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Kurokawa R, Kurokawa M, Baba A, Nakaya M, Kato S, Bapuraj J, Nakata Y, Ota Y, Srinivasan A, Abe O, Moritani T. Neuroimaging of hypophysitis: etiologies and imaging mimics. Jpn J Radiol 2023; 41:911-927. [PMID: 37010787 PMCID: PMC10468747 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-023-01417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypophysitis is an inflammatory disease affecting the pituitary gland. Hypophysitis can be classified into multiple types depending on the mechanisms (primary or secondary), histology (lymphocytic, granulomatous, xanthomatous, plasmacytic/IgG4 related, necrotizing, or mixed), and anatomy (adenohypophysitis, infundibulo-neurohypophysitis, or panhypophysitis). An appropriate diagnosis is vital for managing these potentially life-threatening conditions. However, physiological morphological alterations, remnants, and neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions may masquerade as hypophysitis, both clinically and radiologically. Neuroimaging, as well as imaging findings of other sites of the body, plays a pivotal role in diagnosis. In this article, we will review the types of hypophysitis and summarize clinical and imaging features of both hypophysitis and its mimickers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kurokawa
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Mariko Kurokawa
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akira Baba
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Moto Nakaya
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shimpei Kato
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Jayapalli Bapuraj
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Nakata
- Department Or Neuroradiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, 2-6-1 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-0042, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ota
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ashok Srinivasan
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Osamu Abe
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Toshio Moritani
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Etter E, Bosse B, Wang YP, Hiniker S, Oh J. Successful treatment of orbital Langerhans cell histiocytosis with stereotactic radiosurgery: A case report and literature review. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7506. [PMID: 37346879 PMCID: PMC10279942 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare inflammatory myeloid neoplasm arising from the proliferation of pathologic Langerhans cells. LCH has a spectrum of presentations predominantly affecting male pediatric patients. As LCH is a relatively uncommon diagnosis, there is no standard of care for treatment of the disease and treatment is based largely on clinical judgment, lesion characteristics, and symptoms at presentation. Here we present a case of unifocal, isolated orbital LCH in a 19-year-old young man treated initially with surgical resection. Follow-up imaging 2 months later demonstrated significant regrowth of the mass and no other sites of disease. The recurrent orbital disease was treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to 7 Gy in one fraction. Near complete resolution of the mass was achieved with no recurrence after 1.5 years of follow-up. SRS for treatment of orbital LCH is a novel treatment not previously described in the literature which may provide benefit in select cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Etter
- University of Nevada Reno School of MedicineRenoNevadaUSA
| | - Benjamin Bosse
- University of Nevada Reno School of MedicineRenoNevadaUSA
| | - Yi Peng Wang
- Department of Radiation OncologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Susan Hiniker
- Department of Radiation OncologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Justin Oh
- Department of Radiation OncologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
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Park DJ, Marianayagam NJ, Yener U, Wang L, Soltys SG, Pollom E, Chang SD, Meola A. Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Localized Cranial Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: A Single Institution Experience and Review of Literature. World Neurosurg 2023; 172:e476-e482. [PMID: 36681322 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare idiopathic disease characterized by the clonal proliferation of Langerhans histiocytes in various parts of the body and capable of leading to organ damage and tumor formation. Reports of cranial LCH in the adult population are extremely rare. Although surgery remains the preferred option for localized LCH lesions, the role of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is emerging. OBJECTIVE To retrospectively review a rare case series to determine the safety and effectiveness of SRS for patients with localized cranial LCH. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed histopathologically confirmed cases of localized cranial LCH treated with SRS at our institute in the adult population between January 2005 and September 2022. Five patients were identified with a median age of 34 years (19-54 years). The tumor location was in the pituitary stalk in 3 patients, the orbit in one patient, and the parietal skull in one patient. The median target volume was 2.8 cc (range: 0.37-6.11). Treatment was delivered in a single fraction in 4 patients (median margin dose of 8 Gy, range: 7-10 Gy) and in 3 fractions (22.5 Gy) in 1 patient. The median follow-up was 12 years (range: 4-17). None of the patients required craniotomy for tumor debulking before or after SRS. RESULTS The local tumor control rate for the lesions was 100%. All 3 patients with LCH in the pituitary stalk had diabetes insipidus at the initial presentation and developed panhypopituitarism after SRS. Diabetes insipidus was not improved after SRS. The other 2 patients presented no adverse radiation effects. Based on the literature review, our case series was the largest retrospective series on SRS for localized cranial LCH, with the longest median follow-up. CONCLUSIONS SRS for patients with localized cranial LCH was a safe and effective treatment modality in this case series. Larger studies are encouraged to validate the role of SRS in the treatment of localized cranial LCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Neelan J Marianayagam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ulas Yener
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Scott G Soltys
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Erqi Pollom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Steven D Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Antonio Meola
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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Azab WA, Khan T, Alqunaee M, Al Bader A, Yousef W. Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery for Uncommon Pathologies of the Sellar and Parasellar Regions. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 2023; 48:139-205. [PMID: 37770685 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36785-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic skull base surgery has become an integral part of the present neurosurgical armamentarium. The pioneering efforts in which the purely endoscopic transsphenoidal approach was introduced have triggered a growing tide of using the endoscopic endonasal procedures for a large variety of skull base lesions. Because of their anatomical peculiarities, lesions of the sellar and parasellar regions lend themselves very well to the endoscopic endonasal approaches. Apart from the common pathological entities, many other less frequent pathologies are encountered in the sellar and parasellar area. In this chapter, we review the surgical technique of the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach and its extensions applied to a variety of rare and uncommon pathological entities involving the sella turcica and clivus. An overview of these pathological entities is also presented and exemplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed A Azab
- Neurosurgery Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Tufail Khan
- Neurosurgery Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Marwan Alqunaee
- Rhinology - Endoscopic Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Zain Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Abdullah Al Bader
- Rhinology - Endoscopic Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Jaber Al Ahmad Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Waleed Yousef
- Neurosurgery Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Aissa S, Knaz A, Aissa A, Abdessayed N, Hayouni A. Adult Langerhans' cell histiocytosis with multisystem bone and lung involvement: About a case. LA TUNISIE MEDICALE 2022; 100:561-563. [PMID: 36571746 PMCID: PMC9703999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare systemic disease characterized by the abnormal overproduction of histiocytes that tend to infiltrate single or multiple organ systems leading to significant tissue damage. Although LCH can involve various organs including bone, skin, and lymph nodes, multisystem involvement of LCH is rare in adults. CASE PRESENTATION We report the case of a 31-year-old man with LCH involving his lungs and bone. The initial radio-clinical presentation was rather in favor of pulmonary tuberculosis. Through this observation we draw attention to this rare pathology and we discuss the diagnostic elements and the therapeutic management of this pathology. CONCLUSION Although it is occasionally difficult to discriminate LCH from other disorders, systemic evaluation might be helpful for differential diagnosis. As LCH isn't infiltrating malignant cells, strong chemotherapy regimen is not recommended in order to avoid severe toxic and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Aissa
- 1. Pneumology Department, University Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia / Université de Sousse,Faculté de Médecine Ibn Jazzar, Sousse, Tunisie/ LR - Interaction Cœur-Poumons (LR 14ES05)
| | - Asma Knaz
- 1. Pneumology Department, University Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia / Université de Sousse,Faculté de Médecine Ibn Jazzar, Sousse, Tunisie/ LR - Interaction Cœur-Poumons (LR 14ES05)
| | - Amène Aissa
- 2. Departement of Imaging, University Ibn El Jazzar Hospital, Kairouan, Tunisia /Université de Sousse, Faculté de Médecine Ibn Jazzar, Sousse, Tunisie
| | - Nihed Abdessayed
- 3. Anatomic Pathology Department, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse,Tunisia / Université de Sousse, Faculté de Médecine Ibn Jazzar, Sousse, Tunisie
| | - Abdelaziz Hayouni
- 1. Pneumology Department, University Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia / Université de Sousse,Faculté de Médecine Ibn Jazzar, Sousse, Tunisie/ LR - Interaction Cœur-Poumons (LR 14ES05)
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Pankaj P, Gupta P, Pankaj N, Narula BS. Multifocal, Multisystem Presentation of Adult-Onset Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis on 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron-Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography: A Rare Case Report. Indian J Nucl Med 2022; 37:78-82. [PMID: 35478688 PMCID: PMC9037882 DOI: 10.4103/ijnm.ijnm_102_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), also known as histiocytosis X, is a rare systemic disorder arising from clonal proliferation of immature CD207-positive (langerin) myeloid dendritic cells (histiocytes) in the skin and visceral organs with a tendency to involve single or multiple organ systems with variable clinical course and prognosis. The incidence of LCH is very less in adult and occurs almost exclusively in children. Genital, perianal, and lung lesions are considered to be rare manifestations of adult LCH. We describe a case of 31-year-old, nonsmoker female who presented in February 2020 with itching and burning sensation in perianal and vulvar regions accompanied with multiple nonhealing ulcers and papillomatous lesions. These lesions gradually increased in size with no response to antibiotics and topical steroids. She was advised positron-emission tomography- computed tomography (PET-CT) scan for further evaluation. After PET-CT scan, her provisional diagnosis of multisystem, multifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis with high-risk organ involvement was made. Both vulvar and perianal lesions were biopsied which was suggestive of Letterer-Siwe variant of LCH. The prognosis of this variant is very poor even with aggressive chemotherapy and 5-year survival rate of only 50%. Hence, it requires careful consideration during diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Promila Pankaj
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET CT, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Shalimarbagh, New Delhi, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Promila Pankaj, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET CT, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi, India. E-mail:
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of nuclear Medicine and PET CT, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Shalimarbagh, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelushka Pankaj
- Observer, Department of nuclear Medicine and PET CT, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Shalimarbagh, New Delhi, India
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Tripathi M, Maskara P, Deora H, Bansal D, Mohindra S, Tripathi S, Kaur R, Sheehan JP, Rana R, Kumar N. Role of Stereotactic Radiosurgery in Intracranial Histiocytosis: a Systematic Review of Literature of an Emerging Modality for Localized Disease. World Neurosurg 2021; 150:64-70. [PMID: 33744421 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A histiocytosis is a group of immunoproliferative disorders of clonal cells. The management protocols are still evolving, with chemotherapy as the mainstay of treatment. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the feasibility, safety, efficacy, and complication profile of stereotactic radiosurgery for intracranial histiocytosis. METHODOLOGY The authors reviewed PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase for "radiosurgery" and "histiocytosis" in the English/Japanese language following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The patient profile, radiosurgical parameters (dose and isodose), target volume, and mode of radiosurgery (Gamma knife, LINAC radiosurgery, etc.) were collected. Its use as primary or adjuvant therapy, clinical and radiological outcome was also evaluated. RESULTS We identified 7 studies (9 patients); mean age: 41.9 years (24-57 years). Six patients received Gamma-knife radiosurgery, whereas 3 received CyberKnife radiosurgery. The Langerhans cell histiocytosis variants were eosinophilic granuloma in 3, whereas 4 were not defined. Two cases had Rosai-Dorfman disease, and 2 different yet pathogenetically related histiocytic disorders. Four patients harbored lesions in the pituitary stalk and posterior pituitary, 2 patients in the petrous region, 1 patient had a pontine lesion, and 2 patients had multiple lesions. The dose delivered ranged from 8 to 28 Gy. A total of 18 lesions (9 patients) were followed for 81.67 patient-years: 7 (39%) disappeared, 8 (44.4%) showed radiological reduction, and 2 (11%) remained stable. One lesion (5%) showed an increase in size needed surgical excision. There were no adverse effects. CONCLUSION The role of stereotactic radiosurgery needs to be further evaluated as the current cohort with only 9 cases (2 are Rosai-Dorfman disease) is insufficient to make conclusions. It may be a viable alternative in localized disease, along with chemotherapy and targeted surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjul Tripathi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Prasant Maskara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harsh Deora
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Deepak Bansal
- Hematology/Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sandeep Mohindra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Rupinder Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jason P Sheehan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ruchita Rana
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh.
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Faramand A, Niranjan A, Flickinger J, Monaco E, Lunsford LD. Salvage Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Recurrent Intracranial Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: A 36-Year Saga. World Neurosurg 2020; 144:205-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Zhou W, Rao J, Li C. Isolated Langerhans cell histiocytosis in the hypothalamic-pituitary region: a case report. BMC Endocr Disord 2019; 19:143. [PMID: 31856773 PMCID: PMC6924050 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-019-0474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease that mainly affects children, but this disease is significantly rarer in patients who are older than 15 years. In this disease, any organ can be involved. The skeleton, skin and lung are commonly affected, and isolated hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) involvement is relatively rare. Here we report a 17-year-old adolescent with isolated HP-LCH of enlarged pituitary stalk presented with central diabetes insipidus (CDI). CASE PRESENTATION A 17-year-old male adolescent with polydipsia and polyuria accompanied with elevated serum sodium level and low urine osmolality for 3 weeks was referred to our hospital. After admission, hormonal evaluation showed that his growth hormone (GH) was slightly elevated, and serum osmolality and glucose were normal. The fluid deprivation-vasopressin test demonstrated CDI. Imaging examination showed an obvious thickening of the pituitary stalk. Lymphocytic hypophysitis, sarcoidosis and granulation tissue lesions were suspected. After oral 1-deamino-8-Darginine vasopressin (DDAVP) and prednisone were administered for 2 months, symptoms were relieved, and he discontinued taking the drugs by himself. On reexamination, imaging revealed changes in the size and shape of the pituitary stalk, with thickened nodules. Then, a diagnostic biopsy of the pituitary stalk lesion was performed. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the definitive diagnosis of LCH. The clinical symptoms subsided with oral hormone replacements. CONCLUSION CDI is a rare symptom in children and adolescents. Most of the causes are idiopathic, while others are caused by central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Meanwhile, lymphocytic hypophysitis, germinoma, LCH and other CNS disorders can all present as thickening of the pituitary stalk, diffuse enlargement of the pituitary gland, and weakening of high signal intensity in the neurohypophysis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The differential diagnosis among these diseases depends on immunohistochemistry evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
| | - Jia Rao
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
| | - Chengjiang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
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