre Dame Australia, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Kelly Morgan
- Department of Rheumatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, 11 Robin Warren Dr, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Fabio Becce
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Kei Ikeda
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Peter Mandl
- Medical Department III, Rheumatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Ohrndorf
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Veronika Sharp
- Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ai Lyn Tan
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lene Terslev
- Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Richard J Wakefield
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - George A W Bruyn
- Department of Rheumatology, MC Hospital Group, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Maria-Antonietta D'Agostino
- UVSQ, Inserm U1173, Infection et inflammation, Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris-Saclay, 78180 Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP-Paris Saclay, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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Fiorentino G, Parrilli A, Garagna S, Zuccotti M. Three-Dimensional Micro-Computed Tomography of the Adult Mouse Ovary. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:566152. [PMID: 33195196 PMCID: PMC7604317 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.566152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mouse ovary, folliculogenesis proceeds through eight main growth stages, from small primordial type 1 (T1) to fully grown antral T8 follicles. Most of our understanding of this process was obtained with approaches that disrupted the ovary three-dimensional (3D) integrity. Micro-Computed Tomography (microCT) allows the maintenance of the organ structure and a true in-silico 3D reconstruction, with cubic voxels and isotropic resolution, giving a precise spatial mapping of its functional units. Here, we developed a robust method that, by combining an optimized contrast procedure with microCT imaging of the tiny adult mouse ovary, allowed 3D mapping and counting of follicles, from pre-antral secondary T4 (53.2 ± 12.7 μm in diameter) to antral T8 (321.0 ± 21.3 μm) and corpora lutea, together with the major vasculature branches. Primordial and primary follicles (T1–T3) could not be observed. Our procedure highlighted, with unprecedent details, the main functional compartments of the growing follicle: granulosa, antrum, cumulus cells, zona pellucida, and oocyte with its nucleus. The results describe a homogeneous distribution of all follicle types between the ovary dorsal and ventral regions. Also, they show that each of the eight sectors, virtually segmented along the dorsal-ventral axis, houses an equal number of each follicle type. Altogether, these data suggest that follicle recruitment is homogeneously distributed all-over the ovarian surface. This topographic reconstruction builds sound bases for modeling follicles position and, prospectively, could contribute to our understanding of folliculogenesis dynamics, not only under normal conditions, but, importantly, during aging, in the presence of pathologies or after hormones or drugs administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fiorentino
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Annapaola Parrilli
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Garagna
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zuccotti
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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